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Blanchard A, Hewko S, Somayaji R, Cogen J, Hernandez R, Stephenson A, Yau Y, Julien J, Quon B, Downey D, Hoffman L, Waters V. 490: A prospective study to evaluate serologic and immune responses to SARS-COV-2 infection in persons living with cystic fibrosis: Canadian arm of the CAR-CF study. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [PMCID: PMC8518460 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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2
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Downey D, Taggart C. 505: Does the frequency of pulmonary exacerbations in CF influence the response to IV treatment? J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Lepissier A, Addy C, Downey D, Hayes K, Sermet I. WS04.4 Guidance on the use of sputum biomarkers to monitor treatment response and act as trial outcomes in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(20)30186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Hagan C, Ferguson C, Moore J, McCaughan J, Addy C, Downey D, Caskey S. P170 Bacterial and fungal co-colonisation leads to poorer clinical outcomes in an adult cystic fibrosis population. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30464-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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McKeegan D, Crawford K, McCaughan J, Addy C, Caskey S, Downey D. P100 Prevalence of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in people with cystic fibrosis in Northern Ireland. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Downey D, Flume P, Jain M, Fajac I, Schwarz C, Pressler T, Van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel S, Taylor-Cousar J, Horsley A, Sutharsan S, Miller J, Poirier G, Jiang J, Inoue T, Wilson S, Lee PS, Gilmartin G. WS06-1 Initial results evaluating combinations of the novel CFTR corrector PTI-801, potentiator PTI-808, and amplifier PTI-428 in cystic fibrosis subjects. J Cyst Fibros 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(19)30148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abel KM, Elliott RE, Downey D, Strachan H, Elmadih A, Wieck A, Williams S, Crowell J, Wan MW. Preliminary evidence for neural responsiveness to infants in mothers with schizophrenia and the implications for healthy parenting. Schizophr Res 2018; 197:451-457. [PMID: 29472167 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that may significantly affect maternal sensitive behaviour. Neural correlates of maternal behaviour represent a potentially valuable means of differentiating objectively between healthy mothers expressing variations in maternal sensitivity. As mothers with schizophrenia (MWS) show deficits in behavioural responses to infants compared to healthy mothers, we explored whether maternal brain responses to infant stimuli would be significantly reduced in MWS. We also examined whether differences in maternal behaviour between healthy and ill mothers (during play interactions with own infant) were associated with differences in brain activation to infant stimuli. We found no evidence of differential 'maternal brain' responses or 'maternal behavioural' responses in 11 new MWS compared to 20 healthy new mums; neither were neural responses to infants linked to behavioural or cognitive aspects of the mother's relationship with her infant in MWS. These preliminary findings suggest maternal sensitivity differences between MWS and healthy mothers, suggested in previous studies, may be reversible in stable treated MWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Abel
- Centre for Women's Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - R E Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - D Downey
- Centre for Women's Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - H Strachan
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - A Elmadih
- Centre for Women's Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A Wieck
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Williams
- Centre for Imaging Science, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - J Crowell
- Centre for Women's Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M W Wan
- Centre for Women's Mental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Sciences Health Centre, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, UK
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Addy C, Bradley J, Bradbury I, Elborn J, Downey D. WS16.1 Early multi-dimensional assessment of Parameters to assess Response to Intra-Venous Antibiotic Treatment for pulmonary Exacerbations: The PRIVATE Study. J Cyst Fibros 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(18)30208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Taylor-Cousar J, Tullis E, Derichs N, Davies J, Nazareth D, Downey D, Rosenbluth D, Fajac I, Malfroot A, Saunders C, Short C, Jensen R, Solomon G, Vermeulen F, Willmann S, Saleh S, Langer S, Kaiser A, Hoffmann A, Rowe S, Ratjen F. P028 Riociguat for the treatment of adult Phe508del homozygous cystic fibrosis: efficacy data from the Phase II Rio-CF study. J Cyst Fibros 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(18)30325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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MCGettigan C, Spence C, Lee A, Sherrard L, Johnston E, Einarsson G, Elborn J, Downey D, Muhlebach M, Boucher R, MCElvaney G, Michelle M, Lavelle G, Tunney M, Gilpin D. P073 Use of qPCR to analyse changes in total bacterial and Pseudomonas aeruginosa load in cystic fibrosis patients when clinically stable and during exacerbations. J Cyst Fibros 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(18)30370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Ewing J, McCaughan J, Moore J, Fairley D, Sutherland B, Reid A, Downey D. Relative resistance index (RRI) – a scoring system for antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:198-202. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1338500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ewing
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - J McCaughan
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Regional Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - J Moore
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - D Fairley
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - B Sutherland
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - A Reid
- Regional Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - D Downey
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Plant B, Downey D, Eustace J, Gunaratnam C, Haworth C, Jones A, McKone E, Peckham D, Ketchell I, Bilton D. WS7.4 Inhaled aztreonam lysine (Cayston) therapy significantly improves lung function, weight, hospitalisations and excerbation rates prospectively – an Irish and UK real world experience. J Cyst Fibros 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(14)60049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Moore JE, Moore PJA, Downey D, Millar BC, Coulter WA, Goldsmith CE. Increased susceptibility to antibiotics in gram-negative and gram-positive pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at lower temperature: is antibiotic resistance reversal possible? Br J Biomed Sci 2014; 70:173-4. [PMID: 24400429 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2013.11669952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK.
