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Skinner WH, Robinson N, Hardisty GR, Gray RD, Campbell CJ. SERS Microsensors for the Study of pH Regulation in Cystic Fibrosis Patient-Derived Airway Cultures. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38659220 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Acidification of the airway surface liquid in the respiratory system could play a role in the pathology of Cystic Fibrosis, but its low volume and proximity to the airway epithelium make it a challenging biological environment in which to noninvasively collect pH measurements. To address this challenge, we explored surface enhanced Raman scattering microsensors (SERS-MS), with a 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) pH reporter molecule, as pH sensors for the airway surface liquid of patient-derived in vitro models of the human airway. Using air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures to model the respiratory epithelium, we show that SERS-MS facilitates the optical measurement of trans-epithelial pH gradients between the airway surface liquid and the basolateral culture medium. SERS-MS also enabled the successful quantification of pH changes in the airway surface liquid following stimulation of the Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR, the apical ion channel that is dysfunctional in Cystic Fibrosis airways). Finally, the influence of CFTR mutations on baseline airway surface liquid pH was explored by using SERS-MS to measure the pH in ALIs grown from Cystic Fibrosis and non-Cystic Fibrosis donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Skinner
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Gareth R Hardisty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Robert D Gray
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University Place G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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2
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Skinner WH, Robinson N, Hardisty GR, Fleming H, Geddis A, Bradley M, Gray RD, Campbell CJ. SERS microsensors for pH measurements in the lumen and ECM of stem cell derived human airway organoids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3249-3252. [PMID: 36815668 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Patient derived organoids have the potential to improve the physiological relevance of in vitro disease models. However, the 3D architecture of these self-assembled cellular structures makes probing their biochemistry more complex than in traditional 2D culture. We explore the application of surface enhanced Raman scattering microsensors (SERS-MS) to probe local pH gradients within patient derived airway organoid cultures. SERS-MS consist of solid polymer cores decorated with surface immobilised gold nanoparticles which are functionalised with pH sensitive reporter molecule 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). We demonstrate that by mixing SERS-MS into the extracellular matrix (ECM) of airway organoid cultures the probes can be engulfed by expanding organoids and report on local pH in the organoid lumen and ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Skinner
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Gareth R Hardisty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Holly Fleming
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Ailsa Geddis
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Mark Bradley
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Robert D Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
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3
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Chung M, Skinner WH, Robert C, Campbell CJ, Rossi RM, Koutsos V, Radacsi N. Fabrication of a Wearable Flexible Sweat pH Sensor Based on SERS-Active Au/TPU Electrospun Nanofibers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:51504-51518. [PMID: 34672514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of wearable sensing platforms is essential for the advancement of continuous health monitoring and point-of-care testing. Eccrine sweat pH is an analyte that can be noninvasively measured and used to diagnose and aid in monitoring a wide range of physiological conditions. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers a rapid, optical technique for fingerprinting of biomarkers present in sweat. In this paper, a mechanically flexible, nanofibrous, SERS-active substrate was fabricated by a combination of electrospinning of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and Au sputter coating. This substrate was then investigated for suitability toward wearable sweat pH sensing after functionalization with two commonly used pH-responsive molecules, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA), and 4-mercaptopyridine (4-MPy). The developed SERS pH sensor was found to have good resolution (0.14 pH units for 4-MBA; 0.51 pH units for 4-MPy), with only 1 μL of sweat required for a measurement, and displayed no statistically significant difference in performance after 35 days (p = 0.361). Additionally, the Au/TPU nanofibrous SERS pH sensors showed fast sweat-absorbing ability as well as good repeatability and reversibility. The proposed methodology offers a facile route for the fabrication of SERS substrates which could also be used to measure a wide range of health biomarkers beyond sweat pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chung
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - William H Skinner
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Robert
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Cocrystals are important molecular adducts that have many advantages as a means of modifying the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including taste masking and improved solubility, bioavailability, and stability. As a result, the discovery of new cocrystals is of great interest to commercial drug discovery programs. Time-consuming manual analysis of the large volumes of data that emerge from large-scale cocrystal screening programs of up to 1000s of preparations poses a challenge. Raman spectroscopy has been shown to discriminate between cocrystals and physical mixtures and is easy to automate, allowing rapid screening of large numbers of potential cocrystals, but the spectral features that encode the information are often subtle (e.g., slight changes in peak positions or intensities). We have employed an automated signal processing routine based on a sparse decomposition algorithm to speed up the data processing steps while maintaining the accuracy of a trained spectroscopist. We used our algorithm to screen 31 potential cocrystal preparations and found that through the use of a computationally generated threshold, we could achieve a clear classification of cocrystals and physical mixtures in less than a minute, compared to several hours manually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Yaghoobi
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FB Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tudor Grecu
- Solvias, Römerpark 2, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Brookes
- New Modalities and Parenterals Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Global Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, U.K
| | - Colin J Campbell
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ Edinburgh, U.K
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Skinner WH, Chung M, Mitchell S, Akidil A, Fabre K, Goodwin R, Stokes AA, Radacsi N, Campbell CJ. A SERS-Active Electrospun Polymer Mesh for Spatially Localized pH Measurements of the Cellular Microenvironment. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13844-13851. [PMID: 34609126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular pH (pHe) is an important chemical factor in many cellular processes and disease pathologies. The routine sampling of pHe in vitro could lead to innovative advances in therapeutics. To this end, we have fabricated a novel gold-coated polymer mesh, which facilitates the real-time measurement of pHe via surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this proof of concept study, we apply our SERS sensor to measure metabolically induced changes in the pHe of carcinoma-derived cell line HepG2/C3A. We demonstrate that gold-coated polyurethane electrospun nanofibers (AuNF) have strong and reproducible SERS spectra of surface-adsorbed analytes. By functionalizing AuNF with pH-responsive reporter 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA), we have developed an accurate pH SERS sensor for the extracellular microenvironment. We cultured HepG2/C3A on the surface of MBA-AuNF and measured an acidic shift in pHe at the cell-fiber interface. Following exposure to staurosporine, an apoptosis-inducing drug, we observed changes in the HepG2/C3A cellular morphology indicative of controlled cell death, and detected an increase in the pHe of HepG2/C3A. These results demonstrate how subtle changes in pHe, induced by the metabolic activity of cells, can be measured with our novel SERS sensor MBA-AuNF. The excellent pH measurement performance of MBA-AuNF provides a unique platform to study extracellular pH on the microscale and will help to deepen our understanding of pHe in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Skinner
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Chung
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Asli Akidil
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Fabre
- Innovation Scientist, Baylor College of Medicine, Centre for Space Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Richard Goodwin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A Stokes
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
| | - Norbert Radacsi
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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Ember KJI, Forbes SJ, Oniscu GC, Campbell CJ. REPLY. Hepatology 2021; 74:2310-2311. [PMID: 33938014 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriel C Oniscu
- Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Finlayson N, Usai A, Brown GE, McEwan H, Erdogan AT, Campbell CJ, Henderson RK. Time-correlated single photon Raman spectroscopy at megahertz repetition rates. Opt Lett 2021; 46:4104-4107. [PMID: 34469950 DOI: 10.1364/ol.434418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Significant improvements in time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) Raman spectroscopy acquisition times can be achieved through exploitation of megahertz (MHz) laser repetition rates. We have developed a TCSPC Raman spectroscopy system based on a high peak power (>40W) pulsed laser, a high pulse repetition rate (40 MHz), a custom f/1.5 spectrometer, and a 512 spectral channel × 16 time bin single photon avalanche diode line sensor. We report millisecond Raman spectrum acquisition times, a peak Raman count rate of 104 kcps, and a linewidth aggregated count rate of 440 kcps with a diamond sample. This represents a three-order-of-magnitude increase in measured Raman count rate in comparison with a 104 kHz pulsed laser operating at 300 W and a four-order-of-magnitude increase over a 0.1 W pulsed laser operating at 40 MHz. A Raman-to-fluorescence ratio of 4.76 is achieved with a sesame oil sample at a 20 MHz repetition rate. Achieving high count rates and Raman-to-fluorescence ratios unlocks the potential of combined Raman/fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy for imaging and other short acquisition time applications.
