1
|
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Winston, Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) management on the incidence of atrial arrhythmias (AAs) after thoracotomy for lung resection. DESIGN Retrospective. SETTING A major university medical center. PARTICIPANTS The medical records of 185 consecutive patients who underwent thoracotomy between 1993 and 1997 were reviewed; patients with TEA only were included in the analysis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was a 20% incidence of AAs after thoracotomy. Preoperative predictors of AAs were age >65 years, cardiac history, and an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG). There was a temporal relationship between epidural catheter removal and occurrence of AAs. Fourteen patients developed AAs before TEA catheter removal, whereas 29 patients developed AAs after TEA catheter removal (p = 0.01). There was no relationship between anatomic site of epidural catheter placement or choice of epidural agent and AAs. CONCLUSIONS AAs after thoracotomy were common. These AAs were associated with increased age, cardiac history, abnormal ECG, increased cost, increased length of hospital stay, and time of epidural catheter removal. Although a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be inferred from this study, the presence or absence of TEA was found to have a temporal relationship with the incidence of AAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zvara DA, Groban L, Rogers AT, Prielipp RC, Murphy B, Hines M, Hammon JW, Kon ND, Royster RL. Prophylactic nitroglycerin did not reduce myocardial ischemia during accelerated recovery management of coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000; 14:571-5. [PMID: 11052441 DOI: 10.1053/jcan.2000.9445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a high dose of nitroglycerin (NTG) for prophylaxis against myocardial ischemia and infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with accelerated recovery. DESIGN Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. SETTING A university-based medical center. PARTICIPANTS Forty adult patients presenting for elective CABG surgery. INTERVENTIONS Forty patients were divided into 2 blinded study groups. Twenty patients received 2 microg/kg/min of NTG starting before induction of anesthesia and continuing for 6 hours after extubation in the intensive care unit. The placebo group (n = 20) received normal saline during this same interval. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hemodynamics, incidence and severity of myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction rates were determined. There were no differences in hemodynamic parameters between groups. The incidence of ischemia was approximately 35% in each group. Myocardial infarction (as determined by elevated creatine kinase-MB fraction, troponin I, and electrocardiogram criteria) was 10% in the placebo group and 5% in the NTG group (p = 0.234). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a high incidence of myocardial ischemia and infarction in patients presenting for CABG surgery with an accelerated recovery management scheme. NTG was well tolerated clinically; however, it was not found to be protective against myocardial ischemia or infarction in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Groban L, Zvara DA, Deal DD, Vernon JC, Carpenter RL. Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces infarct size in a canine model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1999; 13:579-85. [PMID: 10527228 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-0770(99)90011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia on myocardial infarct size, regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF), and plasma norepinephrine in an anesthetized canine model of ischemia reperfusion injury with infarction. DESIGN Blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled animal study. SETTING Experiments were performed in the cardiothoracic research laboratory at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS Anesthetized, open-chest mongrel dogs were used in these studies. METHODS Dogs were instrumented for measurement of aortic pressure (AP) and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), dP/dt, and RMBF Epidural catheters were inserted at thoracic segment T5. Three groups received epidural 0.5% bupivacaine: low-dose (n = 7; 0.3 mg/kg bolus, 0.15 mg/kg/ h), mid-dose (n = 7; 0.6 mg/kg bolus, 0.3 mg/kg/h), high-dose (n = 7; 1.2 mg/kg bolus, 0.6 mg/kg/h). The vehicle (VEH) group received epidural saline. Bolus followed by maintenance infusions began 30 minutes before the onset of ischemia (60 min) and continued through reperfusion (180 min). RESULTS Myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced in the high-dose group versus the VEH and low-dose groups (p < 0.05). After initiation of the mid and high dose, AP, LVSP, and dP/dt decreased 7% to 16% (high vVEH; p < 0.05). VEH dogs showed a 130% increase from control in early postischemic RMBF. There was a dose-dependent attenuation in this reflow response: 72%, 31%, and 6% increase in RMBF in the low, mid, and high groups, relative to controls (p < 0.05 high v VEH). Although there was no significant difference in plasma norepinephrine, fewer surges occurred in the high-dose group. CONCLUSIONS Thoracic epidural anesthesia reduces infarct size and postischemic hyperemia in a model of ischemia reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an endogenous cellular protective mechanism whereby brief, noninjurious periods of ischemia render a tissue more resistant to a subsequent, more prolonged ischemic insult. We hypothesized that IPC of the spinal cord would reduce neurologic injury after experimental aortic occlusion in rats and that this improved neurologic benefit could be induced acutely after a short reperfusion interval separating the IPC and the ischemic insult. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The IPC group (n = 20) had 3 minutes of aortic occlusion to induce spinal cord ischemia 30 minutes of reperfusion, and 12 minutes of ischemia, whereas the controls (n = 20) had only 12 minutes of ischemia. Neurologic function was evaluated 24 and 48 hours later. Some animals from these groups were perfusion-fixed for hematoxylin and eosin staining of the spinal cord for histologic evaluation. RESULTS Survival was significantly better at 48 hours in the IPC group. Sensory and motor neurologic function were significantly different between groups at 24 and 48 hours. Histologic evaluation at 48 hours showed severe neurologic damage in rats with poor neurologic test scores. CONCLUSIONS Ischemic preconditioning reduces neurologic injury and improves survival in a rat model of spinal cord ischemia. The protective benefit of IPC is acutely invoked after a 30-minute reperfusion interval between the preconditioning and the ischemic event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27127-1009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- E N Meek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Groban L, Zvara DA, Deal DD, Vernon JC, Flye CW, Ma XL, Vinten-Johansen J. Cloricromene reduces infarct size and alters postischaemic blood flow defects in dog myocardium. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25:417-23. [PMID: 9673816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of cloricromene on myocardial infarct size, regional myocardial blood flow and neutrophil accumulation in a canine model of ischaemia-reperfusion. 2. Dogs were instrumented to measure blood pressure, left anterior descending (LAD) coronary flow (flow probe) and regional myocardial blood flow (coloured microspheres). Two groups were studied: (i) CLO (n = 8) received an infusion of cloricromene (15 micrograms/kg per min); and (ii) VEH (n = 8) received saline. Infusions began at the onset of ischaemia (60 min) and continued through reperfusion (180 min). 3. Haemodynamic responses were not different between groups. Cloricromene reduced the area of necrosis expressed as a percentage of the area at risk from 35 +/- 3% in the VEH group to 23 +/- 4% in the CLO group (P < 0.05). Regional myocardial blood flow in the ischaemic region was different between groups; VEH dogs showed an early reperfusion hyperaemia followed by a progressive reduction in flow, while CLO dogs exhibited a gradual increase in reflow in the absence of an early hyperaemic response (P < 0.05). Left anterior descending flow was enhanced during the reperfusion period in the CLO group compared with VEH (P < 0.05). Cloricromene reduced polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration (myeloperuxidase activity) in all myocardial regions when compared with VEH (non-ischaemic zone, 0.34 +/- 0.54 vs 0.05 +/- 0.01 IU/100 mg; ischaemic zone, 2.03 +/- 0.80 vs 0.24 +/- 0.08 IU/100 mg; and necrotic zone, 0.56 +/- 0.04 vs 3.59 +/- 1.09 IU/100 mg for VEH vs CLO groups, respectively; P < 0.01). In a separate in vitro preparation, cloricromene reduced adherence of platelet-activating factor (PAF)-stimulated PMN to canine coronary endothelium. Stimulation of PMN by 100 nmol/L PAF resulted in adherence of 176 +/- 36 compared with 48 +/- 12 cells/mm2 in PAF-stimulated PMN treated with 100 mumol cloricromene (P < 0.001). 4. These data indicate that cloricromene reduces myocardial infarct size in a canine model of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Postischaemic blood flow patterns are significantly different in cloricromene-treated dogs. Cloricromene-mediated reductions in infarct size, neutrophil accumulation and adherence may play a role in this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Groban
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dolinski SY, Zvara DA. Anesthetic considerations of cardiovascular risk during electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:157-64. [PMID: 9342131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on anesthetic considerations of cardiovascular risk for electroconvulsive (ECT) therapy. Preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative care are reviewed. Although the anesthetic risk to ECT patients is quite low, elderly patients or those presenting with known cardiovascular disease may be at increased risk and need special intervention or management during ECT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Dolinski
- Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, U.S.A
