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Galeotti G, De Marchi F, Hamzehpoor E, MacLean O, Rajeswara Rao M, Chen Y, Besteiro LV, Dettmann D, Ferrari L, Frezza F, Sheverdyaeva PM, Liu R, Kundu AK, Moras P, Ebrahimi M, Gallagher MC, Rosei F, Perepichka DF, Contini G. Synthesis of mesoscale ordered two-dimensional π-conjugated polymers with semiconducting properties. Nat Mater 2020; 19:874-880. [PMID: 32424372 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials with high charge carrier mobility and tunable band gaps have attracted intense research effort for their potential use in nanoelectronics. Two-dimensional π-conjugated polymers constitute a promising subclass because the band structure can be manipulated by varying the molecular building blocks while preserving key features such as Dirac cones and high charge mobility. The major barriers to the application of two-dimensional π-conjugated polymers have been the small domain size and high defect density attained in the syntheses explored so far. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of mesoscale ordered two-dimensional π-conjugated polymer kagome lattices with semiconducting properties, Dirac cone structures and flat bands on Au(111). This material has been obtained by combining a rigid azatriangulene precursor and a hot dosing approach, which favours molecular diffusion and eliminates voids in the network. These results open opportunities for the synthesis of two-dimensional π-conjugated polymer Dirac cone materials and their integration into devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galeotti
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Roma, Italy
- Deutsches Museum, München, Germany
| | - F De Marchi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - E Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - O MacLean
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - M Rajeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - L V Besteiro
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - D Dettmann
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Roma, Italy
| | - F Frezza
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - R Liu
- Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - A K Kundu
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Moras
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Ebrahimi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - M C Gallagher
- Department of Physics, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
| | - F Rosei
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, Québec, Canada.
| | - D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - G Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Roma, Italy.
- Department of Physics, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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2
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De Marchi F, Galeotti G, Simenas M, Gallagher MC, Hamzehpoor E, MacLean O, Rao RM, Chen Y, Dettmann D, Contini G, Tornau EE, Ebrahimi M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Temperature-induced molecular reorganization on Au(111) driven by oligomeric defects. Nanoscale 2019; 11:19468-19476. [PMID: 31535121 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06117g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of ordered molecular structures on surfaces is determined by the balance between molecule-molecule and molecule-substrate interactions. Whether the aggregation process is guided by non-covalent forces or on-surface reactions, a deeper understanding of these interactions is pivotal to formulating a priori predictions of the final structural features and the development of bottom-up fabrication protocols. Theoretical models of molecular systems corroborate the information gathered through experimental observations and help explain the thermodynamic factors that underpin on-surface phase transitions. Here, we report a scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of a tribromo-substituted heterotriangulene on the Au(111) surface, which initially forms an extended close-packed ordered structure stabilized by BrBr halogen bonds when deposited at room temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that annealing the self-assembled layer induces a fraction of the molecular precursors to partially dehalogenate that in turn leads to the formation of a less stable BrO non-covalent network which coexists with the short oligomers. Density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations illustrate how dimer moieties act as defects whose steric hindrance prevents the retention of the more stable configuration. A small number of dimers is sufficient to drive the molecular reorganization into a lower cohesive energy phase. Our study shows the importance of a combined DFT - MC approach to understand the evolution of molecular systems on substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Marchi
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2.
| | - G Galeotti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2. and Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M Simenas
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - M C Gallagher
- Department of Physics, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1.
| | - E Hamzehpoor
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 0B8.
| | - O MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2.
| | - R M Rao
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 0B8.
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 0B8.
| | - D Dettmann
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - G Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy and Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - E E Tornau
- Semiconductor Physics Institute, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio 3, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - M Ebrahimi
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2.
| | - D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3A 0B8.
| | - F Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2.