| | - P J A Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - D Downey
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - B C Millar
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - W A Coulter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK
| | - C E Goldsmith
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
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Arnone D, McKie S, Elliott R, Juhasz G, Thomas EJ, Downey D, Williams S, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. State-dependent changes in hippocampal grey matter in depression. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1265-72. [PMID: 23128153 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduced hippocampal volume has been reported in depression and may be involved in the aetiology of depressive symptoms and vulnerability to depressive relapse. Neuroplasticity following antidepressant drug treatment in the hippocampus has been demonstrated in animal models but adaptive changes after such treatment have not been shown in humans. In this study, we determined whether grey matter loss in the hippocampus in depression (1) is present in medication-free depressed (2) changes in response to antidepressant treatment and (3) is present as a stable trait in medication-free remitted patients. Sixty-four medication-free unipolar depressed patients: 39 currently depressed and 25 in remission, and 66 healthy controls (HC) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging in a cross-sectional and longitudinal design. Thirty-two currently depressed participants were then treated with the antidepressant citalopram for 8 weeks. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by measuring plasma citalopram concentration. We measured regional variation in grey matter concentration by using voxel-based morphometry-Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Through Exponentiated Lie algebra. Patients with current depression had bilaterally reduced grey matter in the hippocampus compared with HC and untreated patients in stable remission with the latter groups not differing. An increase in grey matter was observed in the hippocampus following treatment with citalopram in currently depressed patients. Grey matter reduction in the hippocampus appears specific to the depressed state and is a potential biomarker for a depressive episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arnone
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Serra HA, Klapouszko FP, De Salvo MC, Bavasso EC, Rey L, Downey D, Lopez D, Roganovich JM, Rizzo LF. Non-inferiority trial between two dry-powder inhalers containing fluticasone/salmeterol in asthmatic patients. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2013; 63:305-10. [PMID: 23558603 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1341433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an increasing pathology with poor compliance. Achievement of control is possible but under intensive treatment. In this setting, fluticasone/salmeterol association delivered by dry powder inhalers is a valuable and proved option. A prospective, parallel, open-label, phase IV, multicentre non-inferiority study was conducted to determine therapeutic similarity between 2 different inhalers: Generic DPI and Diskus®, which both deliver a fluticasone/salmeterol association (CAS 80474-14-2/CAS 89365-50-4). A 103 uncontrolled asthmatic patients were randomly assigned in 2 groups, Generic (G) and Diskus® (D), and received the association for 18 weeks through the appropriate device. They were evaluated according to Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire and GINA/NIH guidelines. To demonstrate non-inferiority, the estimation of the Relative Risk between the Global Score Rate per group with its 95% confidence interval was calculated and compared against a non-inferiority margin obtained from a previous study. The Global Score Rate was 82% for G Group and 83% for D Group. The RR was 1.0124 (95% CI: 0.847-1.210). The margin set at 0.832 was not reached by the lower 95% CI (z=-2.097; p=0.018) pointing out non-inferiority. The results have demonstrated non-inferiority between groups. Thus, the 2 products are therapeutically similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Serra
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Johnston E, O'Neill K, Tunney M, Reid A, Rendall J, Downey D, Elborn J. 321 Effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) status on health related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(12)60489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Thomas EJ, Elliott R, McKie S, Arnone D, Downey D, Juhasz G, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. Interaction between a history of depression and rumination on neural response to emotional faces. Psychol Med 2011; 41:1845-1855. [PMID: 21306660 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both past depressive episodes and the personality trait of depressive rumination are strong risk factors for future depression. Depression is associated with abnormal emotional processing, which may be a neurobiological marker for vulnerability to depression. A consistent picture has yet to emerge as to how a history of depression and the tendency to ruminate influence emotional processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rumination, past depression and neural responses when processing face emotions. METHOD The Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) was completed by 30 remitted depressives and 37 controls who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while viewing happy, sad, fearful and neutral faces. RESULTS The remitted depressives showed overall reductions in neural responses to negative emotions relative to the controls. However, in the remitted depressives, but not the controls, RRS scores were correlated with increased neural responses to negative emotions and decreased responses to happiness in limbic regions. CONCLUSIONS Automatic emotion processing biases and rumination seem to be correlated to aspects of vulnerability to depression. However, remission from depression may be maintained by a general suppression of limbic responsiveness to negative emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Thomas
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.
