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Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Guillot T, Li C, Kaspi Y, Orton G, Wong MH, Oyafuso F, Allison M, Arballo J, Atreya S, Becker HN, Bloxham J, Brown ST, Fletcher LN, Galanti E, Gulkis S, Janssen M, Ingersoll A, Lunine JL, Misra S, Steffes P, Stevenson D, Waite JH, Yadav RK, Zhang Z. Microwave observations reveal the deep extent and structure of Jupiter's atmospheric vortices. Science 2021; 374:968-972. [PMID: 34709937 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - T Guillot
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - C Li
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Kaspi
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - G Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M H Wong
- Carl Sagan Center for Research, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - F Oyafuso
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Allison
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - J Arballo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S Atreya
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H N Becker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Bloxham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S T Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L N Fletcher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E Galanti
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - S Gulkis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Janssen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Ingersoll
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J L Lunine
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Misra
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P Steffes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Stevenson
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J H Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R K Yadav
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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2
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Lucas LN, Barrett K, Kerby RL, Zhang Q, Cattaneo LE, Stevenson D, Rey FE, Amador-Noguez D. Dominant Bacterial Phyla from the Human Gut Show Widespread Ability To Transform and Conjugate Bile Acids. mSystems 2021; 6:e0080521. [PMID: 34463573 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00805-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria influence human physiology by chemically modifying host-synthesized primary bile acids. These modified bile acids, known as secondary bile acids, can act as signaling molecules that modulate host lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism and affect gut microbiota composition via selective antimicrobial properties. However, knowledge regarding the bile acid-transforming capabilities of individual gut microbes remains limited. To help address this knowledge gap, we screened 72 bacterial isolates, spanning seven major phyla commonly found in the human gut, for their ability to chemically modify unconjugated bile acids. We found that 43 isolates, representing 41 species, were capable of in vitro modification of one or more of the three most abundant unconjugated bile acids in humans: cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Of these, 32 species have not been previously described as bile acid transformers. The most prevalent bile acid transformations detected were oxidation of 3α-, 7α-, or 12α-hydroxyl groups on the steroid core, a reaction catalyzed by hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. In addition, we found 7α-dehydroxylation activity to be distributed across various bacterial genera, and we observed several other complex bile acid transformations. Finally, our screen revealed widespread bacterial conjugation of primary and secondary bile acids to glycine, a process that was thought to only occur in the liver, and to 15 other amino acids, resulting in the discovery of 44 novel microbially conjugated bile acids. IMPORTANCE Our current knowledge regarding microbial bile acid transformations comes primarily from biochemical studies on a relatively small number of species or from bioinformatic predictions that rely on homology to known bile acid-transforming enzyme sequences. Therefore, much remains to be learned regarding the variety of bile acid transformations and their representation across gut microbial species. By carrying out a systematic investigation of bacterial species commonly found in the human intestinal tract, this study helps better define the gut bacteria that impact composition of the bile acid pool, which has implications in the context of metabolic disorders and cancers of the digestive tract. Our results greatly expand upon the list of bacterial species known to perform different types of bile acid transformations. This knowledge will be vital for assessing the causal connections between the microbiome, bile acid pool composition, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Lucas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - K Barrett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R L Kerby
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - L E Cattaneo
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D Stevenson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - F E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D Amador-Noguez
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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3