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Ember KJI, Hunt F, Jamieson LE, Hallett JM, Esser H, Kendall TJ, Clutton RE, Gregson R, Faulds K, Forbes SJ, Oniscu GC, Campbell CJ. Noninvasive Detection of Ischemic Vascular Damage in a Pig Model of Liver Donation After Circulatory Death. Hepatology 2021; 74:428-443. [PMID: 33420756 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver graft quality is evaluated by visual inspection prior to transplantation, a process highly dependent on the surgeon's experience. We present an objective, noninvasive, quantitative way of assessing liver quality in real time using Raman spectroscopy, a laser-based tool for analyzing biomolecular composition. APPROACH AND RESULTS A porcine model of donation after circulatory death (DCD) with normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) allowed assessment of liver quality premortem, during warm ischemia (WI) and post-NRP. Ten percent of circulating blood volume was removed in half of experiments to simulate blood recovery for DCD heart removal. Left median lobe biopsies were obtained before circulatory arrest, after 45 minutes of WI, and after 2 hours of NRP and analyzed using spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), and staining. Measurements were also taken in situ from the porcine liver using a handheld Raman spectrometer at these time points from left median and right lateral lobes. Raman microspectroscopy detected congestion during WI by measurement of the intrinsic Raman signal of hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs), eliminating the need for exogenous labels. Critically, this microvascular damage was not observed during WI when 10% of circulating blood was removed before cardiac arrest. Two hours of NRP effectively cleared RBCs from congested livers. Intact RBCs were visualized rapidly at high resolution using SRS. Optical properties of ischemic livers were significantly different from preischemic and post-NRP livers as measured using a handheld Raman spectrometer. CONCLUSIONS Raman spectroscopy is an effective tool for detecting microvascular damage which could assist the decision to use marginal livers for transplantation. Reducing the volume of circulating blood before circulatory arrest in DCD may help reduce microvascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona Hunt
- Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren E Jamieson
- Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John M Hallett
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Esser
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- Edinburgh Pathology Department, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Faulds
- Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel C Oniscu
- Edinburgh Transplant Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Law SM, Stanfield SJ, Hardisty GR, Dransfield I, Campbell CJ, Gray RD. Human cystic fibrosis monocyte derived macrophages display no defect in acidification of phagolysosomes when measured by optical nanosensors. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 19:203-210. [PMID: 31501051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defective macrophage phagolysosomal acidification is implicated in numerous lung diseases including Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and may contribute to defective pathogen killing. Conflicting reports relating to phagolysosomal pH in CF macrophages have been published, in part related to the use of pH-sensitive fluorescent probes where potential inadequacies in experimental design can be a contributing factor (e.g. employing probes with incorrect pKa for the cellular compartment of interest). We developed a reliable method to quantify macrophage phagolysosomal pH using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based nanosensors. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages from CF and healthy control participants were incubated with nanosensors. Live cell imaging identified phagocytosed nanosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy was performed using para-mercaptobenzoic acid functionalised gold nanoparticles which produce Raman spectra that change predictably with their environmental pH. Conventional fluorescence spectroscopy was carried out in comparison. Nanosensor localisation to phagolysosomes was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Nanosensors were actively phagocytosed by macrophages into phagolysosomes and acidification occurred rapidly and remained stable for at least 60 min. There was no difference in phagolysosomal pH between healthy control and CF macrophages (5.41 ± 0.11 vs. 5.41 ± 0.20, p > .9999), further confirmed by inhibiting Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in healthy control monocyte-derived macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Optical nanosensors accurately measure macrophage phagolysosomal pH and demonstrate no phagolysosomal acidification defect in human CF monocyte-derived macrophages. Further studies using alveolar macrophages could extend the impact of our findings. Nanosensors represent a novel and precise means to measure organelle functions with widespread potential for the study and monitoring of several lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheonagh M Law
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Samuel J Stanfield
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Gareth R Hardisty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- Joseph Black Building, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Robert D Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Tucker LH, Hamm GR, Sargeant RJE, Goodwin RJA, Mackay CL, Campbell CJ, Clarke DJ. Untargeted Metabolite Mapping in 3D Cell Culture Models Using High Spectral Resolution FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9522-9529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu H. Tucker
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory R. Hamm
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. E. Sargeant
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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11
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Jamieson LE, Harrison DJ, Campbell CJ. Raman spectroscopy investigation of biochemical changes in tumor spheroids with aging and after treatment with staurosporine. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800201. [PMID: 30246380 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing use of in vitro cell culture models that more realistically replicate the three-dimensional (3D) environment found in vivo. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) using cell lines or patient-derived organoids have become an important in vitro drug development tool, where cells are grown in a 3D "sphere" that exhibits many of the characteristics found in vivo. Significantly, MTS develop gradients in nutrients and oxygen, commonly found in tumors that contribute to therapy resistance. While MTS show promise as a more realistic in vitro culture model, there is a massive need to improve imaging technologies for assessing biochemical characteristics and drug response in such models to maximize their translation into useful applications such as high throughput screening (HTS). In this study, we investigate the potential for Raman spectroscopy to unveil biochemical information in MTS and have investigated how spheroid age influences drug response, shedding light on increased therapy resistance in developing tumors. The wealth of molecular level information delivered by Raman spectroscopy in a noninvasive manner, could aid translation of these 3D models into HTS applications.