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18
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Mistry S, Michou E, Singh S, Jefferson S, Downey D, Embleton K, Haroon H, Morris D, Parker G, Williams S, Hamdy S. S2.2 Non-invasive investigation of the neuroanatomical connectivity for human swallowing behaviours using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Neurophysiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(11)60009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Arnone D, Pegg EJ, McKie S, Downey D, Elliott R, Williams SR, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM. Neural responses to sad facial expressions in current versus remitted major depression. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)70433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Downey D, Simons K, Ota K, Kerrigan S. Quantitative Analysis of Carisoprodol and Meprobamate in Whole Blood Using Benzylcarbamate and Deuterated Meprobamate as Internal Standards. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33:278-82. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/33.5.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Arnone D, Pegg E, Mckie S, Downey D, Elliott R, Deakin J, Anderson I. Self-reported Rumination as Trait Marker for Depression: Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging. Eur Psychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Research using fMRI indicates that sustained limbic activity is linked to processing negative words and self-reported rumination in currently depressed individuals. It is unknown whether this is also present in remitted depressed individuals. We tested the hypothesis that a tendency to ruminate constitutes a trait for depression by using a standard covert fMRI emotional task face in previously and never depressed volunteers and postulated that high rumination scores would correlate with activity in brain areas previously associated with depression.Methods:37 controls (25 female) and 30 remitted depressed (RD, 22 female) were enrolled. Volunteers completed the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and underwent fMRI scanning using a standard covert fMRI emotional task faces. Significance level was set at p < 0.05 (FWE).Results:With RRS score controlled for RD showed reduced subcortical and limbic activity to sad and fearful faces compared to controls. Correlations between RRS scores and neural activity in all participants and control participants alone were very limited. However, in RD, RRS score was negatively correlated with neural response to happy faces and positively correlated with neural response to sad and fearful faces, in cortical and limbic regions associated with depression (hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, insula and cingulate gyrus).Conclusion:The results suggest that reduced limbic activity is associated with remission, possibly as a maintenance mechanism. However, within the remitted group the more ruminative participants show greater response in these areas to negative stimuli, and less to positive stimuli. This could be a neurobiological marker for risk of relapse
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22
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Arnone D, Pegg E, Mckie S, Downey D, Elliott R, Deakin J, Anderson I. Self-reported Rumination as Trait Marker for Depression: Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging. Eur Psychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Research using fMRI indicates that sustained limbic activity is linked to processing negative words and self-reported rumination in currently depressed individuals. It is unknown whether this is also present in remitted depressed individuals. We tested the hypothesis that a tendency to ruminate constitutes a trait for depression by using a standard covert fMRI emotional task face in previously and never depressed volunteers and postulated that high rumination scores would correlate with activity in brain areas previously associated with depression.Methods:37 controls (25 female) and 30 remitted depressed (RD, 22 female) were enrolled. Volunteers completed the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) and underwent fMRI scanning using a standard covert fMRI emotional task faces. Significance level was set at p < 0.05 (FWE).Results:With RRS score controlled for RD showed reduced subcortical and limbic activity to sad and fearful faces compared to controls. Correlations between RRS scores and neural activity in all participants and control participants alone were very limited. However, in RD, RRS score was negatively correlated with neural response to happy faces and positively correlated with neural response to sad and fearful faces, in cortical and limbic regions associated with depression (hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, insula and cingulate gyrus).Conclusion:The results suggest that reduced limbic activity is associated with remission, possibly as a maintenance mechanism. However, within the remitted group the more ruminative participants show greater response in these areas to negative stimuli, and less to positive stimuli. This could be a neurobiological marker for risk of relapse.