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3
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Galeotti G, De Marchi F, Taerum T, Besteiro LV, El Garah M, Lipton-Duffin J, Ebrahimi M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Surface-mediated assembly, polymerization and degradation of thiophene-based monomers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5167-5175. [PMID: 31183070 PMCID: PMC6526482 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ullmann coupling of halogenated aromatics is widely used in on-surface synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) polymers and graphene nanoribbons. It stands out among other reactions for regioselectively connecting aromatic monomers into 1D and 2D π-conjugated polymers, whose final structure and properties are determined by the initial building blocks. Thanks to their exceptional electronic properties, thiophene-containing monomers are frequently used for the synthesis of various conjugated materials. On the other hand, their use in on-surface polymerization is hampered by the possibility of ring opening when adsorbed on metal surfaces. In the present work, we mapped the temperature regime for these two competing reactions by investigating the adsorption of a thiophene-based prochiral molecule using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. We followed the formation of organometallic (OM) networks, their evolution into covalent structures and the competition between C-C coupling and thiophene ring opening. The effect of surface reactivity was explored by comparing the adsorption on three (111) coinage metal substrates, namely Au, Ag and Cu. While outlining strategies to minimize the ring opening reaction, we found that the surface temperature during deposition is of paramount importance for the preparation of 2D OM networks, greatly enhancing the overall ordering of the product by depositing on hot Ag surface. Notably, the same protocol permits the creation of OM structures on the air-stable Au surface, thereby allowing the synthesis and application of 2D OM networks outside the ultra-high vacuum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Galeotti
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia , CNR , Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100 , 00133 Roma , Italy
| | - F De Marchi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - T Taerum
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3A 0B8 .
| | - L V Besteiro
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , PR China
| | - M El Garah
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - J Lipton-Duffin
- Institute for Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , Brisbane , 4001 QLD , Australia
| | - M Ebrahimi
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
| | - D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3A 0B8 .
| | - F Rosei
- Centre Energie, Matériaux et Télécommunications , Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet , Varennes , Québec , Canada J3X 1S2 . ;
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , PR China
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4
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Black HT, Yee N, Zems Y, Perepichka DF. Complementary Hydrogen Bonding Modulates Electronic Properties and Controls Self-Assembly of Donor/Acceptor Semiconductors. Chemistry 2016; 22:17251-17261. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Black
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures; McGill University; Montreal Qc H3A 0B8 Canada
- Organic Materials Department; Sandia National Laboratories; Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
| | - N. Yee
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures; McGill University; Montreal Qc H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Y. Zems
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures; McGill University; Montreal Qc H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - D. F. Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures; McGill University; Montreal Qc H3A 0B8 Canada
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5
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Dinca LE, De Marchi F, MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin J, Gatti R, Ma D, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Pentacene on Ni(111): room-temperature molecular packing and temperature-activated conversion to graphene. Nanoscale 2015; 7:3263-3269. [PMID: 25619890 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate, using scanning tunnelling microscopy, the adsorption of pentacene on Ni(111) at room temperature and the behaviour of these monolayer films with annealing up to 700 °C. We observe the conversion of pentacene into graphene, which begins from as low as 220 °C with the coalescence of pentacene molecules into large planar aggregates. Then, by annealing at 350 °C for 20 minutes, these aggregates expand into irregular domains of graphene tens of nanometers in size. On surfaces where graphene and nickel carbide coexist, pentacene shows preferential adsorption on the nickel carbide phase. The same pentacene to graphene transformation was also achieved on Cu(111), but at a higher activation temperature, producing large graphene domains that exhibit a range of moiré superlattice periodicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Dinca
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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6
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Cui D, MacLeod JM, Ebrahimi M, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Solution and air stable host/guest architectures from a single layer covalent organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16510-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-layer COF-1 hosts fullerene guests, which can be introduced by a brief immersion in fullerene solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Cui
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - J. M. MacLeod
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - M. Ebrahimi
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
| | - D. F. Perepichka
- Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - F. Rosei
- Centre Énergie
- Matériaux et Télécommunications
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Varennes
- Canada
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7
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Dinca LE, MacLeod JM, Lipton-Duffin J, Fu C, Ma D, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Tip-induced C-H activation and oligomerization of thienoanthracenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8791-3. [PMID: 24967741 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to dehydrogenate freely-diffusing tetrathienoanthracene (TTA) molecules on Cu(111), trapping the molecules into metal-coordinated oligomeric structures. The process proceeds at bias voltages above ~3 V and produces organometallic structures identical to those resulting from the thermally-activated cross-coupling of a halogenated analogue. The process appears to be substrate dependent: no oligomerization was observed on Ag(111) or HOPG. This approach demonstrates the possibility of controlled synthesis and nanoscale patterning of 2D oligomer structures on selected surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Dinca
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S2, Canada.