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12
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Yerolatsitis S, Yu F, McAughtrie S, Tanner MG, Fleming H, Stone JM, Campbell CJ, Birks TA, Knight JC. Ultra-low background Raman sensing using a negative-curvature fibre and no distal optics. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201800239. [PMID: 30353666 PMCID: PMC7065639 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Measuring Raman spectra through an optical fibre is usually complicated by the high intrinsic Raman scatter of the fibre material. Common solutions such as the use of multiple fibres and distal optics are complex and bulky. We demonstrate the use of single novel hollow-core negative-curvature fibres (NCFs) for Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing using no distal optics. The background Raman emission from the silica in the NCF was at least 1000× smaller than in a conventional solid fibre, while maintaining the same collection efficiency. We transmitted pump light from a 785-nm laser through the NCF, and we collected back the weak Raman spectra of different distal samples, demonstrating the fibre probe can be used for measurements of weak Raman and SERS signals that would otherwise overlap spectrally with the silica background. The lack of distal optics and consequent small probe diameter (<0.25 mm) enable applications that were not previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Sarah McAughtrie
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- EPSRC IRC Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael G. Tanner
- EPSRC IRC Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Scottish Universities Physics Alliance (SUPA), Inst. of Photonics and Quantum Sciences (IPaQS)Heriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Holly Fleming
- School of ChemistryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - James M. Stone
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of BathBathUK
- EPSRC IRC Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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13
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Tucker LH, Conde-González A, Cobice D, Hamm GR, Goodwin RJA, Campbell CJ, Clarke DJ, Mackay CL. MALDI Matrix Application Utilizing a Modified 3D Printer for Accessible High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8742-8749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu H. Tucker
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - Antonio Conde-González
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - Diego Cobice
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom BT52 1SA
| | - Gregory R. Hamm
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB4 0WG
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB4 0WG
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - David J. Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
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14
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Goodacre R, Sergo V, Barr H, Sammon C, Schultz ZD, Baker MJ, Graham D, Marques MP, Sulé-Suso J, Livermore J, Faulds K, Sinjab F, Matousek P, Campbell CJ, Dluhy R, Gardner P, Phillips C, Diem M, Wood B, Apolonskiy A, Kazarian S, Fullwood L, Gough K, Petrich W, Lloyd G, Ibrahim O, Cinque G, Sockalingum GD, Stone N, Kendall C, McAughtrie S, Perez-Guaita D, Clark L, Gerwert K, Bonifacio A, Notingher I, Lasch P, Bhargava R, Lepert G, Mader K, Paterson C. Clinical Spectroscopy: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 187:429-60. [PMID: 27282545 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90013e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Fisher KM, McLeish JA, Jamieson LE, Jiang J, Hopgood JR, McLaughlin S, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ. SERS as a tool for in vitro toxicology. Faraday Discuss 2018; 187:501-20. [PMID: 27032696 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00216h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Measuring markers of stress such as pH and redox potential are important when studying toxicology in in vitro models because they are markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis and viability. While surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited to the measurement of redox potential and pH in live cells, the time-intensive nature and perceived difficulty in signal analysis and interpretation can be a barrier to its broad uptake by the biological community. In this paper we detail the development of signal processing and analysis algorithms that allow SERS spectra to be automatically processed so that the output of the processing is a pH or redox potential value. By automating signal processing we were able to carry out a comparative evaluation of the toxicology of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles and correlate our findings with qPCR analysis. The combination of these two analytical techniques sheds light on the differences in toxicology between these two materials from the perspective of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Fisher
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer A McLeish
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Lauren E Jamieson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Jing Jiang
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - James R Hopgood
- Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Stephen McLaughlin
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ken Donaldson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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16
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Goodacre R, Baker MJ, Graham D, Schultz ZD, Diem M, Marques MP, Cinque G, Vernooij R, Sulé-Suso J, Byrne HJ, Faulds K, Hermes M, Fleming H, Bonifacio A, Dluhy R, Gardner P, El-Mashtoly S, Wood B, Gough K, Fornasaro S, Kazarian S, Jamieson L, Petrich W, Sockalingum GD, Stone N, Kendall C, Sinjab F, Haris P, Subaihi A, Remiszewski S, Hellwig P, Sergo V, Gerwert K, Phillips C, Campbell CJ. Biofluids and other techniques: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 187:575-601. [PMID: 27282657 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Abstract
A way to incorporate SERS nanosensors on the end of an optical fibre that also allows for the extraction of bacterial samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Fleming
- EaStCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | | | - Bethany Mills
- Centre for Inflammation Research
- Queen's Medical Research Institute
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Michael G. Tanner
- Centre for Inflammation Research
- Queen's Medical Research Institute
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Angus Marks
- EaStCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
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18
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Ehrlich K, Kufcsák A, McAughtrie S, Fleming H, Krstajic N, Campbell CJ, Henderson RK, Dhaliwal K, Thomson RR, Tanner MG. pH sensing through a single optical fibre using SERS and CMOS SPAD line arrays. Opt Express 2017; 25:30976-30986. [PMID: 29245776 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Full exploitation of fibre Raman probes has been limited by the obstruction of weak Raman signals by background fluorescence of the sample and the intrinsic Raman signal of the delivery fibre. Here we utilised functionalised gold nanoshells (NS) to take advantage of the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect to enhance the pH responsive spectrum of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA). However, the fibre background is still dominant. Using the photon arrival time-resolving capability of a CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based line sensor, we recover the SERS spectrum without a fibre background in a 10 s measurement. In this manner, pH sensing through a multimode fibre at a low excitation power that is safe for future in vivo applications, with short acquisition times (10 or 60 s), is demonstrated. A measurement precision of ± 0.07 pH units is thus achieved.