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Chin J, Lim D, Abdelhady M, Downey D, Izawa J. POD-5.11: Predictors and Pathological Features of Prostate Cancer on Repeat Biopsy with High-grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia (HPIN) and/or Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation (ASAP). Urology 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.08.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Bond-Kendall J, Henry A, Downey D, Alexander A, Penketh A, Jarad N. Delivery of physiotherapy to shared care cystic fibrosis patients by specialist CF centre physiotherapists at the local general hospital. J Cyst Fibros 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(08)60294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Downey D, Giles DK, Thompson JF. In situ transmissiometer measurements for real-time monitoring of dust discharge during orchard nut harvesting. J Environ Qual 2008; 37:574-581. [PMID: 18396543 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2006.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid assessments of operating conditions and field preparation on dust discharge from nut harvesters are needed to guide improved equipment design and grower practices for dust reduction. An industrial opacity sensor, typically used for industrial stack monitoring, was adapted for use on a nut harvester to measure relative dust intensity during nut pick-up operations in almond orchards. Due to the high volume of discharge air and the presence of large debris such as leaves, additional components were coupled with the sensor to enable subsampling of the air. Pre-harvest windrow preparation conditions were evaluated. Results indicated that relative dust intensity decreased by 32% during harvest activities after windrow preparation with proper nut sweeper adjustment. Conventional harvesting results indicated that under typical operating conditions, reducing the separation fan speed could reduce relative dust intensity by 54%. Ground speed also had a strong effect; reducing speed from 4.8 to 2.4 km h(-1) reduced opacity of discharged air by 50%. The measurement system was also mounted on a separate vehicle and used as a tool for comparing modifications in harvest machine designs where direct measurement of discharge may not be feasible due to mechanical constraints. A comparison between a conventional harvester and one modification in the harvester design found that the machine modification decreased relative dust intensity by 73%. The measurement tools described in this work can be used to provide rapid feedback on harvester operating conditions, orchard cultural practices, and machine design modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Downey
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Bluvol N, Downey D, Fenster A. Po-Thur Eve General-21: A 2-Dimensional Ultrasound Breast Biopsy System: a device for early detection of breast cancer. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2244648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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27
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Irwin MR, Gardi L, Downey D, Fenster A. Sci-Fri PM Imaging-06: Registered Digital Stereotactic Mammography and 3D-Ultrasound for Breast Biopsy Guidance. Med Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2244681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Yoon F, Rodrigues G, D'Souza D, Radwan J, Lock M, Bauman G, Ash R, Venketesan V, Downey D, Stitt L, Weisz D, Izawa J. Assessing the Prognostic Significance of Transrectal Ultrasound Extracapsular Extension in Prostate Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:117-24. [PMID: 16523811 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prognostic value of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-detected extraprostatic disease for prostate cancer in patients receiving radical external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A chart review of 181 patients treated with radical EBRT for prostate cancer was conducted. All patients underwent TRUS assessment by one radiologist. The median radiation dose delivered to the prostate was 66 Gy (range 53-70 Gy) in 33 fractions (range 20-39 fractions). Median follow-up time for all patients was 6.5 years. Sixty-four (35%) out of 181 patients were found to have extracapsular disease on TRUS. Clinical relapse was defined as the first occurrence of either salvage hormonal therapy administration by the treating oncologist or clinical, radiological, and/or pathologic evidence of recurrent or progressive disease. In terms of biochemical failure, two prognostic variable analyses were carried out using both the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) consensus guidelines and the Houston definition of biochemical failure. The primary end point for the prognostic variable analyses was time to first clinical or biochemical failure (CBF). RESULTS For time to CBF using the ASTRO consensus guidelines for biochemical failure, univariable analysis revealed that the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (P = 0.018), clinical T stage (P = 0.002), Gleason score (P = 0.021), adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.032) and TRUS T staging (P = 0.0001) were statistically significant prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, clinical T stage (P = 0.051) was of borderline statistical significance, whereas PSA (P = 0.036), TRUS T stage (P = 0.0002) and adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.015) were found to be independent prognostic factors. For time to CBF using the Houston definition of biochemical failure, univariable analysis revealed that PSA (P = 0.001), Gleason score (P = 0.026) and prostate volume (P = 0.013) were statistically significant prognostic factors. On multivariable analysis, PSA (P = 0.002), Gleason score (P = 0.012), and adjuvant hormonal therapy (P = 0.041) were found to be independent prognostic factors. TRUS T staging was not found to be independently significant. CONCLUSIONS A clear role for TRUS staging as an independent prognostic factor, in the setting of other more established variables, such as Gleason grade, PSA, and digital rectal examination (DRE) T stage, was not confirmed in this study, population.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yoon
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, London Regional Cancer Centre and University of Western Ontario, Canada