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8
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Moiseev AG, Margulies EA, Schneider JA, Bélanger-Gariépy F, Perepichka DF. Protecting the triplet excited state in sterically congested platinum porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:2676-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The surface-mediated synthesis of epitaxially aligned and separated polyphenylene lines on Cu(110) by exploiting the Ullmann dehalogenation reaction is reported. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the C-I bonds of 1,4-diiodobenzene and 1,3-diiodobenzene (C(6)H(4)I(2)) are catalytically cleaved when dosed onto the surface. Subsequent annealing transforms the copper-bound phenylene intermediates into covalent conjugated structures: linear chains of poly(p-phenylene) for 1,4-diiodobenzene and zigzag chains of poly(m-phenylene) as well as macrocyclic oligomers in the case of 1,3-diiodobenzene. The chains are strongly bound to the surface (likely through C--Cu bonds at the chain-ends) while the macrocycles are very mobile and can only be imaged by STM at low temperature. The detached halogens adsorb on the surface and separate the polymer chains from each other.
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Abstract
We performed an ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigation of the self-assembly of rubrene at room temperature on Cu(111), a metal surface with threefold symmetry. Rubrene self-assembles into two different structures called row and trimer. Both are different than the structures already observed on Cu(110) and Cu(100). Row and trimer structures have comparable molecular packing densities and are equally distributed across the surface. In the row structure the molecules are oriented with their backbone along the same high symmetry directions of the surface: [[Formula: see text]], [[Formula: see text]] or [[Formula: see text]]. The trimer structure is composed of units of three rubrene molecules, oriented along the high symmetry surface directions. These units are chiral, as revealed by height profile measurements by STM, and self-assemble in domains containing only one type of enantiomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Miwa
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
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12
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Macleod JM, Ivasenko O, Perepichka DF, Rosei F. Stabilization of exotic minority phases in a multicomponent self-assembled molecular network. Nanotechnology 2007; 18:424031. [PMID: 21730463 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/42/424031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trimesic acid (TMA) and alcohols were recently shown to self-assemble into a stable, two-component linear pattern at the solution/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface. Away from equilibrium, the TMA/alcohol self-assembled molecular network (SAMN) can coexist with pure-TMA networks. Here, we report on some novel characteristics of these non-equilibrium TMA structures, investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We observe that both the chicken-wire and flower-structure TMA phases can host 'guest' C(60) molecules within their pores, whereas the TMA/alcohol SAMN does not offer any stable adsorption sites for the C(60) molecules. The presence of the C(60) molecules at the solution/solid interface was found to improve the STM image quality. We have taken advantage of the high-quality imaging conditions to observe unusual TMA bonding geometries at domain boundaries in the TMA/alcohol SAMN. Boundaries between aligned TMA/alcohol domains can give rise to doubled TMA dimer rows in two different configurations, as well as a tripled-TMA row. The boundaries created between non-aligned domains can create geometries that stabilize TMA bonding configurations not observed on surfaces without TMA/alcohol SAMNs, including small regions of the previously predicted 'super flower' TMA bonding geometry and a tertiary structure related to the known TMA phases. These structures are identified as part of a homologic class of TMA bonding motifs, and we explore some of the reasons for the stabilization of these phases in our multicomponent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Macleod
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
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13
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Kuz’mina LG, Perepichka IF, Perepichka DF, Howard JAK, Bryce MR. Supramolecular architecture of two charge-transfer complexes based on 2,7-(X, X)-4,5-dinitro-9-dicyanomethylenefluorenes (X = NO2 or CN) and tetrathiafulvalene. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2002. [DOI: 10.1134/1.1466501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Batsanov AS, Collings JC, Howard JA, Marder TB, Perepichka DF. Arene-perfluoroarene interactions in crystal engineering. 5. Octafluoronaphthalene-tetrathiafulvalene (1/1). Acta Crystallogr C 2001; 57:1306-7. [PMID: 11706258 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270101013075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2001] [Accepted: 08/03/2001] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title complex, C(10)F(8) x C(6)H(4)S(4), planar centrosymmetric molecules of tetrathiafulvalene and octafluoronaphthalene, inclined to each other by 9.6 (1) degrees, form a mixed stack which does not exhibit charge transfer. Adjacent stacks pack in a herring-bone motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, England.