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19
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Miller MR, Raftis JB, Langrish JP, McLean SG, Samutrtai P, Connell SP, Wilson S, Vesey AT, Fokkens PHB, Boere AJF, Krystek P, Campbell CJ, Hadoke PWF, Donaldson K, Cassee FR, Newby DE, Duffin R, Mills NL. Correction to"Inhaled Nanoparticles Accumulate at Sites of Vascular Disease". ACS Nano 2017; 11:10623-10624. [PMID: 28976185 PMCID: PMC8504789 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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20
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Miller MR, Raftis JB, Langrish JP, McLean SG, Samutrtai P, Connell SP, Wilson S, Vesey AT, Fokkens PHB, Boere AJF, Krystek P, Campbell CJ, Hadoke PWF, Donaldson K, Cassee FR, Newby DE, Duffin R, Mills NL. Inhaled Nanoparticles Accumulate at Sites of Vascular Disease. ACS Nano 2017; 11:4542-4552. [PMID: 28443337 PMCID: PMC5444047 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of engineered nanomaterials is growing exponentially, despite concerns over their potential similarities to environmental nanoparticles that are associated with significant cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms through which inhalation of nanoparticles could trigger acute cardiovascular events are emerging, but a fundamental unanswered question remains: Do inhaled nanoparticles translocate from the lung in man and directly contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease? In complementary clinical and experimental studies, we used gold nanoparticles to evaluate particle translocation, permitting detection by high-resolution inductively coupled mass spectrometry and Raman microscopy. Healthy volunteers were exposed to nanoparticles by acute inhalation, followed by repeated sampling of blood and urine. Gold was detected in the blood and urine within 15 min to 24 h after exposure, and was still present 3 months after exposure. Levels were greater following inhalation of 5 nm (primary diameter) particles compared to 30 nm particles. Studies in mice demonstrated the accumulation in the blood and liver following pulmonary exposure to a broader size range of gold nanoparticles (2-200 nm primary diameter), with translocation markedly greater for particles <10 nm diameter. Gold nanoparticles preferentially accumulated in inflammation-rich vascular lesions of fat-fed apolipoproteinE-deficient mice. Furthermore, following inhalation, gold particles could be detected in surgical specimens of carotid artery disease from patients at risk of stroke. Translocation of inhaled nanoparticles into the systemic circulation and accumulation at sites of vascular inflammation provides a direct mechanism that can explain the link between environmental nanoparticles and cardiovascular disease and has major implications for risk management in the use of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Jennifer B. Raftis
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Langrish
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. McLean
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pawitrabhorn Samutrtai
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Shea P. Connell
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wilson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex T. Vesey
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. B. Fokkens
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A. John F. Boere
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Krystek
- Department
of Environment and Health, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Donaldson
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National
Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3512 JE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David E. Newby
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodger Duffin
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas L. Mills
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Centre for Inflammation
Research, and EaStCHEM School
of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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21
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Ember KJI, Hoeve MA, McAughtrie SL, Bergholt MS, Dwyer BJ, Stevens MM, Faulds K, Forbes SJ, Campbell CJ. Raman spectroscopy and regenerative medicine: a review. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:12. [PMID: 29302348 PMCID: PMC5665621 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine spans a wide area of the biomedical landscape-from single cell culture in laboratories to human whole-organ transplantation. To ensure that research is transferrable from bench to bedside, it is critical that we are able to assess regenerative processes in cells, tissues, organs and patients at a biochemical level. Regeneration relies on a large number of biological factors, which can be perturbed using conventional bioanalytical techniques. A versatile, non-invasive, non-destructive technique for biochemical analysis would be invaluable for the study of regeneration; and Raman spectroscopy is a potential solution. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method by which chemical data are obtained through the inelastic scattering of light. Since its discovery in the 1920s, physicists and chemists have used Raman scattering to investigate the chemical composition of a vast range of both liquid and solid materials. However, only in the last two decades has this form of spectroscopy been employed in biomedical research. Particularly relevant to regenerative medicine are recent studies illustrating its ability to characterise and discriminate between healthy and disease states in cells, tissue biopsies and in patients. This review will briefly outline the principles behind Raman spectroscopy and its variants, describe key examples of its applications to biomedicine, and consider areas of regenerative medicine that would benefit from this non-invasive bioanalytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. I. Ember
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Marieke A. Hoeve
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Sarah L. McAughtrie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Benjamin J. Dwyer
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- 0000000121138138grid.11984.35Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Building, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD UK
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
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22
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Camus VL, Stewart GD, Nailon WH, McLaren DB, Campbell CJ. Correction: Measuring the effects of fractionated radiation therapy in a 3D prostate cancer model system using SERS nanosensors. Analyst 2016; 141:5900. [PMID: 27704094 DOI: 10.1039/c6an90079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for 'Measuring the effects of fractionated radiation therapy in a 3D prostate cancer model system using SERS nanosensors' by Victoria L. Camus, et al., Analyst, 2016, 141, 5056-5061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Camus
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Edinburgh Urological Cancer Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - William H Nailon
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative, Oncology Physics, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2U, UK
| | - Duncan B McLaren
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2U, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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23
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Jamieson LE, Camus VL, Bagnaninchi PO, Fisher KM, Stewart GD, Nailon WH, McLaren DB, Harrison DJ, Campbell CJ. Targeted SERS nanosensors measure physicochemical gradients and free energy changes in live 3D tumor spheroids. Nanoscale 2016; 8:16710-16718. [PMID: 27714168 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of multicellular tumor spheroids (MTS) to investigate therapies has gained impetus because they have potential to mimic factors including zonation, hypoxia and drug-resistance. However, analysis remains difficult and often destroys 3D integrity. Here we report an optical technique using targeted nanosensors that allows in situ 3D mapping of redox potential gradients whilst retaining MTS morphology and function. The magnitude of the redox potential gradient can be quantified as a free energy difference (ΔG) and used as a measurement of MTS viability. We found that by delivering different doses of radiotherapy to MTS we could correlate loss of ΔG with increasing therapeutic dose. In addition, we found that resistance to drug therapy was indicated by an increase in ΔG. This robust and reproducible technique allows interrogation of an in vitro tumor-model's bioenergetic response to therapy, indicating its potential as a tool for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Jamieson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Victoria L Camus
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | | | - Kate M Fisher
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Academic Urology Group, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - William H Nailon
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative, Department of Oncology Physics, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2U, UK and School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Duncan B McLaren
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative, Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2U, UK
| | | | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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24
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Baker MJ, Goodacre R, Sammon C, Marques MP, Gardner P, Tipping W, Sulé-Suso J, Wood B, Byrne HJ, Hermes M, Matousek P, Campbell CJ, El-Mashtoly S, Frost J, Phillips C, Diem M, Kohler A, Lau K, Kazarian S, Petrich W, Lloyd G, Delfino I, Cinque G, Isabelle M, Stone N, Kendall C, Jamieson L, Perez-Guaita D, Clark L, Gerwert K, Notingher I, Quaroni L, Bhargava R, Meade A, Lyng F. Single cell analysis/data handling: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2016; 187:299-327. [PMID: 27282416 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Martinez-Perez C, Turnbull A, Ward C, Mullen P, Meehan J, Jarman EJ, Cook G, Thomson PIT, Campbell CJ, McPhail D, Harrison D, Langdon S. Study of the effect of novel anticancer agent oncamex on gene expression profiles of preclinical breast cancer models. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.e14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carol Ward
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mullen
- University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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26
