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Mulder E, Staunton C, Sieber A, Schagatay E. Unlocking the depths: multiple factors contribute to risk for hypoxic blackout during deep freediving. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2483-2493. [PMID: 37300699 PMCID: PMC10615935 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of freediving depth on risk for hypoxic blackout by recording arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) during deep and shallow dives in the sea. METHODS Fourteen competitive freedivers conducted open-water training dives wearing a water-/pressure proof pulse oximeter continuously recording HR and SpO2. Dives were divided into deep (> 35 m) and shallow (10-25 m) post-hoc and data from one deep and one shallow dive from 10 divers were compared. RESULTS Mean ± SD depth was 53 ± 14 m for deep and 17 ± 4 m for shallow dives. Respective dive durations (120 ± 18 s and 116 ± 43 s) did not differ. Deep dives resulted in lower minimum SpO2 (58 ± 17%) compared with shallow dives (74 ± 17%; P = 0.029). Overall diving HR was 7 bpm higher in deep dives (P = 0.002) although minimum HR was similar in both types of dives (39 bpm). Three divers desaturated early at depth, of which two exhibited severe hypoxia (SpO2 ≤ 65%) upon resurfacing. Additionally, four divers developed severe hypoxia after dives. CONCLUSIONS Despite similar dive durations, oxygen desaturation was greater during deep dives, confirming increased risk of hypoxic blackout with increased depth. In addition to the rapid drop in alveolar pressure and oxygen uptake during ascent, several other risk factors associated with deep freediving were identified, including higher swimming effort and oxygen consumption, a compromised diving response, an autonomic conflict possibly causing arrhythmias, and compromised oxygen uptake at depth by lung compression possibly leading to atelectasis or pulmonary edema in some individuals. Individuals with elevated risk could likely be identified using wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mulder
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapens Väg 8, 831 25, Östersund, Sweden.
| | - Craig Staunton
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Arne Sieber
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapens Väg 8, 831 25, Östersund, Sweden
- Oxygen Scientific GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapens Väg 8, 831 25, Östersund, Sweden
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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Jonsson Kårström M, Staunton C, McGawley K, Björklund G, Laaksonen MS. Rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in female and male biathletes. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2722-2731. [PMID: 37023785 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2189796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate whether rifle carriage affects gear distribution during on-snow skiing in highly-trained biathletes, and whether there were any associated sex differences. Twenty-eight biathletes (11 women, 17 men) skied a 2230-m lap at competition speed twice, one lap with the rifle (WR) and the other lap without the rifle (NR). The biathletes wore a portable 3D-motion analysis system while skiing, which enabled characterisation of distance and time in different gears. Skiing WR increased lap time compared to NR (412 (90) vs. 395 (91) s, p < 0.001). The biathletes used gear 2 to a greater extent WR compared to NR (distance: 413 ± 139 vs. 365 ± 142 m; time: 133 (95) vs. 113 (86) s; both p < 0.001) and gear 3 less (distance: 713 ± 166 vs. 769 ± 182 m, p < 0.001; time: 141 ± 33 vs. 149 ± 37 s, p = 0.008), with similar patterns for women and men. Differences between WR and NR in the use of gears 3 and 2 were more extensive for moderate compared to steeper uphill terrain. Rifle carriage increased the use of gear 2, which was negatively associated with performance. Therefore, preparing biathletes to be able to cover more distance in gear 3 WR, especially in moderate uphill terrain, may improve biathlon skiing performance.
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Staunton C, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Custovic E, Stanger J, Kingsley M. The Effect of Match Schedule on Accelerometry-Derived Exercise Dose during Training Sessions throughout a Competitive Basketball Season. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030069. [PMID: 30041486 PMCID: PMC6162803 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accelerometry-derived exercise dose (intensity × duration) was assessed throughout a competitive basketball season. Nine elite basketballers wore accelerometers during a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo-IR1) and during three two-week blocks of training that represented phases of the season defined as easy, medium, and hard based on difficulty of match schedule. Exercise dose was determined using accumulated impulse (accelerometry-derived average net force × duration). Relative exercise intensity was quantified using linear relationships between average net force and oxygen consumption during the Yo-Yo-IR1. Time spent in different intensity zones was computed. Influences of match schedule difficulty and playing position were evaluated. Exercise dose reduced for recovery and pre-match tapering sessions during the medium match schedule. Exercise dose did not vary during the hard match schedule. Exercise dose was not different between playing positions. The majority of activity during training was spent performing sedentary behaviour or very light intensity activity (64.3 ± 6.1%). Front-court players performed a greater proportion of very light intensity activity (mean difference: 6.8 ± 2.8%), whereas back-court players performed more supramaximal intensity activity (mean difference: 4.5 ± 1.0%). No positional differences existed in the proportion of time in all other intensity zones. Objective evaluation of exercise dose might allow coaches to better prescribe and monitor the demands of basketball training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Staunton
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Brett Gordon
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Edhem Custovic
- Computer and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Jonathan Stanger
- Computer and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia.
