Treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid and photoactivating light causes destruction of preimplantation mouse embryos

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the direct effect of photodynamic treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on preimplantation mouse embryos in an in vitro setting.

DESIGN

Preimplantation mouse embryos were incubated with or without ALA for 5 hours and followed immediately by light exposure for 0, 5, or 15 minutes. Comparison of the viability and blastocyst formation was made among different treatment groups.

SETTING

A conventional laboratory setting with embyro culture facilities.

INTERVENTIONS

Female CD1 mice were superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and hCG before mating. Four-and eight-cell embryos and compacted morulae were flushed from the oviducts and incubated with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mM ALA for 5 hours. Embryos subsequently were exposed to photoactivating light for 0, 5, or 15 minutes.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Microscopic assessment of embryos quality at 12 hours and determination of the percentage of embryos progressing to the blastocyst stage at 36 or 60 hours.

RESULTS

Incubation of embryos with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 mM ALA without light resulted in 87.3% +/- 1.6%, 84.9% +/- 3.4%, 81.4% +/- 1.8%, and 82.8% +/- 4.7% of the embryos developing to blastocysts, respectively. In the absence of ALA, light exposure for 0, 5, or 15 minutes resulted in 93.8% +/- 2.3%, 92.3% +/- 2.2%, and 85.9% +/- 1.7% blastocyst formation. Combining treatment of ALA at the same concentrations with light resulted in 33.3% +/- 2.1%, 0.7% +/- 0.9%, 0%, 0% (5-minute light), 13.3% +/- 1.0%, 0%, 1.6% +/- 1.3%, 0% (15-minute light) blastocyst formation, respectively. When gross morphology was used to assess embryo viability at 12 hours, similar results were observed. Measurement of the fluorescent spectrum of embryos incubated with ALA indicated that protoporphyrin IX had been formed.

CONCLUSION

Photodynamic ablation of mouse embryos was achieved with ALA under in vitro conditions. These results indicate that preimplantation mouse embryos are capable of converting ALA to the photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX, and are susceptible to subsequent photoablation. A photodynamic effect on the embryo may be important to the successful application of this technique to the treatment of human ectopic pregnancy.

Vasopressin mediates hypoglycemia-induced inhibition of luteinizing hormone secretion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey

The objective of the present study was to examine the role of vasopressin in the regulation of LH secretion in the rhesus monkey. The effect of vasopressin administration on basal LH secretion and vasopressin antagonism on stress-induced inhibition of LH secretion were examined. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of vasopressin (20 micrograms/h) to chair restrained ovariectomized rhesus monkeys (n = 5) decreased the area under the LH curve by -51.61 +/- 13.73 ng/ml/h compared to -8.35 +/- 7.11 ng/ml/h following infusion of artificial CSF (aCSF; p = 0.021). This effect was independent of any change in mean arterial pressure. Subsequently, the role of vasopressin in hypoglycemia-induced suppression of LH was examined. Administration of insulin (1 U/kg BW) to chair-restrained ovariectomized rhesus monkeys decreased the area under the LH curve by -60.88 +/- 19.77 ng/ml/h. The decrease in LH was significantly different from that observed in aCSF-infused euglycemic controls which exhibited a slight decrease in LH (-8.35 +/- 7.11 ng/ml/h; p = 0.036). In contrast, the area under the LH curve was increased slightly (1.42 +/- 11.93 ng/ml/h) when insulin administration was combined with i.c.v. infusion of the vasopressin antagonist [deaminopenicillamine1, O-methyl-tyrosine2, arginine8]-vasopressin (120 micrograms/h; p = 0.013 vs. insulin only). The demonstration that vasopressin administration inhibits LH secretion whereas vasopressin antagonism prevents hypoglycemia-induced LH suppression suggests that vasopressin is a physiological inhibitor of LH secretion in the rhesus monkey.