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Martínez-Pérez C, Ward C, Turnbull AK, Mullen P, Cook G, Meehan J, Jarman EJ, Thomson PIT, Campbell CJ, McPhail D, Harrison DJ, Langdon SP. Antitumour activity of the novel flavonoid Oncamex in preclinical breast cancer models. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:905-16. [PMID: 27031849 PMCID: PMC4984802 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The natural polyphenol myricetin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in preclinical cancer models. We hypothesised that myricetin-derived flavonoids with enhanced redox properties, improved cell uptake and mitochondrial targeting might have increased potential as antitumour agents. Methods: We studied the effect of a second-generation flavonoid analogue Oncamex in a panel of seven breast cancer cell lines, applying western blotting, gene expression analysis, fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry of xenograft tissue to investigate its mechanism of action. Results: Proliferation assays showed that Oncamex treatment for 8 h reduced cell viability and induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis, concomitant with increased caspase activation. Microarray analysis showed that Oncamex was associated with changes in the expression of genes controlling cell cycle and apoptosis. Fluorescence microscopy showed the compound's mitochondrial targeting and reactive oxygen species-modulating properties, inducing superoxide production at concentrations associated with antiproliferative effects. A preliminary in vivo study in mice implanted with the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft showed that Oncamex inhibited tumour growth, reducing tissue viability and Ki-67 proliferation, with no signs of untoward effects on the animals. Conclusions: Oncamex is a novel flavonoid capable of specific mitochondrial delivery and redox modulation. It has shown antitumour activity in preclinical models of breast cancer, supporting the potential of this prototypic candidate for its continued development as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carol Ward
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Graeme Cook
- Antoxis Limited, IMS Building, Foresterhill Health and Research Complex, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - James Meehan
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Edward J Jarman
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Patrick I T Thomson
- EaSTCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaSTCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Donald McPhail
- Antoxis Limited, IMS Building, Foresterhill Health and Research Complex, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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27
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Henihan G, Schulze H, Corrigan DK, Giraud G, Terry JG, Hardie A, Campbell CJ, Walton AJ, Crain J, Pethig R, Templeton KE, Mount AR, Bachmann TT. Label- and amplification-free electrochemical detection of bacterial ribosomal RNA. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 81:487-494. [PMID: 27016627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to molecular diagnostics rely heavily on PCR amplification and optical detection methods which have restrictions when applied to point of care (POC) applications. Herein we describe the development of a label-free and amplification-free method of pathogen detection applied to Escherichia coli which overcomes the bottleneck of complex sample preparation and has the potential to be implemented as a rapid, cost effective test suitable for point of care use. Ribosomal RNA is naturally amplified in bacterial cells, which makes it a promising target for sensitive detection without the necessity for prior in vitro amplification. Using fluorescent microarray methods with rRNA targets from a range of pathogens, an optimal probe was selected from a pool of probe candidates identified in silico. The specificity of probes was investigated on DNA microarray using fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA target. The probe yielding highest specificity performance was evaluated in terms of sensitivity and a LOD of 20 pM was achieved on fluorescent glass microarray. This probe was transferred to an EIS end point format and specificity which correlated to microarray data was demonstrated. Excellent sensitivity was facilitated by the use of uncharged PNA probes and large 16S rRNA target and investigations resulted in an LOD of 50 pM. An alternative kinetic EIS assay format was demonstrated with which rRNA could be detected in a species specific manner within 10-40min at room temperature without wash steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Henihan
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Holger Schulze
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK
| | - Damion K Corrigan
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK; School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerard Giraud
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jonathan G Terry
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - Alison Hardie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Colin J Campbell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony J Walton
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - Jason Crain
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, Scotland, UK; National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Ronald Pethig
- Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Scotland, UK
| | - Kate E Templeton
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew R Mount
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Till T Bachmann
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK.
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Thurlow SE, Kilgour DP, Campopiano DJ, Mackay CL, Langridge-Smith PRR, Clarke DJ, Campbell CJ. Determination of Protein Thiol Reduction Potential by Isotope Labeling and Intact Mass Measurement. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2727-33. [PMID: 26881737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation/reduction of thiol residues in proteins is an important type of post-translational modification that is implicated in regulating a range of biological processes. The nature of the modification makes it possible to define a quantifiable electrochemical potential (E(⊕)) for oxidation/reduction that allows cysteine-containing proteins to be ranked based on their propensity to be oxidized. Measuring oxidation of cysteine residues in proteins is difficult using standard electrochemical methods, but top-down mass spectrometry recently has been shown to enable the quantification of E(⊕) for thiol oxidations. In this paper, we demonstrate that mass spectrometry of intact proteins can be used in combination with an isotopic labeling strategy and an automated data analysis algorithm to measure E(⊕) for the thiols in both E. coli Thioredoxin 1 and human Thioredoxin 1. Our methodology relies on accurate mass measurement of proteins using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analyses and does not necessarily require top-down fragmentation. In addition to analyzing homogeneous protein samples, we also demonstrate that our methodology can be used to determine thiol E(⊕) measurements in samples that contain mixtures of proteins. Thus, the combination of experimential methodology and data analysis regime has the potential to make such measurements in a high-throughput manner and in a manner that is more accessible to a broad community of protein scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Thurlow
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David P Kilgour
- Chemistry and Forensics, Rosalind Franklin Building, Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Pat R R Langridge-Smith
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh , David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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29
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Camus VL, Stewart G, Nailon WH, McLaren DB, Campbell CJ. Measuring the effects of fractionated radiation therapy in a 3D prostate cancer model system using SERS nanosensors. Analyst 2016; 141:5056-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy to measure cell death caused by radiation in a 3D model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant Stewart
- School of Clinical Surgery
- University of Edinburgh EH16
- UK
| | - William H. Nailon
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative
- Oncology Physics
- Western General Hospital
- Edinburgh EH4 2U
- UK
| | - Duncan B. McLaren
- Edinburgh Radiation Research Collaborative
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre
- Western General Hospital
- Edinburgh EH4 2U
- UK
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30
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Sammon C, Schultz ZD, Kazarian S, Barr H, Goodacre R, Graham D, Baker MJ, Gardner P, Wood B, Campbell CJ, Dluhy R, El-Mashtoly S, Phillips C, Frost J, Diem M, Kohler A, Haris P, Apolonskiy A, Amrania H, Lasch P, Zhang Z, Petrich W, Sockalingum GD, Stone N, Gerwert K, Notingher I, Bhargava R, Kröger-Lui N, Isabelle M, Pilling M. Spectral Pathology: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2016; 187:155-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Jaworska A, Jamieson LE, Malek K, Campbell CJ, Choo J, Chlopicki S, Baranska M. SERS-based monitoring of the intracellular pH in endothelial cells: the influence of the extracellular environment and tumour necrosis factor-α. Analyst 2015; 140:2321-9. [PMID: 25485622 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pH plays an important role in various cellular processes. In this work, we describe a method for monitoring of the intracellular pH in endothelial cells by using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) anchored to gold nanoparticles as pH-sensitive probes. Using the Raman microimaging technique, we analysed changes in intracellular pH induced by buffers with acid or alkaline pH, as well as in endothelial inflammation induced by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα). The targeted nanosensor enabled spatial pH measurements revealing distinct changes of the intracellular pH in endosomal compartments of the endothelium. Altogether, SERS-based analysis of intracellular pH proves to be a promising technique for a better understanding of intracellular pH regulation in various subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jaworska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Str., 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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32
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Jamieson LE, Jaworska A, Jiang J, Baranska M, Harrison DJ, Campbell CJ. Simultaneous intracellular redox potential and pH measurements in live cells using SERS nanosensors. Analyst 2015; 140:2330-5. [PMID: 25700000 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular redox potential is a highly regulated cellular characteristic and is critically involved in maintaining cellular health and function. The dysregulation of redox potential can result in the initiation and progression of numerous diseases. Redox potential is determined by the balance of oxidants and reductants in the cell and also by pH. For this reason a technique for quantitative measurement of intracellular redox potential and pH is highly desirable. In this paper we demonstrate how surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensors can be used for multiplexed measurement of both pH and redox potential in live single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Jamieson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.