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Moore G, Rickard H, Stevenson D, Aranega-Bou P, Pitman J, Crook A, Davies K, Spencer A, Burton C, Easterbrook L, Love HE, Summers S, Welch SR, Wand N, Thompson KA, Pottage T, Richards KS, Dunning J, Bennett A. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 within the healthcare environment: a multi-centre study conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in England. J Hosp Infect 2021; 108:189-196. [PMID: 33259882 PMCID: PMC7831847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spread within the hospital setting is essential in order to protect staff, implement effective infection control measures, and prevent nosocomial transmission. METHODS The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the air and on environmental surfaces around hospitalized patients, with and without respiratory symptoms, was investigated. Environmental sampling was undertaken within eight hospitals in England during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak. Samples were analysed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation assays. FINDINGS SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on 30 (8.9%) of 336 environmental surfaces. Cycle threshold values ranged from 28.8 to 39.1, equating to 2.2 x 105 to 59 genomic copies/swab. Concomitant bacterial counts were low, suggesting that the cleaning performed by nursing and domestic staff across all eight hospitals was effective. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in four of 55 air samples taken <1 m from four different patients. In all cases, the concentration of viral RNA was low and ranged from <10 to 460 genomic copies/m3 air. Infectious virus was not recovered from any of the PCR-positive samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS Effective cleaning can reduce the risk of fomite (contact) transmission, but some surface types may facilitate the survival, persistence and/or dispersal of SARS-CoV-2. The presence of low or undetectable concentrations of viral RNA in the air supports current guidance on the use of specific personal protective equipment for aerosol-generating and non-aerosol-generating procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
| | - H Rickard
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - D Stevenson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - P Aranega-Bou
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J Pitman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - A Crook
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K Davies
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - A Spencer
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C Burton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L Easterbrook
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - H E Love
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Summers
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - S R Welch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - N Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K-A Thompson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - T Pottage
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K S Richards
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J Dunning
- Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Bennett
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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PONTA ML, Somlaw N, Saqui O, Stevenson D, Boudreault M, Marliss E, Raman M, Duerksen D, Whittaker S, Armstrong D, Jurewitsch B, Jeejeebhoy KN, Gramlich L, Allard J. A321 CANADIAN HOME TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION REGISTRY: 10 YEARS OF DATA ENTRY. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwy009.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L PONTA
- Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - N Somlaw
- Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - O Saqui
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Stevenson
- Regina Qu’Appelle Health Region, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - E Marliss
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Raman
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - D Duerksen
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Whittaker
- Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - L Gramlich
- Community Services Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J Allard
- Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bolton SJ, Adriani A, Adumitroaie V, Allison M, Anderson J, Atreya S, Bloxham J, Brown S, Connerney JEP, DeJong E, Folkner W, Gautier D, Grassi D, Gulkis S, Guillot T, Hansen C, Hubbard WB, Iess L, Ingersoll A, Janssen M, Jorgensen J, Kaspi Y, Levin SM, Li C, Lunine J, Miguel Y, Mura A, Orton G, Owen T, Ravine M, Smith E, Steffes P, Stone E, Stevenson D, Thorne R, Waite J, Durante D, Ebert RW, Greathouse TK, Hue V, Parisi M, Szalay JR, Wilson R. Jupiter's interior and deep atmosphere: The initial pole-to-pole passes with the Juno spacecraft. Science 2018; 356:821-825. [PMID: 28546206 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
On 27 August 2016, the Juno spacecraft acquired science observations of Jupiter, passing less than 5000 kilometers above the equatorial cloud tops. Images of Jupiter's poles show a chaotic scene, unlike Saturn's poles. Microwave sounding reveals weather features at pressures deeper than 100 bars, dominated by an ammonia-rich, narrow low-latitude plume resembling a deeper, wider version of Earth's Hadley cell. Near-infrared mapping reveals the relative humidity within prominent downwelling regions. Juno's measured gravity field differs substantially from the last available estimate and is one order of magnitude more precise. This has implications for the distribution of heavy elements in the interior, including the existence and mass of Jupiter's core. The observed magnetic field exhibits smaller spatial variations than expected, indicative of a rich harmonic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA.
