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Haabeth OAW, Blake TR, McKinlay CJ, Tveita AA, Sallets A, Waymouth RM, Wender PA, Levy R. Local Delivery of Ox40l, Cd80, and Cd86 mRNA Kindles Global Anticancer Immunity. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1624-1634. [PMID: 30692215 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Localized expression of effector molecules can initiate antitumor responses through engagement of specific receptors on target cells in the tumor microenvironment. These locally induced responses may also have a systemic effect, clearing additional tumors throughout the body. In this study, to evoke systemic antitumor responses, we utilized charge-altering releasable transporters (CART) for local intratumoral delivery of mRNA coding for costimulatory and immune-modulating factors. Intratumoral injection of the CART-mRNA complexes resulted in mRNA expression at the site of administration, transfecting a substantial proportion of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells in addition to the tumor cells, resulting in a local antitumor effect. Using a two-tumor model, we further show that mRNA therapy locally administered to one tumor stimulated a systemic antitumor response, curing both tumors. The combination of Ox40l-, Cd80-, and Cd86-encoding mRNA resulted in the local upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, robust local T-cell activation, and migration of immune cells to local draining lymph node or to an anatomically distant tumor. This approach delayed tumor growth, facilitated tumor regression, and cured tumors in both A20 and CT26 tumor models. These results highlight mRNA-CART therapy as a viable approach to induce systemic antitumor immunity from a single localized injection. SIGNIFICANCE: The mRNA-CART system is a highly effective delivery platform for delivering immunostimulatory genes into the tumor microenvironment for potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Audun Werner Haabeth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Timothy R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Colin J McKinlay
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anders A Tveita
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrienne Sallets
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ronald Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Fernandes-Cunha G, McKinlay CJ, Vargas JR, Jessen HJ, Waymouth RM, Wender PA. Delivery of Inorganic Polyphosphate into Cells Using Amphipathic Oligocarbonate Transporters. ACS Cent Sci 2018; 4:1394-1402. [PMID: 30410977 PMCID: PMC6202642 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an often-overlooked biopolymer of phosphate residues present in living cells. PolyP is associated with many essential biological roles. Despite interest in polyP's function, most studies have been limited to extracellular or isolated protein experiments, as polyanionic polyP does not traverse the nonpolar membrane of cells. To address this problem, we developed a robust, readily employed method for polyP delivery using guanidinium-rich oligocarbonate transporters that electrostatically complex polyPs of multiple lengths, forming discrete nanoparticles that are resistant to phosphatase degradation and that readily enter multiple cell types. Fluorescently labeled polyPs have been monitored over time for subcellular localization and release from the transporter, with control over release rates achieved by modulating the transporter identity and the charge ratio of the electrostatic complexes. This general approach to polyP delivery enables the study of intracellular polyP signaling in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella
M. Fernandes-Cunha
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Colin J. McKinlay
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica R. Vargas
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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McKinlay CJ, Waymouth RM, Wender PA. Cell-Penetrating, Guanidinium-Rich Oligophosphoesters: Effective and Versatile Molecular Transporters for Drug and Probe Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3510-7. [PMID: 26900771 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new family of highly effective cell-penetrating molecular transporters, guanidinium-rich oligophosphoesters, are described. These unique transporters are synthesized in two steps, irrespective of oligomer length, by the organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization (OROP) of 5-membered cyclic phospholane monomers followed by oligomer deprotection. Varying the initiating alcohol results in a wide variety of cargo attachment strategies for releasable or nonreleasable transporter applications. Initiation of oligomerization with a fluorescent probe produces, upon deprotection, a transporter-probe conjugate that is shown to readily enter multiple cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. These new transporters are superior in cell uptake to previously studied guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and oligoarginines, showing over 2-fold higher uptake than the former and 6-fold higher uptake than the latter. Initiation with a protected thiol gives, upon deprotection, thiol-terminated transporters which can be thiol-click conjugated to a variety of probes, drugs and other cargos as exemplified by the conjugation and delivery of the model probe fluorescein-maleimide and the medicinal agent paclitaxel (PTX) into cells. Of particular significance given that drug resistance is a major cause of chemotherapy failure, the PTX-transporter conjugate, designed to evade Pgp export and release free PTX after cell entry, shows efficacy against PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Collectively this study introduces a new and highly effective class of guanidinium-rich cell-penetrating transporters and methodology for their single-step conjugation to drugs and probes, and demonstrates that the resulting drug/probe-conjugates readily enter cells, outperforming previously reported guanidinium-rich oligocarbonates and peptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J McKinlay
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Pavlovic I, Thakor DT, Vargas JR, McKinlay CJ, Hauke S, Anstaett P, Camuña RC, Bigler L, Gasser G, Schultz C, Wender PA, Jessen HJ. Cellular delivery and photochemical release of a caged inositol-pyrophosphate induces PH-domain translocation in cellulo. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10622. [PMID: 26842801 PMCID: PMC4743007 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol pyrophosphates, such as diphospho-myo-inositol pentakisphosphates (InsP7), are an important family of signalling molecules, implicated in many cellular processes and therapeutic indications including insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and weight gain. To understand their cellular functions, chemical tools such as photocaged analogues for their real-time modulation in cells are required. Here we describe a concise, modular synthesis of InsP7 and caged InsP7. The caged molecule is stable and releases InsP7 only on irradiation. While photocaged InsP7 does not enter cells, its cellular uptake is achieved using nanoparticles formed by association with a guanidinium-rich molecular transporter. This novel synthesis and unprecedented polyphosphate delivery strategy enable the first studies required to understand InsP7 signalling in cells with controlled spatiotemporal resolution. It is shown herein that cytoplasmic photouncaging of InsP7 leads to translocation of the PH-domain of Akt, an important signalling-node kinase involved in glucose homeostasis, from the membrane into the cytoplasm. Photocaged inositol-pyrophosphates offer a tool to study cellular signalling, but their challenging synthesis has precluded any biological studies so far. Here, the authors report the synthesis and cellular delivery of a photocaged analogue, and show that it mediates protein translocation in cellulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Divyeshsinh T Thakor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jessica R Vargas
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Colin J McKinlay
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology &Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Anstaett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Rafael C Camuña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Cell Biology &Biophysics Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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