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33
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Abstract
Conventional two dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture has been considered the 'gold standard' technique for in vitro cellular experiments. However, the need for a model that better mimics the three dimensional (3D) architecture of tissue in vivo has led to the development of Multicellular Tumour Spheroids (MTS) as a 3D tissue culture model. To some extent MTS mimic the environment of in vivo tumours where, for example, oxygen and nutrient gradients develop, protein expression changes and cells form a spherical structure with regions of proliferation, senescence and necrosis. This review focuses on the development of techniques for chemical analysis of MTS as a tool for understanding in vivo tumours and a platform for more effective drug and therapy discovery. While traditional monolayer techniques can be translated to 3D models, these often fail to provide the desired spatial resolution and z-penetration for live cell imaging. More recently developed techniques for overcoming these problems will be discussed with particular reference to advances in instrument technology for achieving the increased spatial resolution and imaging depth required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Jamieson
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.
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34
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Thomson PIT, Camus VL, Hu Y, Campbell CJ. Series of Quinone-Containing Nanosensors for Biologically Relevant Redox Potential Determination by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4719-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504795s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick I. T. Thomson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph
Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - Victoria L. Camus
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph
Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - Yuyu Hu
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph
Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph
Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom EH9 3FJ
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35
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Symmers PR, Burke MJ, August DP, Thomson PIT, Nichol GS, Warren MR, Campbell CJ, Lusby PJ. Non-equilibrium cobalt(iii) "click" capsules. Chem Sci 2015; 6:756-760. [PMID: 28706638 PMCID: PMC5494537 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt(iii) tetrahedral capsules have been prepared using an assembly-followed-by-oxidation protocol from a cobalt(ii) precursor and a readily derivatizable pyridyl-triazole ligand system. Experiments designed to probe the constitutional dynamics show that these architectures are in a non-equilibrium state. A preliminary investigation into the host-guest chemistry of a water-soluble derivative shows it can bind and differentiate a range of different neutral organic molecules. The stability of this ensemble also permits the study of guest-binding at high salt concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Symmers
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - M J Burke
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - D P August
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - P I T Thomson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - G S Nichol
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - M R Warren
- Diamond Light Source Ltd , Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - C J Campbell
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
| | - P J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FJ , UK .
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36
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Jiang J, Auchinvole C, Fisher K, Campbell CJ. Quantitative measurement of redox potential in hypoxic cells using SERS nanosensors. Nanoscale 2014; 6:12104-12110. [PMID: 25195575 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is considered to be a reductive disorder of cells that is caused either by a lack of oxygen or by the dysregulation of metabolic pathways and is thought to play a role in the pathology of diseases including stroke and cancer. One aspect of hypoxia that remains poorly investigated is the dysregulation of cellular redox potential and its role in controlling biological pathway activation. Since there is currently no way of quantitatively measuring the intracellular redox potential of hypoxic cells, this provided us with the motivation to develop optical nanosensors whose Surface-Enhanced Raman (SER) spectrum provides a quantitative measure of redox potential in hypoxic cells. Our nanosensors are made from organic reporter molecules that show oxidation-state-dependent changes in the Raman spectrum and are chemically adsorbed onto gold nanoshells. These nanosensors can be taken up by cells, and by collecting the SER spectrum we can calculate the localised intracellular redox potential from single hypoxic cells in a non-invasive, reversible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK.
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37
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Corrigan DK, Schulze H, Henihan G, Hardie A, Ciani I, Giraud G, Terry JG, Walton AJ, Pethig R, Ghazal P, Crain J, Campbell CJ, Templeton KE, Mount AR, Bachmann TT. Development of a PCR-free electrochemical point of care test for clinical detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Analyst 2014; 138:6997-7005. [PMID: 24093127 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01319g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An MRSA assay requiring neither labeling nor amplification of target DNA has been developed. Sequence specific binding of fragments of bacterial genomic DNA is detected at femtomolar concentrations using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This has been achieved using systematic optimisation of probe chemistry (PNA self-assembled monolayer film on gold electrode), electrode film structure (the size and nature of the chemical spacer) and DNA fragmentation, as these are found to play an important role in assay performance. These sensitivity improvements allow the elimination of the PCR step and DNA labeling and facilitate the development of a simple and rapid point of care test for MRSA. Assay performance is then evaluated and specific direct detection of the MRSA diagnostic mecA gene from genomic DNA, extracted directly from bacteria without further treatment is demonstrated for bacteria spiked into saline (10(6) cells per mL) on gold macrodisc electrodes and into human wound fluid (10(4) cells per mL) on screen printed gold electrodes. The latter detection level is particularly relevant to clinical requirements and point of care testing where the general threshold for considering a wound to be infected is 10(5) cells per mL. By eliminating the PCR step typically employed in nucleic acid assays, using screen printed electrodes and achieving sequence specific discrimination under ambient conditions, the test is extremely simple to design and engineer. In combination with a time to result of a few minutes this means the assay is well placed for use in point of care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Corrigan
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK.