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zvara DA, Brooker RF, McCall WV, Foreman AS, Hewitt C, Murphy BA, Royster RL. The effect of esmolol on ST-segment depression and arrhythmias after electroconvulsive therapy. Convuls Ther 1997; 13:165-74. [PMID: 9342132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) induces sympathetically mediated hemodynamic alterations that can be associated with myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia generation. Esmolol, a short-acting beta-blocker, blunts the hypertension and tachycardia seen with ECT. The purpose of this study is to determine whether esmolol use during ECT reduces the incidence of myocardial ischemia or arrhythmias after ECT. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol, with each patient acting as his/her own control, the effects of esmolol on the incidence of myocardial ischemia and arrhythmias were studied using two-lead Holter monitoring for at least 2 h post-ECT. Nineteen patients underwent 71 ECT treatments (34 placebo, 37 esmolol), recording 746 h of Holter data. The esmolol group had significantly reduced heart rate and mean arterial pressure immediately after ECT. There was no difference in the incidence of ECG defined ischemia post-ECT between groups, with 7 of 19 (36.8%) patients in the esmolol group showing ST-segment depression compared with 5 of 19 (26.3%) in the placebo group. There was no difference between groups in arrhythmia detection. This experiment demonstrates that (a) ECT is associated with a significant incidence of ST-segment depression, (b) esmolol blunts the sympathetic discharge during ECT, and (c) esmolol does not reduce the incidence of post-ECT ischemia or arrhythmia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesia, The Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, U.S.A
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the effect of ice slurry topical cooling on brain surface temperature during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. DESIGN This was a prospective, controlled experiment. SETTING Animal laboratory at a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Five control lambs, five treatment (ice slurry) lambs. INTERVENTIONS Animals were studied in two groups: the study group had topical cooling of the head with ice slurry started immediately before circulatory arrest and continued throughout the period of circulatory arrest; control group lambs received no supplemental topical cooling. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Brain surface temperature, scalp, nasopharyngeal, and rectal temperatures were measured at 5-minute intervals during 45 minutes of circulatory arrest. Lambs receiving topical cooling of the head with ice slurry had a statistically significant decrease in brain surface temperature of 2.2 +/- 1.2 degrees C during circulatory arrest, whereas brain surface temperature increased 1.2 +/- 0.3 degrees C, in control lambs. Equilibration of temperature between the scalp and brain in control lambs produced rewarming of the brain surface. CONCLUSIONS Topical cooling of the head with ice slurry in newborn lambs lowers brain surface temperature during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Surrogate temperature monitoring locations such as nasopharyngeal and rectal temperatures varied significantly and do not accurately reflect changes in brain surface temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Brooker
- Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zvara DA, Galaska HJ, Castellano VP, Vinten-Johansen J, Royster RL, Williams MW, Murphy BA, Kim EJ. Cloricromene reduces myocardial infarct size in rabbits when administered during the early reperfusion period. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:266-70. [PMID: 9024013 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199702000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cloricromene is a coumarin derivative without anticoagulant activities that has recently been found to decrease myocardial infarct size after an ischemic-reperfusion injury. This study seeks to determine when the cardioprotective action of cloricromene is exerted in an in vivo rabbit model of ischemic-reperfusion injury. Forty-nine rabbits subjected to 30 min of coronary occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion were randomized into five groups: VEH (n = 11) received saline vehicle; IR (n = 9) received an infusion of cloricromene starting at the onset of ischemia at 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1; R(-5)(n = 9) and R(+30)(n = 9) received an infusion of cloricromene at 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 starting 5 min before reperfusion and 30 min after reperfusion, respectively; and RB(-5)(n = 11) received 300 micrograms/kg bolus of cloricromene 5 min before reperfusion followed by an infusion of 8 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. All infusions were continued until the end of the reperfusion period. Myocardial infarct size was significantly reduced in groups IR, R(-5), and RB(-5). We conclude that cloricromene's effective time of action occurs prior to the first 30 min of the reperfusion period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zvara DA, Manning JM, Stewart LT, McKinley AC, Cran WL. Preoperative anesthetic concerns of men and women in the ambulatory surgical setting. J Clin Anesth 1997; 9:88-9. [PMID: 9051555 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(96)00202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