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Cool D, Downey D, Peters T, Fenster A. Po-Poster - 25: Robust 3D prostate model reconstruction from a sparse collection of non-parallel 2D TRUS biopsy images. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Cool D, Downey D, Peters T, Fenster A. TH-C-I-609-03: 3D Prostate Model Reconstruction From 2D Transrectal Ultrasound Biopsy Images. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Smith W, Lewis C, Bauman G, Rodrigues G, D'Souza D, Ash R, Venkatesan V, Downey D, Fenster A. TU-C-J-6B-07: 3DUS, MRI and CT Prostate Volume Definition: 3D Evaluation of Intra- and Inter-Modality and Observer Variability. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wei Z, Downey D, Fenster A. MO-E-T-618-03: Dynamic Intraoperative Prostate Brachytherapy Using 3D TRUS Guidance with Robotic Assistance. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wycherley G, Downey D, Kane MT, Hynes AC. A novel follicle culture system markedly increases follicle volume, cell number and oestradiol secretion. Reproduction 2004; 127:669-77. [PMID: 15175503 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a novel, simple method for culture of mouse follicles which results in follicles with cell numbers similar toin vivofully grown follicles. Using this method, follicles (180–240 μm in diameter) were cultured in a 100 μl inverted drop of medium without oil and compared with culture in upright drops with and without a mineral oil overlay. Follicles, isolated from C57BL/6 × CBA/ca crossbred and MF1 inbred mice, were cultured individually at 37 °C in 96-well round-bottomed suspension cell tissue culture plates for 6 days. Follicles grown in the inverted drop culture system reached a markedly higher final diameter (means±s.e.m.; 471 ± 6.0 μm) as compared with the upright with oil (363 ± 2.7 μm) and without oil (358 ± 4.0) systems. There was no significant effect of mouse strain on follicle diameter. Follicular secretion of oestradiol and lactate into the medium was measured on days 2, 4 and 6 of culture. Secretion of oestradiol per follicle on day 6 was 2.49 ± 0.45 ng in the inverted and 0.90 ± 0.17 ng in the upright without oil system (P< 0.001). Follicular secretion of lactate on a per unit of follicle volume basis remained constant in the inverted system over days 2, 4 and 6 and was less (P< 0.001) than secretion in both the upright with and without oil systems. Follicle cell proliferation was markedly increased in the inverted as compared with the upright with oil system; the increases in cell numbers were significant on day 3 (P< 0.01) and on all subsequent days (P< 0.001). These results are discussed in relation to the supply of oxygen to the follicle in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wycherley
- Department of Physiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Lock M, Wong E, Paradis E, Moiseenko V, Rodrigues G, D’Souza D, Kron T, Venkatesan V, Downey D, Ash R, Bauman G. Impact of urethrography on geometric uncertainty in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(03)01214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Slomka PJ, Mandel J, Downey D, Fenster A. Evaluation of voxel-based registration of 3-D power Doppler ultrasound and 3-D magnetic resonance angiographic images of carotid arteries. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001; 27:945-955. [PMID: 11476929 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-5629(01)00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Spatial registration and fusion of ultrasound (US) images with other modalities may aid clinical interpretation. We implemented and evaluated on patient data an automated retrospective registration of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) carotid bifurcation images with 3-D power Doppler ultrasound (PD US) and indirectly with 3-D B-mode US. Volumes were initially thresholded to reduce the uncorrelated noise signals. The registration algorithm subsequently maximized the mutual information measure between the PD US and 3-D MRA via iterative simplex search to find best "rigid body" transformation. We rated the performance of the algorithm visually on (n = 5) clinical MRA and 3-D PD US datasets. We also evaluated quantitatively the effect of thresholding, initial misalignment of the paired volumes and the reproducibility registration. We investigated the effect of image artefacts by simulation experiments. Preregistration misalignments of up to 5 mm in the transaxial plane, up to 10 mm along the axis of the carotids and up to 40 degrees resulted in 107 of 110 successful registrations, with translational and rotational errors of 0.32 mm +/- 0.3 mm and 1.6 +/- 2.1 degrees. The algorithm was not affected by missing arterial segments of up to 8 mm in length. The average registration time was 4 min. We conclude that the algorithm could be applied to 3-D US PD and MRA data for automated multimodality registration of carotid vessels without the use of fiducials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Slomka
- Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Estrogen is often prescribed for symptoms and sequelae of ovarian estrogen loss after menopause. METHODS To assess efficacy and acceptability of a new, highly soluble estrogen-calcium preparation, we formulated a water-soluble powdered combination of estrogen (0.625 mg estrone piperazine sulfate) and calcium (1 g, ions) as the highly soluble glycerophosphate salt (Estrosol). Effects of once-daily administration on bone mineral turnover of Estrosol dissolved in water (n = 11) was compared with 0.625 mg conjugated estrogens (Premarin) + 1 g calcium (Tums 500 Calcium Supplement) (n = 8). All women had had a previous hysterectomy, were between the ages 40 and 75, within 25% of ideal body weight, and had not taken hormonal preparations for at least 3 months. Assessment of bone mineral turnover was by monitoring N-telopeptides and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) on 5 occasions: pretreatment and once during each of the 4 months of treatment. RESULTS Mean N-telopeptide values decreased (p = .005) in both groups: Estrosol, 29.2% (40 --> 29 mmol bone collagen equivalents (BCE)/mmol creatinine), and Premarin(R) + calcium, 44.8% (33 --> 18 mmol). Mean BSAP values also decreased (p = 0.007) in both groups: Estrosol, 12.6% (12.06 --> 10.54 mg/l), Premarin(R) + calcium, 19.1% (11.57 --> 9.36 mg/l). The difference between groups for both N-telopeptides and BSAP was not significant, although sample size was small. Symptoms (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) improved similarly in both groups. Symptoms during treatment (breast or nipple tenderness, bloating) also were similar in both groups. Both preparations were well-tolerated. There were no changes in CBC, liver function tests, electrolytes or urinalyses in either group . CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that the combined, highly water-soluble preparation of estrogen and calcium is effective in reducing bone mineral turnover, acceptable and well-tolerated. Use of this single aqueous preparation may lead to better compliance than using two separate pills.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Downey