| | - A Adriani
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - V Adumitroaie
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - M Allison
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY 10025, USA
| | - J Anderson
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - S Atreya
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J Bloxham
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J E P Connerney
- Space Research Corporation, Annapolis, MD 21403, USA.,NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E DeJong
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - W Folkner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - D Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Études Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique, Observatoire de Paris, 92195 Meudon, France
| | - D Grassi
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - S Gulkis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - T Guillot
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Lagrange CNRS, 06304 Nice, France
| | - C Hansen
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - W B Hubbard
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - L Iess
- Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - A Ingersoll
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - M Janssen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J Jorgensen
- National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Y Kaspi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - S M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - C Li
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J Lunine
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Y Miguel
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Lagrange CNRS, 06304 Nice, France
| | - A Mura
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology, National Institute for Astrophysics, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - T Owen
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - M Ravine
- Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - E Smith
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - P Steffes
- Center for Space Technology and Research, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - E Stone
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D Stevenson
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - R Thorne
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - D Durante
- Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - R W Ebert
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - T K Greathouse
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - V Hue
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - M Parisi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - J R Szalay
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA
| | - R Wilson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Collins S, Stevenson D, Walker J, Bennett A. Evaluation ofLegionellareal-time PCR against traditional culture for routine and public health testing of water samples. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1692-1703. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Collins
- Biosafety Air and Water Microbiology Group; Public Health England; Porton Down Salisbury UK
| | - D. Stevenson
- Biosafety Air and Water Microbiology Group; Public Health England; Porton Down Salisbury UK
| | - J. Walker
- Biosafety Air and Water Microbiology Group; Public Health England; Porton Down Salisbury UK
| | - A. Bennett
- Biosafety Air and Water Microbiology Group; Public Health England; Porton Down Salisbury UK
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Stevenson D, Long T, Green J, Rose J. 109 Measuring Albuterol-Induced Changes in Whole-Blood Potassium Levels in the Healthy Patient. Ann Emerg Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Long T, Stevenson D, Green J, Rose J. 263 Measuring Albuterol-Induced Lactic Acidosis in the Healthy Patient. Ann Emerg Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.07.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bushakra JM, Krieger C, Deng D, Stephens MJ, Allan AC, Storey R, Symonds VV, Stevenson D, McGhie T, Chagné D, Buck EJ, Gardiner SE. QTL involved in the modification of cyanidin compounds in black and red raspberry fruit. Theor Appl Genet 2013; 126:847-65. [PMID: 23224381 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-012-2022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fruit from Rubus species are highly valued for their flavor and nutritive qualities. Anthocyanin content contributes to these qualities, and although many studies have been conducted to identify and quantify the major anthocyanin compounds from various Rubus species, the genetic control of the accumulation of these complex traits in Rubus is not yet well understood. The identification of the regions of the genome involved in the production of anthocyanins is an important first step in identifying the genes underlying their expression. In this study, ultra and high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC and HPLC) and two newly developed Rubus linkage maps were used to conduct QTL analyses to explore the presence of associations between concentrations of five anthocyanins in fruit and genotype. In total, 27 QTL were identified on the Rubus linkage maps, four of which are associated with molecular markers designed from transcription factors and three of which are associated with molecular markers designed from anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway candidate genes. The results of this study suggest that, while QTL for anthocyanin accumulation have been identified on six of seven Rubus linkage groups (RLG), the QTL on RLG2 and RLG7 may be very important for genetic control of cyanidin modification in Rubus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bushakra
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Batchelar Road, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
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10
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Griffiths EJ, Stevenson D, Porteous MJ. Cost savings of using a cemented total hip replacement: an analysis of the National Joint Registry data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:1032-5. [PMID: 22844042 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.94b8.28717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The debate whether to use cemented or uncemented components in primary total hip replacement (THR) has not yet been considered with reference to the cost implications to the National Health Service. We obtained the number of cemented and uncemented components implanted in 2009 from the National Joint Registry for England and Wales. The cost of each component was established. The initial financial saving if all were cemented was then calculated. Subsequently the five-year rates of revision for each type of component were reviewed and the predicted number of revisions at five years for the actual components used was compared with the predicted number of revisions for a cemented THR. This was then multiplied by the mean cost of revision surgery to provide an indication of the savings over the first five years if all primary THRs were cemented. The saving at primary THR was calculated to be £10 million with an additional saving during the first five years of between £5 million and £8.5 million. The use of cemented components in routine primary THR in the NHS as a whole can be justified on a financial level but we recognise individual patient factors must be considered when deciding which components to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Griffiths
- West Suffolk NHS Trust, Hardwick Lane, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2QZ, UK.