17
|
Howie MB, Black HA, Romanelli VA, Zvara DA, Myerowitz PD, McSweeney TD. A comparison of isoflurane versus fentanyl as primary anesthetics for mitral valve surgery. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:941-8. [PMID: 8895267 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199611000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a randomize study of fentanyl compared to isoflurane anesthesia in patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing mitral valve surgery. Patients were premedicated and randomly assigned to one of two groups: 21 patients had anesthesia induced with thiopental and maintained with isoflurane; 23 patients had anesthesia induced with a fentanyl bolus and maintained with a fentanyl infusion. Adjustments of fentanyl infusion and isoflurane concentration, as well as fentanyl boluses and vasoactive/positive inotropic medication, were administered to maintain preoperative arterial blood pressure. Both groups exhibited similar demographics, similar duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery, anesthesia, and time from entrance into the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) to endotracheal extubation. However, the time from entrance into the SICU to awake was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter in patients given isoflurane anesthesia. Hemodynamic variables were recorded at baseline and 12 surgical events and compared between and within groups. Significant changes from baseline were demonstrated in both groups upon institution and discontinuation of CPB. Patients receiving isoflurane anesthesia exhibited cardiovascular depression as compared to their baseline. There were no deaths in either patient group. Adequate hemodynamic profiles were achieved in both groups with comparable use of inotropic and vasoactive medication, with the exception of norepinephrine that was administered intraoperatively to significantly (P < 0.05) more patients in the isoflurane-based anesthesia group. Neither technique was associated with acute improvement of right heart performance or pulmonary hypertension, in large part because of morphologic changes of the pulmonary arterial bed, occurring with long-standing mitral valve disease. We conclude that isoflurane-based anesthesia is adequate for this type of surgery, although there is a higher anesthetic algorithm failure rate than with fentanyl-based anesthetic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Howie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zvara DA, Nelson JM, Brooker RF, Mathes DD, Petrozza PH, Anderson MT, Whelan DM, Olympio MA, Royster RL. The importance of the postoperative anesthetic visit: do repeated visits improve patient satisfaction or physician recognition? Anesth Analg 1996; 83:793-7. [PMID: 8831323 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199610000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates whether repeated postoperative visits by the anesthesiologist improve patient ability to recall the anesthesiologist's name and the patient's perception of and satisfaction with anesthesia services. In a randomized, prospective trial, 144 patients with an anticipated postoperative length of stay of at least three days were enrolled in three groups: Group A patients (n = 48) had one postoperative visit, Group B (n = 48) had two postoperative visits, and Group C (n = 48) had three postoperative visits. All postoperative visits were performed by the attending anesthesiologist on consecutive postoperative days. Patients were contacted two days after their last postoperative visit to complete a study questionnaire. Patients were able to recall the anesthesiologist's name significantly less frequently than the surgeon's name, and there was no difference in name recall among groups. Recall was not affected by patient age, sex, or ASA physical status; the mode of contact (telephone versus personal visit); the anesthesiologist's gender; the presence of preoperative medication; or the identity of the preoperative evaluator. Patients could identify the anesthesiologist's gender approximately 85% of the time, regardless of group, and were more likely to identify female anesthesiologists (P = 0.026, odds ratio 3.3). Patient evaluation of hospital, surgical, and anesthesia care was favorable in all groups and did not vary with group. Increasing the number of postoperative visits does not improve patient name recognition of the anesthesiologist or increase patient satisfaction with or perception of anesthesia services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- D A Zvara
- Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Romanelli VA, Howie MB, Myerowitz PD, Zvara DA, Rezaei A, Jackman DL, Sinclair DS, McSweeney TD. Intraoperative and postoperative effects of vancomycin administration in cardiac surgery patients: a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial. Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1124-31. [PMID: 8339575 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199308000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In response to an increased frequency of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, antibiotic prophylaxis was changed to include both vancomycin and cefazolin pre- and intraoperatively. Subsequent to the addition of vancomycin prophylaxis, clinical impression and retrospective analysis supported a correlation between vancomycin administration and post-cardiopulmonary bypass norepinephrine use. DESIGN A prospective, double-blind, randomized study. SETTING Tertiary care center in a university hospital. PATIENTS A total of 58 patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery under high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive cefazolin and either vancomycin or normal saline pre-, intra-, and postoperatively in a double-blinded protocol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hemodynamic profiles and doses of administered vasoactive agents were calculated and recorded for all patients for both intra- and postoperative time periods. Hypotension consistent with vasodilation was treated with a norepinephrine infusion. The rate and frequency of norepinephrine infusions were tabulated for both groups. Hemodynamic profiles that were obtained after the administration of the initial dose of vancomycin or normal saline and before the induction of general anesthesia and those profiles obtained after the induction of general anesthesia until the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass showed no difference between groups and no evidence of vasodilation secondary to vancomycin administration. However, subsequent doses of vancomycin in the intra- and postoperative periods were associated with a significantly greater frequency of norepinephrine infusions to maintain normal hemodynamic indices. In the vancomycin group, 50% of patients received a norepinephrine infusion in the intra- and/or postoperative period as compared with 14% in the normal saline group (p < .01). Furthermore, the group of patients who received vancomycin and subsequently required a norepinephrine infusion had significantly lower mean systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance as compared with all other groups. There were no differences between groups in the use of vasopressors (other than norepinephrine) or fluid balance. CONCLUSIONS The results show that a significantly greater number of patients who received vancomycin required a norepinephrine infusion and that, despite norepinephrine infusion therapy, systemic vascular resistance was not normalized in this group of patients. The study supports the conclusion that perioperative administration of vancomycin in cardiac surgery patients may result in hypotension requiring the use of a vasopressor in an attempt to normalize hemodynamic indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V A Romanelli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Hospitals, Columbus 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Howie MB, Hiestand DC, Zvara DA, Kim PY, McSweeney TD, Coffman JA. Defining the Dose Range for Esmolol Used in Electroconvulsive Therapy Hemodynamic Attenuation. Anesth Analg 1992; 75:805-10. [PMID: 1358003 DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199211000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of esmolol, an ultra-short-acting, beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, to control the sinus tachycardia and increase in arterial blood pressure induced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Each of 20 patients, ASA physical status I-III, participated in a double-blind, randomized Latin-Square study involving two matched-pair trials (placebo versus esmolol given as a 500-micrograms/kg bolus followed by either 300 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 [high dose], 200 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 [medium dose], or 100 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 [low dose] infusion of esmolol) during ECT. Each patient acted as his or her own control (total number of ECT procedures were 160). We administered a 1-min bolus of placebo (normal saline) or esmolol at the rate of 500 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 followed by either high-, medium-, or low-dose esmolol or placebo for an additional 3 min. We then induced anesthesia with methohexital (1 mg/kg) and succinylcholine (0.5 mg/kg) IV. Ninety seconds after the administration of succinylcholine, the electrical stimulus was applied to induce seizure. The infusion of placebo or esmolol was discontinued 3 min after the electrical stimulus. Significant decreases were found in mean heart rate from minute 3 until minute 7 and in the maximum heart rate. The mean of each patient's maximum heart rate after seizure changed from 147 +/- 18 bpm in placebo patients to 112 +/- 20 bpm in high-dose esmolol patients; to 121 +/- 23 bpm in medium-dose esmolol patients; and to 124 +/- 20 bpm in low-dose esmolol patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Howie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ohio State University Hospitals, Columbus 43210-1228
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|