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA
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Myers RP, Downey D, Chakrabarti S, Marotta PJ. Multiple focal nodular hyperplasia and steatosis: Atypical imaging characteristics. Can J Gastroenterol 2001; 15:137-42. [PMID: 11240385 DOI: 10.1155/2001/419259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Focal nodular hyperplasia is a rare, benign condition of the liver. A 28-year-old woman with malignant melanoma, mild liver enzyme abnormalities, steatohepatitis and newly documented hepatic lesions is described. Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging suggested only areas of focal fatty sparing but could not eliminate the concern for metastases. A (99m)technetium-labelled sulphur colloid scan, however, revealed areas of increased uptake consistent with multiple focal nodular hyperplasia. This diagnosis was ultimately confirmed with a liver biopsy. The investigation of a patient with a malignancy and expanding hepatic lesions is challenging. This case illustrates the usefulness of the (99m)technetium-labelled sulphur colloid scan in the evaluation of patients with hepatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Myers
- Department of Medicine, Liver Disease Unit, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5A5, Canada
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Abstract
As our ability to evaluate patients with porphyria expands there have been some inconsistencies that are not easily explained. These inconsistencies are biochemical, enzymatic and genetic in nature. Recent work by others has led me to believe there is another way to look at the problem. I will propose how an evolutionary approach could reconcile these problems. In doing so it will imply that porphyria could potentially affect many more people than currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Downey
- Department Chair of Oral Pathology, Gentle Dental, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Moffatt S, Phillimore P, Hudson E, Downey D. "Impact? What impact?" Epidemiological research findings in the public domain: a case study from north-east England. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51:1755-69. [PMID: 11128264 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reflects on the dissemination of potentially controversial research evidence about industrial air pollution and health in north-east England. It draws on a participant observation study of the local impact of a four-year epidemiological research programme in Teesside. The difficulties in and obstacles to disseminating research findings are explored. It may thus be described as a study of the impact of a study. We look at institutional resistance (including from the funders of the research) to any evidence indicating adverse health effects from industrial pollution. We also look at the failure of researchers to surmount such resistance and to communicate effectively with those who lived in the vicinity of the major industrial operations. This leads us to consider how conflicting notions of accountability coloured dissemination strategies as well as researchers' judgements. We offer a critique of fashionable and unduly consensual notions of a 'user community', in a context where different 'user communities' had incompatible expectations about the purpose of a piece of research and the significance of the data to emerge from it. The study also highlights the difficulties of disseminating research findings when the topic has the potential to affect economic interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moffatt
- Depatment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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40
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Murkin J, Menkis A, Downey D, Nantau W, Peterson R, Meyer C, Adams S. Epiaortic scanning significantly decreases cerebral embolic load associated with aortic instrumentation for cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)02112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Murkin J, Menkis A, Downey D, Nantau W, Peterson R, Meyer C, Adams S. Epiaortic scanning significantly alters surgical management during aortic instrumentation for cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)02094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Segmentation of carotid artery lumen in two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography is an important step in computerized evaluation of arterial disease severity and in finding vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques susceptible to rupture causing stroke. Because of the complexity of anatomical structures, noise as well as the requirement of accurate segmentation, interactions are necessary between observers and the computer segmentation process. In this paper a segmentation process is described based on the deformable model method with only one seed point to guide the initialization of the deformable model for each lumen cross section. With one seed, the initial contour of the deformable model is generated using the entropy map of the original image and mathematical morphology operations. The deformable model is driven to fit the lumen contour by an internal force and an external force that are calculated, respectively, with geometrical properties of deformed contour and with the image gray level features. The evaluation methodology using distance-based and area-based metrics is introduced in this paper. A contour probability distribution (CPD) method for calculating distance-based metrics is introduced. The CPD is obtained by generating contours of the lumen using a set of possible seed locations. The mean contour can be compared to a manual outlined contour to provide accuracy metrics. The variance computed from the CPD can provide metrics of local and global variability. These metrics provide a complete performance evaluation of an interactive segmentation algorithm and a means for comparing different algorithm settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mao