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15
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Perepichka DF, Bryce MR, Batsanov AS, Howard JA, Cuello AO, Gray M, Rotello VM. Trialkyltetrathiafulvalene-sigma-tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane [R(3)TTF-sigma-TCNAQ] diads: synthesis, intramolecular charge-transfer properties, and X-ray crystal structure. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4517-24. [PMID: 11421770 DOI: 10.1021/jo001576+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of the electron-donating 4,5-dipentyl-4'-methyl-TTF (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene) moiety in combination with the electron acceptor 11,11,12,12-tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane (TCNAQ) unit in the novel D-sigma-A diad molecules 11, 17, and 18. These compounds display a weak, broad, low-energy intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) band in the UV-vis spectra (lambda(max) 430-450 nm). Cyclic voltammetric studies show two reversible one-electron oxidation processes for the R(3)TTF moiety, and a reversible two-electron reduction process for the TCNAQ moiety. The electron affinity of TCNAQ is significantly enhanced by the electron-withdrawing sulfonamide and sulfonic ester groups (compounds 17 and 18, respectively). Simultaneous electrochemistry and EPR (SEEPR) experiments show no significant intramolecular interaction between the R(3)TTF and TCNAQ moieties in compounds 11 and 18. X-ray crystallographic data are presented for 5, 11, and 20. The structure of 5 reveals hydrogen-bonded dimers. In molecule 11 the bond lengths and conformations of both donor and acceptor moieties are typical for neutral species. Compound 20 is an unusual calcium complex of TCNAQ derivative obtained by dicyanomethylation of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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16
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Perepichka DF, Bryce MR, McInnes EJ, Zhao JP. The first tetrathiafulvalene- sigma-polynitrofluorene diads: low HOMO-LUMO gap, amphoteric redox behavior, and charge transfer properties. Org Lett 2001; 3:1431-4. [PMID: 11388834 DOI: 10.1021/ol015581r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The synthesis, solution redox behavior, EPR, and intramolecular charge transfer properties of novel donor-acceptor diads of TTF-sigma-A type (TTF = substituted tetrathiafulvalene, sigma = saturated spacer, A = polynitrofluorene acceptor) are reported. The HOMO-LUMO gap for compound 6 is as small as 0.3 eV, and spectroelectrochemical experiments reveal its electrochromic behavior in the near-IR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Jones AE, Christensen CA, Perepichka DF, Batsanov AS, Beeby A, Low PJ, Bryce MR, Parker AW. Photochemistry of the pi-extended 9,10-bis(1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-9,10-dihydroanthracene system: generation and characterisation of the radical cation, dication, and derived products. Chemistry 2001; 7:973-8. [PMID: 11303877 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010302)7:5<973::aid-chem973>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flash photolysis of bis[4.5-di(methylsulfanyl) 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]-9,10(-dihydroanthracene (1) in chloroform leads to formation of the transient radical cation species 1.+ which has a diagnostic broad absorption band at lambdamax approximately 650 nm. This band decays to half its original intensity over a period of about 80 micros. Species 1.+ has also been characterised by resonance Raman spectroscopy. In degassed solution 1.+ disproportionates to give the dication 1(2+), whereas in aerated solutions the photodegradation product is the 10-[4,5-di(methylsulfanyl) 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene]anthracene-9(10 H)one (2). The dication 1(2+) has been characterised by a spectroelectrochemical study [lambdamax (CH2Cl2) = 377, 392, 419, 479 nm] and by an X-ray crystal structure of the salt 1(2-) (ClO4)2, which was obtained by electrocrystallisation. The planar anthracene and 1,3-dithiolium rings in the dication form a dihedral angle of 77.2 degrees; this conformation is strikingly different from the saddle-shaped structure of neutral 1 reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, UK
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