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38
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Schinwald A, Murphy F, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Sefiane K, Donaldson K, Campbell CJ. Minimal oxidation and inflammogenicity of pristine graphene with residence in the lung. Nanotoxicology 2013; 8:824-32. [PMID: 23924429 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2013.831502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional graphitic carbon, graphene, is a new form of nanomaterial with great potential in a wide variety of applications. It is therefore crucial to investigate the behaviour of graphene in biological systems to assess potential adverse effects that might follow from inhalation exposure. In this study we focussed on medium-term effects of graphene in lung tissue by investigating the pulmonary inflammation 6 weeks after pharyngeal aspiration of unoxidised multilayered graphene platelets (GPs) in mice and assessed their biopersistence in the lung tissue using Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, GP degradation in vitro was examined after horseradish peroxidase (HRP) treatment up to 1 week. Building on our previous report showing acute inflammation in mice lungs at 1 day, pristine GP showed minimal inflammation in mouse lungs after 6 weeks even though no degradation of GP in lung tissue was observed and large deposits of GP were evident in the lungs. Raman analysis of GP in tissue sections showed minimal oxidation, and in vitro examinations of enzymatic oxidation of GP via HRP and H2O2 showed only slight increases in ID/IG ratio and the appearance of the Raman D' band at 1620 cm(-1) (surrogates of graphene oxidation). Our results showing non-inflammogenicity at medium time points have important implications in the hazard identification of GPs following inhalation exposure and for their use in biomedical applications. Additionally, the biopersistence of pristine GP in vivo with no associated inflammation could open the way to applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schinwald
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, MRC/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research , Edinburgh , UK
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39
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Gibbs HC, Sing G, González Armas JC, Campbell CJ, Ghazal P, Yeh AT. Time-lapse ultrashort pulse microscopy of infection in three-dimensional versus two-dimensional culture environments reveals enhanced extra-chromosomal virus replication compartment formation. J Biomed Opt 2013; 18:031111. [PMID: 23455958 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.3.031111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that enable viruses to harness cellular machinery for their own survival are primarily studied in cell lines cultured in two-dimensional (2-D) environments. However, there are increasing reports of biological differences between cells cultured in 2-D versus three-dimensional (3-D) environments. Here we report differences in host-virus interactions based on differences in culture environment. Using ultrashort pulse microscopy (UPM), a form of two-photon microscopy that utilizes sub-10-fs pulses to efficiently excite fluorophores, we have shown that de novo development of extra-chromosomal virus replication compartments (VRCs) upon murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection is markedly enhanced when host cells are cultured in 3-D collagen gels versus 2-D monolayers. In addition, time-lapse imaging revealed that mCMV-induced VRCs have the capacity to grow by coalescence. This work supports the future potential of 3-D culture as a useful bridge between traditional monolayer cultures and animal models to study host-virus interactions in a more physiologically relevant environment for the development of effective anti-viral therapeutics. These advances will require broader adoption of modalities, such as UPM, to image deep within scattering tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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40
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Mallikarjun V, Clarke DJ, Campbell CJ. Cellular redox potential and the biomolecular electrochemical series: a systems hypothesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:280-8. [PMID: 22609360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of cellular redox potential in the regulation of protein activity is becoming increasingly appreciated and characterized. In this paper we put forward a new hypothesis relating to redox regulation of cellular physiology. We have exemplified our hypothesis using apoptosis since its redox phenomenology is well established, but believe that it is equally applicable to several other pathways. Our hypothesis is that since multiple proteins in the apoptosis pathway are thought to be regulated via oxidation/reduction reactions and since cellular redox potentials have been shown to become progressively more oxidative during apoptosis, that the proteins could be arranged in an electrochemical series where the protein's standard potential correlates with its position in the pathway. Since the most stable oxidation state of the protein is determined by its standard potential and the redox potential of its environment (in a way predictable by the Nernst equation), a quantitative model of the redox regulation of the pathway could be developed. We have outlined our hypothesis, illustrating it using a pathway map which assembles a selection of the literature on apoptosis into a readable graphical format. We have also outlined experimental approaches suitable for testing our hypothesis.
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41
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Campbell CJ, Radnaev AG, Kuzmich A, Dzuba VA, Flambaum VV, Derevianko A. Single-ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:120802. [PMID: 22540568 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The 7.6(5) eV nuclear magnetic-dipole transition in a single 229Th3+ ion may provide the foundation for an optical clock of superb accuracy. A virtual clock transition composed of stretched states within the 5F(5/2) electronic ground level of both nuclear ground and isomeric manifolds is proposed. It is shown to offer unprecedented systematic shift suppression, allowing for clock performance with a total fractional inaccuracy approaching 1×10(-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Campbell
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA.
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42
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Auchinvole CAR, Richardson P, McGuinnes C, Mallikarjun V, Donaldson K, McNab H, Campbell CJ. Monitoring intracellular redox potential changes using SERS nanosensors. ACS Nano 2012; 6:888-896. [PMID: 22165857 DOI: 10.1021/nn204397q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis and signaling are critically important in the regulation of cell function. There are significant challenges in quantitatively measuring intracellular redox potentials, and in this paper, we introduce a new approach. Our approach is based on the use of nanosensors which comprise molecules that sense the local redox potential, assembled on a gold nanoshell. Since the Raman spectrum of the sensor molecule changes depending on its oxidation state and since the nanoshell allows a huge enhancement of the Raman spectrum, intracellular potential can be calculated by a simple optical measurement. The nanosensors can be controllably delivered to the cytoplasm, without any toxic effects, allowing redox potential to be monitored in a reversible, non-invasive manner over a previously unattainable potential range encompassing both superphysiological and physiological oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A R Auchinvole
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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43
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Ciani I, Schulze H, Corrigan DK, Henihan G, Giraud G, Terry JG, Walton AJ, Pethig R, Ghazal P, Crain J, Campbell CJ, Bachmann TT, Mount AR. Development of immunosensors for direct detection of three wound infection biomarkers at point of care using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:413-8. [PMID: 22137369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A method for label-free, electrochemical impedance immunosensing for the detection and quantification of three infection biomarkers in both buffer and directly in the defined model matrix of mock wound fluid is demonstrated. Triggering Receptor-1 Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM-1) and Matrix MetalloPeptidase 9 (MMP-9) are detected via direct assay and N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-l-HomoSerineLactone (HSL), relevant in bacterial quorum sensing, is detected using a competition assay. Detection is performed with gold screen-printed electrodes modified with a specific thiolated antibody. Detection is achieved in less than 1h straight from mock wound fluid without any extensive sample preparation steps. The limits of detection of 3.3 pM for TREM-1, 1.1 nM for MMP-9 and 1.4 nM for HSL are either near or below the threshold required to indicate infection. A relatively large dynamic range for sensor response is also found, consistent with interaction between neighbouring antibody-antigen complexes in the close-packed surface layer. Together, these three novel electrochemical immunosensors demonstrate viable multi-parameter sensing with the required sensitivity for rapid wound infection detection directly from a clinically relevant specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Ciani
- School of Chemistry & EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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44
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Ochsenkühn MA, Borek JA, Phelps R, Campbell CJ. Redox potential dependence of peptide structure studied using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett 2011; 11:2684-2688. [PMID: 21648392 DOI: 10.1021/nl200885p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing approach utilizing modified gold nanoshells and demonstrate its application to analysis of critical redox-potential dependent changes in antigen structure that are implicated in the initiation of a human autoimmune disease. In Goodpasture's disease, an autoimmune reaction is thought to arise from incomplete proteolysis of the autoantigen, α3(IV)NC1(67-85) by proteases including Cathepsin D. We have used SERS to study conformational changes in the antigen that correlate with its oxidation state and to show that the antigen must be in the reduced state in order to undergo proteolysis. Our results demonstrate that a redox potential of ∼-200 mV was sufficient for reduction and subsequent productive processing of the antigenic fragment α3(IV)NC1(67-85). Moreover, we demonstrate that the peptide bonds subsequently cleaved by Cathepsisn D can be identified by comparison with a SERS library of short synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ochsenkühn
- EaSTCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, UK.