- Imaging Research Laboratories, John P. Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE Endothelins are potent vasoactive factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several vascular disorders. This study was conducted to determine the role that endothelins play in the development of retinal microangiopathy under hyperhexosemic conditions induced by galactose feeding. METHODS Retinal blood flow was determined using Doppler sonography in galactose fed rats with or without an endothelin receptor antagonist (Bosentan) treatment and were compared to control rats after 1 and 6 months of follow-up. Levels of endothelin-1, endothelin-3, (ET-1, ET3) and receptors endothelin A, endothelin B, (ET(A), ET(B)) mRNA expression were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical distribution of ET-1 and ET-3, ligand binding, and autoradiography to determine ET receptor distribution were carried out. RESULTS Retinal vasoconstriction measured by an increase in resistivity index (RI) was present in 1 month galactose feeding compared to controls, which was prevented by Bosentan treatment. After 6 months of follow up all animal groups exhibited higher RI compared to their 1 month counterpart, although they were not different from each other. Compared to the controls, after 1 month levels of mRNA for ET-1, ET-3, and ET(A) were increased in galactose-fed rats, whereas ET(B) mRNA production remained similar to controls. After 6 months, all four genes exhibited increased levels compared to the controls, and no effect of Bosentan treatment on gene expression was evident. Increased immunoreactivity of ET-1 and ET-3 was determined, as well as increased ET receptor concentration was further present in the retina of galactose-fed animals. CONCLUSION The data suggests that endothelin production is increased under hyperhexosemic conditions and that the endothelins play an important role in regulating the hemodynamics of retinal blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Evans
- Department of Pathology, Dental Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada
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Abstract
A model of the human body that integrates the variables involved in temperature regulation and blood gas transport within the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is presented here. It expands upon previous work to describe the competition between skin and muscles when both require increased blood flows during exercise and/or heat stress. First, a detailed study of the control relations used to predict skin blood flow was undertaken. Four other control relations employed in the model were also examined and modified as indicated by empirical results found in literature. Internal responses to exercise and/or heat stress can affect both thermoregulation and the cardiorespiratory system. Dehydration was studied in addition to complete water replacement during similar environmental and exercise situations. Control relations for skin blood flow and evaporative heat loss were modified and a water balance was added to study how the loss of water through sweat can be limiting. Runoff from sweating as a function of relative humidity was introduced along with evaporation, and these results were compared to data to validate the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Downey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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45
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced from three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS). Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have an increased bacterial load in the airways which stimulates iNOS and therefore NO production. Upregulation of iNOS in normal epithelial cells protects the lung from damage, but in CF cells, iNOS is not upregulated and NO production is reduced. Reduced iNOS expression is associated with neutrophil sequestration in the lung, thus increasing the potential damage from neutrophil proteases and reactive oxygen species. In contrast, high concentrations of NO may augment the inflammatory process in acute lung injury from sepsis. Meng et al. have shown that cystic fibrosis epithelial cells, when stimulated by a cytokine mix and co-cultured with activated neutrophils, have reduced iNOS expression compared to normal epithelial cells. Although iNOS expression may not accurately reflect activity and NO production may arise from elsewhere, this study suggests that reduced iNOS expression may play a part in the pathophysiological processes in cystic fibrosis.
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Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Vasoactive factors like endothelins, by virtue of the microvascular regulation as well as by other effects, possibly play important parts in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinal microangiopathy. We investigated retinal vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetes and its relation with endothelins in short- and long-term diabetes. METHODS Diabetic rats with or without an endothelin receptor antagonist (bosentan) treatment were investigated after 1 month and 6 months of follow-up. Retinal blood flow was measured and compared with age- and sex-matched non-diabetic control animals. Retinal tissues were analysed for endothelin-1, endothelin-3, endothelin A and endothelin B mRNA. Distribution of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 was investigated by immunocytochemistry and that for endothelin receptors by ligand binding and autoradiography. RESULTS Diabetic animals showed hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, elevated glycated haemoglobin values and reduced body weight gain. Retinal blood flow showed an increased resistivity index, an indicator of vasoconstriction, after 1 month of diabetes which was prevented by treatment with bosentan. This functional change in diabetes was eliminated after 6 months of follow-up. The retina from the diabetic animals showed increased mRNA expression for endothelin-1, endothelin-3 and endothelin A after one month. In addition, endothelin B mRNA expression was increased after 6 months. Furthermore, endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 immunoreactivity and endothelin receptor concentrations were increased in the retina of diabetic rats. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION The results from this study indicate that the endothelin system is of importance in mediating retinal changes in diabetes although mechanisms of the endothelin system alteration as well as their effects might vary depending on the duration of diabetes. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1228-1234]