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Staunton C, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Kingsley M. Accelerometry-Derived Relative Exercise Intensities in Elite Women's Basketball. Int J Sports Med 2018; 39:822-827. [PMID: 29986346 DOI: 10.1055/a-0637-9484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed accelerometry-derived relative exercise intensity during elite women's basketball match play. The influence of player position/role and match period on relative exercise intensities was evaluated. Ten basketballers wore accelerometers during a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo-IR1) and 18 competitive matches. Relative exercise intensity was quantified using predicted oxygen consumption reserve determined using correlations from Yo-Yo-IR1. Total time, bout frequency and bout duration were calculated in seven intensity zones and compared between quarters, positions (back-court vs. front-court) and roles (starters vs. bench). Back-court players spent 6.0±1.9% more match time performing supramaximal activity when compared to front-court players (p<0.045). Back-court players experienced more supramaximal bouts (125±37 vs. 52±36; p=0.031) of greater average duration (2.1±0.4 vs. 1.4±0.2 s; p=0.021) and maximum duration (7±2 vs. 3±1 s; p=0.020). More sedentary to very light activity was observed in the 2nd and 4th quarters compared to the 1st and 3rd quarters (p<0.05). Despite reduced playing time, bench players performed similar amounts of maximal and supramaximal exercise when compared to starters (p≥0.279). Player position, role and match periods influence the demands of women's basketball; these factors should be considered when designing match-specific conditioning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Staunton
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
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Staunton C, Wundersitz D, Gordon B, Kingsley M. Construct Validity of Accelerometry-Derived Force to Quantify Basketball Movement Patterns. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38:1090-1096. [PMID: 28965347 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the construct validity of accelerometry-derived net force to quantify the external demands of basketball movements. Twenty-eight basketballers completed the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo-IR1) and basketball exercise simulation test (BEST). Intensity was quantified using accelerometry-derived average net force (AvFNet) and PlayerLoadTM per minute (PL/min). Within-player correlations were determined between intensity and running speed during Yo-Yo-IR1. Measured AvFNet was determined for movements during the BEST and predicted AvFNet was calculated using movement speed and correlations from Yo-Yo-IR1. Relationships between AvFNet and running speed during Yo-Yo-IR1 were nearly perfect (r2=0.95, 95% CI: 0.94-0.96; p<0.001) and stronger than correlations between running speed and PL/min (r2=0.80, 95% CI: 0.73-0.87; p<0.001). Differences between measured and predicted AvFNet were small during jogging and running (<1%), but large for basketball movements including jumping, change-of-direction and shuffling (15%-41%). As hypothesised, AvFNet differed by playing position (11%-16%; p<0.001) and reflected the additional demand upon players with larger body mass and lower movement efficiency. Both sprint speed and AvFNet reduced during the course of the BEST (p≤0.013). These findings confirm the construct validity of AvFNet to quantify the external demand of basketball movements. Accelerometry-derived net force has the potential to quantify the external demands of basketballers during training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Staunton
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
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Staunton C, Gordon B, Custovic E, Stanger J, Kingsley M. Sleep patterns and match performance in elite Australian basketball athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:786-789. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Moodley K, Duby Z, Staunton C, Hendricks M, Nair G, Roubaix M, Skinner D. OA1-2 Ethical and social implications of proposed HIV cure research: stakeholder perspectives from South Africa. J Virus Erad 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)31006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Farrell J, Gill D, Doyle G, Walshe JJ, Barry-Kinsella C, Doyle M, Farrell J, Walshe J, Abernathy VE, Murnaghan DJ, Higgins J, Darling M, Halligan A, O’Brien E, Conroy R, Walshe JJ, Middleton D, Martin J, Douglas JF, Vella J, Burke P, Hickey D, Staunton C, Little D, Keeling F, O’Callaghan J, Bouchier-Hayes D, Carmody M, Walshe J, Donohoe J, Buckley A, O’Meara N, McMahon M, Cronin CJ, Jefferson JA, Maxwell AP, Doherty CC, Hughes AE, Nevin NC, Browne G, Keogh JAB, Jefferson JA, Wright GD, Hughes AE, Doherty CC, Nevin NC, Spencer S, Spencer R, Hickey D, Walshe JJ, Spencer S, Murphy D, Farrell J, Walshe JJ, Maxwell AP, Doherty CC, Fogarty DG, Hughes AE, Nevin NC, Vella J, Campbell E, Doyle G, Carmody M, Donohoe J, Thomas G, Kelly D, Crosbie O, Hegarty J, Crowley C, Watson A, Keogh B, Tormey V, Conlon P, Farrell J, Horgan J, Donohoe J, Walshe JJ, Stafford DB, Johnson J, O’Callaghan J, Walshe J, Murphy BG, Yong A, McNamee PT, Leavey S, O’Neill D, Jennings S, Doyle G, Donohoe J, Carmody M. Irish nephrological society. Ir J Med Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02967210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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McKerrow JH, Brindley P, Brown M, Gam AA, Staunton C, Neva FA. Strongyloides stercoralis: identification of a protease that facilitates penetration of skin by the infective larvae. Exp Parasitol 1990; 70:134-43. [PMID: 2137091 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(90)90094-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host invasion and tissue migration of several helminths have been linked to the expression and release of parasite-derived proteases. One of the most remarkable examples of tissue migration is that of larvae of the nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis, which can move through tissue at speeds of up to 10 cm per hour. We have shown the Strongyloides L3 larvae secrete a potent histolytic metalloprotease to facilitate their rapid migration. This protease has elastase activity and catalyzes the degradation of a model of dermal extracellular matrix. The importance of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of strongyloidiasis is underscored by the observation that invasion by larvae of skin in vitro is prevented by metalloprotease inhibitors. These results substantiate the role of proteases as virulence factors in strongyloidiasis, as well as other related parasitic infections, and suggest new approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H McKerrow
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Moss G, Staunton C, Stein AA. The centrineurogenic etiology of the acute respiratory distress syndromes. Universal, species--independent phenomenon. Am J Surg 1973; 126:37-41. [PMID: 4197529 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(73)80090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Moss G, Staunton C, Stein AA. Cerebral etiology of the "shock lung syndrome". J Trauma 1972; 12:885-90. [PMID: 5077666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Moss G, Staunton C. Needles and hemolysis. N Engl J Med 1970; 283:598. [PMID: 5450618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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