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Campbell CJ, Radnaev AG, Kuzmich A. Wigner crystals of 229Th for optical excitation of the nuclear isomer. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:223001. [PMID: 21702597 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.223001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have produced laser-cooled Wigner crystals of 229Th3+ in a linear Paul trap. The magnetic dipole (A) and electric quadrupole (B) hyperfine constants for four low-lying electronic levels and the relative isotope shifts with respect to 232Th3+ for three low-lying optical transitions are measured. Using the hyperfine B constants in conjunction with prior atomic structure calculations, a new value of the spectroscopic nuclear electric quadrupole moment Q=3.11(16) eb is deduced. These results are a step towards optical excitation of the low-lying isomer level in the 229Th nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Campbell
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, USA
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Giraud G, Pethig R, Schulze H, Henihan G, Terry JG, Menachery A, Ciani I, Corrigan D, Campbell CJ, Mount AR, Ghazal P, Walton AJ, Crain J, Bachmann TT. Dielectrophoretic manipulation of ribosomal RNA. Biomicrofluidics 2011; 5:24116. [PMID: 21799722 PMCID: PMC3145241 DOI: 10.1063/1.3604395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) extracted from E. coli cells by dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been demonstrated over the range of 3 kHz-50 MHz using interdigitated microelectrodes. Quantitative measurement using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of the time dependent collection indicated a positive DEP response characterized by a plateau between 3 kHz and 1 MHz followed by a decrease in response at higher frequencies. Negative DEP was observed above 9 MHz. The positive DEP response below 1 MHz is described by the Clausius-Mossotti model and corresponds to an induced dipole moment of 3300 D with a polarizability of 7.8×10(-32) F m(2). The negative DEP response above 9 MHz indicates that the rRNA molecules exhibit a net moment of -250 D, to give an effective permittivity value of 78.5 ε(0), close to that of the aqueous suspending medium, and a relatively small surface conductance value of ∼0.1 nS. This suggests that our rRNA samples have a fairly open structure accessible to the surrounding water molecules, with counterions strongly bound to the charged phosphate groups in the rRNA backbone. These results are the first demonstration of DEP for fast capture and release of rRNA units, opening new opportunities for rRNA-based biosensing devices.
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Schulze H, Ross AJ, Ember SWJ, Luby J, Khondoker M, Giraud G, Ciani I, Tlili C, Papale D, Terry JG, Mount AR, Walton AJ, Crain J, Ghazal P, Bachmann TT, Campbell CJ. Peptide-tags for enhanced DNA microarray performance. Faraday Discuss 2011; 149:201-10; discussion 227-45. [PMID: 21413182 DOI: 10.1039/c005491g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarrays are powerful tools for gene expression analysis and genotyping studies in research and diagnostic applications. A high sensitivity and short time-to-result are prerequisites for their practical application in the clinic. The hybridization efficiency of DNA microarrays depends on the probe density and the probe orientation and thus their accessibility for target molecules. In order to find an optimal probe immobilization procedure a set of different oligonucleotide modifications was tested on epoxy silane functionalized glass slides. It was found that histidine-tagged oligonucleotides resulted in the highest amount of bound probe and by far the best hybridization efficiencies. The detection limit obtained with histidine-tagged probes was up to two orders of magnitude lower compared to commonly used probe modifications. In order to further investigate the binding mechanism of histidine-tags towards functionalized glass substrates a set of different peptide-tags with and without free terminal amino-groups and with different amino acid compositions was tested. The results indicate an impact of the terminal amino group on the covalent surface binding and of aromatic amino acid residues on the enhanced hybridisation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schulze
- Division of Pathway Medicine, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland.
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Khondoker MR, Bachmann TT, Mewissen M, Dickinson P, Dobrzelecki B, Campbell CJ, Mount AR, Walton AJ, Crain J, Schulze H, Giraud G, Ross AJ, Ciani I, Ember SWJ, Tlili C, Terry JG, Grant E, McDonnell N, Ghazal P. Multi-factorial analysis of class prediction error: estimating optimal number of biomarkers for various classification rules. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2011; 8:945-65. [PMID: 21121020 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720010005063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Machine learning and statistical model based classifiers have increasingly been used with more complex and high dimensional biological data obtained from high-throughput technologies. Understanding the impact of various factors associated with large and complex microarray datasets on the predictive performance of classifiers is computationally intensive, under investigated, yet vital in determining the optimal number of biomarkers for various classification purposes aimed towards improved detection, diagnosis, and therapeutic monitoring of diseases. We investigate the impact of microarray based data characteristics on the predictive performance for various classification rules using simulation studies. Our investigation using Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, Linear Discriminant Analysis and k-Nearest Neighbour shows that the predictive performance of classifiers is strongly influenced by training set size, biological and technical variability, replication, fold change and correlation between biomarkers. Optimal number of biomarkers for a classification problem should therefore be estimated taking account of the impact of all these factors. A database of average generalization errors is built for various combinations of these factors. The database of generalization errors can be used for estimating the optimal number of biomarkers for given levels of predictive accuracy as a function of these factors. Examples show that curves from actual biological data resemble that of simulated data with corresponding levels of data characteristics. An R package optBiomarker implementing the method is freely available for academic use from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (http://www.cran.r-project.org/web/packages/optBiomarker/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizanur R Khondoker
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Psychiatry and NIHR Biomedical, Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
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Pfiffner JJ, Calkins DG, O'dell BL, Bloom ES, Brown RA, Campbell CJ, Bird OD. ISOLATION OF AN ANTIANEMIA FACTOR (VITAMIN Bc CONJUGATE) IN CRYSTALLINE FORM FROM YEAST. Science 2010; 102:228-30. [PMID: 17778510 DOI: 10.1126/science.102.2644.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Binkley SB, Bird OD, Bloom ES, Brown RA, Calkins DG, Campbell CJ, Emmett AD, Pfiffner JJ. ON THE VITAMIN Bc CONJUGATE IN YEAST. Science 2010; 100:36-7. [PMID: 17837977 DOI: 10.1126/science.100.2585.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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