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Affiliation(s)
- D Deng
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
The segmental localization of liver tumors is critical to planning appropriate resection. Couinaud's nomenclature is a surgically relevant system of hepatic segmental anatomy, which defines the liver segments by their relationships to vascular structures, hepatic ligaments, and the gallbladder. We demonstrate a way to accurately localize hepatic masses with sonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Smith
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, University Campus, University of Western Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if pneumatic sequential compression devices (SCDs) combined with subcutaneous heparin and antiembolic hose reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in stroke patients. BACKGROUND DVTs and PEs are serious complications among hospitalized stroke patients. Subcutaneous heparin and SCDs have both been used to prevent DVT. It is not known if SCDs combined with subcutaneous heparin can improve the protection afforded by heparin alone. METHODS The study group was comprised of nonhemorrhagic stroke patients admitted to the neurology service from October 1988 through June 1996. From October 1988 through April 1991 (233 patients), and during February 1993 (16 patients), patients received 5,000 U subcutaneous heparin twice daily and antiembolic hose. From June 1991 through January 1993 and from March 1993 through June 1996 (432 patients) all nonambulatory stroke patients had SCDs applied to both legs in addition to subcutaneous heparin and antiembolic hose. RESULTS Twenty-three of 249 patients (9.2%; 21 of 233 and two of 16 patients) treated with heparin alone developed DVT and six patients (2.4%) developed PE (six of 233 and zero of 16). Half the PE cases (three of six) were fatal and all PEs were in patients with DVT. Eighty-three of the 249 patients were nonambulatory. Twenty-two of the 23 DVTs and all the PEs developed in nonambulatory patients. Only one DVT (0.23%) and no PEs occurred among the 432 patients (148 nonambulatory) treated with SCDs as well as heparin. The addition of SCDs resulted in more than a 40-fold reduction in the risk of DVT. CONCLUSIONS Nonambulatory stroke patients have an increased risk for DVT and PE. Adding SCDs to treatment with subcutaneous heparin and antiembolic hose reduced the risks of DVTs and PEs. SCDs should be considered for adjunctive DVT prophylaxis in nonambulatory stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Kamran
- Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA
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Quadrelli S, Grynblat P, Defranchi H, Downey D, de la Canal A, Perrone R, Schiaffini Mauro A. [Consensus guidelines for respiratory endoscopy issued by the Argentine Society of Bronchoesophagology]. Arch Bronconeumol 1998; 34:207-20. [PMID: 9611657 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-2896(15)30455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The international consensus is that guidelines for respiratory endoscopy are inadequate, regarding such issues as institutional requirements, benefits, risks and limitations of the procedure, training programs and accreditation, with the result that the way or performing endoscopy varies according to how an operator was trained. The absence of precise recommendations means that practice is highly diverse and inappropriate use of the procedure has increased. The Argentine Consensus Group for Normalization of Respiratory Endoscopy was created in 1995 to unify criteria for several aspects of endoscopic practice. The official recommendations of the Group and of the Argentine Society of Bronchoesophagology define the indications (diagnostic, therapeutic and investigative) and contraindications (absolute, relative and high risk) for bronchoscopy. Required pre-bronchoscopic studies for routine and special cases are defined, as are indications for premedication, intubation and general anesthesia. Requirements for the setting, support personal and instruments are specified. Guidelines for topical anesthesia and techniques for insertion of the endoscope are suggested. The technique, indications and limitations of bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushing and biopsy and transbronchial needle biopsy are defined. The utility and limitations of the various therapeutic techniques of bronchoscopy (laser, radiotherapy and stents) are defined. Norms to safeguard the patient, instruments and operator are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Quadrelli
- Grupo Argentino de Consenso para la Normatización de la Endoscopia Respiratoria, Sociedad Argentina de Broncoesofagologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Abstract
With conventional ultrasonography, the diagnostician must view a series of two-dimensional images in order to form a mental impression of the three-dimensional anatomy, an efficient and time consuming practice prone to operator variability, which may cause variable or even incorrect diagnoses. Also, a conventional two-dimensional ultrasound image represents a thin slice of the patients anatomy at a single location and orientation, which is difficult to reproduce at a later time. These factors make conventional ultrasonography non-optimal for prospective or follow-up studies. Our efforts have focused on overcoming these deficiencies by developing three-dimensional ultrasound imaging techniques that are capable of acquiring B-mode, colour Doppler and power Doppler images of the vasculature, by using a conventional ultrasound system to acquire a series of two-dimensional images and then mathematically reconstructing them into a single three-dimensional image, which may then be viewed interactively on an inexpensive desktop computer. We report here on two approaches: (1) free-hand scanning, in which a magnetic positioning device is attached to the ultrasound transducer to record the position and orientation of each two-dimensional image needed for the three-dimensional image reconstruction; and (2) mechanical scanning, in which a motor-driven assembly is used to translate the transducer linearly across the neck, yielding a set of uniformly-spaced parallel two-dimensional images.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fenster
- John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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