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11
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Stevenson D, Briggs R, Mould GP. A bioavailability study of two preparations of tamoxifen after single doses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 4:191-6. [PMID: 16867615 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(86)80041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/1984] [Revised: 01/25/1985] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability of two different tablet formulations of tamoxifen was studied in twelve healthy male volunteers. Two tablets, each of 10 mg, of both preparations were administered orally at intervals of two weeks in a randomized cross-over design. Samples of blood for tamoxifen measurement were taken for up to 48 h following administration. Tamoxifen was measured by an HPLC method sensitive to 2.0 ng ml(-1). The area under the concentration-time curve was similar for both preparations. The study, therefore, did not demonstrate any differences between the bioavailability of the two preparations of tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Robens Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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12
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Tyson JE, Pedroza C, Langer J, Green C, Morris B, Stevenson D, Van Meurs KP, Oh W, Phelps D, O'Shea M, McDavid GE, Grisby C, Higgins R. Does aggressive phototherapy increase mortality while decreasing profound impairment among the smallest and sickest newborns? J Perinatol 2012; 32:677-84. [PMID: 22652561 PMCID: PMC3558278 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2012.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggressive phototherapy (AgPT) is widely used and assumed to be safe and effective for even the most immature infants. We assessed whether the benefits and hazards for the smallest and sickest infants differed from those for other extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW; ≤ 1000 g) infants in our Neonatal Research Network trial, the only large trial of AgPT. STUDY DESIGN ELBW infants (n=1974) were randomized to AgPT or conservative phototherapy at age 12 to 36 h. The effect of AgPT on outcomes (death, impairment, profound impairment, death or impairment (primary outcome), and death or profound impairment) at 18 to 22 months of corrected age was related to BW stratum (501 to 750 g; 751 to 1000 g) and baseline severity of illness using multilevel regression equations. The probability of benefit and of harm was directly assessed with Bayesian analyses. RESULT Baseline illness severity was well characterized using mechanical ventilation and FiO(2) at 24 h age. Among mechanically ventilated infants ≤ 750 g BW (n=684), a reduction in impairment and in profound impairment was offset by higher mortality (P for interaction <0.05) with no significant effect on composite outcomes. Conservative Bayesian analyses of this subgroup identified a 99% (posterior) probability that AgPT increased mortality, a 97% probability that AgPT reduced impairment, and a 99% probability that AgPT reduced profound impairment. CONCLUSION Findings from the only large trial of AgPT suggest that AgPT may increase mortality while reducing impairment and profound impairment among the smallest and sickest infants. New approaches to reduce their serum bilirubin need development and rigorous testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Tyson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Carvalho B, Silva J, Cunha M, Viana P, Leite R, Stevenson D, Carvalho A, Oliveira C, da Silva JT, Póvoa A, Soares S, Calejo L, Sousa S, Xavier P, Sousa M, Barros A, Carvalho F. P33 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Portuguese familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy – 12 years' experience. Reprod Biomed Online 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Hawkey C, Burnett I, Gold MS, Garsed K, Stevenson D, Mannath J, Norman A, Shepherd V, Subramanian V, Johnston RD, Brown M. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastro-duodenal tolerance of short-term analgesic treatment with 25 mg diclofenac-K liquid capsules. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:819-27. [PMID: 22372517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diclofenac-potassium (diclofenac--K) 25 mg liquid capsule is absorbed more quickly than the tablet formulation. It offers potential for rapid pain relief, but may alter gastro-duodenal tolerability. AIM To evaluate the gastro-duodenal tolerance of diclofenac-K 25 mg liquid capsules vs. diclofenac-K 12.5 mg tablets, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) 500 mg tablets and ibuprofen 200 mg liquid capsules. METHODS In an endoscopist-blinded, randomised, parallel-group study, volunteers received 15 doses of diclofenac-K 25 mg liquid capsules (n = 36), diclofenac-K 2 × 12.5 mg tablets (n = 36), ibuprofen 2 × 200 mg liquid capsules (n = 24) or ASA 2 × 500 mg tablets (n = 36) over 5 days. The primary outcome was the incidence of erosive gastro-duodenal lesions at Day 6. Secondary outcomes included modified Lanza score and change in gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. RESULTS The lowest incidence of erosive gastro-duodenal lesions was with diclofenac-K liquid capsules (53%), compared to 61% with diclofenac-K tablets (P = 0.52), 75% with ibuprofen (P = 0.08) and 94% with ASA (P = 0.001). Results were similar for the Lanza scores, although diclofenac-K liquid capsules were significantly superior to ibuprofen liquid capsules (P = 0.04). Diclofenac-K liquid capsules inhibited prostaglandin synthesis by 52% compared to 64% for diclofenac-K tablets (P = 0.10), 50% for ibuprofen (P = 0.85) and 79% for ASA (P = 0.002). With respect to safety, adverse events were most frequent in the ASA group, predominantly gastrointestinal events. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal injury with diclofenac-K liquid 25 mg liquid capsules was similar to diclofenac-K 25 mg tablets, significantly lower than ASA 1 g tablets and showed some superiority over ibuprofen 400 mg liquid capsules (EudraCT Number 2009-011278-14).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hawkey
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Nottingham University Hospital, UK.
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15
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Pitney M, Jepson N, Giles R, Ooi S, Allan R, Lau A, Friedman D, Loh E, Matthews J, Goldsmith R, Stevenson D. 30 Day and Twelve Month Outcome Data from Two Combined Public/private Catheter Labs. Heart Lung Circ 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2012.05.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Hann CE, Revie J, Stevenson D, Heldmann S, Desaive T, Froissart CB, Lambermont B, Ghuysen A, Kolh P, Shaw GM, Chase JG. Patient specific identification of the cardiac driver function in a cardiovascular system model. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2011; 101:201-207. [PMID: 20621383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac muscle activation or driver function, is a major determinant of cardiovascular dynamics, and is often approximated by the ratio of the left ventricle pressure to the left ventricle volume. In an intensive care unit, the left ventricle pressure is usually never measured, and the left ventricle volume is only measured occasionally by echocardiography, so is not available real-time. This paper develops a method for identifying the driver function based on correlates with geometrical features in the aortic pressure waveform. The method is included in an overall cardiovascular modelling approach, and is clinically validated on a porcine model of pulmonary embolism. For validation a comparison is done between the optimized parameters for a baseline model, which uses the direct measurements of the left ventricle pressure and volume, and the optimized parameters from the approximated driver function. The parameters do not significantly change between the two approaches thus showing that the patient specific approach to identifying the driver function is valid, and has potential clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand.
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Hann CE, Chase JG, Desaive T, Froissart CB, Revie J, Stevenson D, Lambermont B, Ghuysen A, Kolh P, Shaw GM. Unique parameter identification for cardiac diagnosis in critical care using minimal data sets. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2010; 99:75-87. [PMID: 20097440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lumped parameter approaches for modelling the cardiovascular system typically have many parameters of which a significant percentage are often not identifiable from limited data sets. Hence, significant parts of the model are required to be simulated with little overall effect on the accuracy of data fitting, as well as dramatically increasing the complexity of parameter identification. This separates sub-structures of more complex cardiovascular system models to create uniquely identifiable simplified models that are one to one with the measurements. In addition, a new concept of parameter identification is presented where the changes in the parameters are treated as an actuation force into a feed back control system, and the reference output is taken to be steady state values of measured volume and pressure. The major advantage of the method is that when it converges, it must be at the global minimum so that the solution that best fits the data is always found. By utilizing continuous information from the arterial/pulmonary pressure waveforms and the end-diastolic time, it is shown that potentially, the ventricle volume is not required in the data set, which was a requirement in earlier published work. The simplified models can also act as a bridge to identifying more sophisticated cardiac models, by providing an initial set of patient specific parameters that can reveal trends and interactions in the data over time. The goal is to apply the simplified models to retrospective data on groups of patients to help characterize population trends or un-modelled dynamics within known bounds. These trends can assist in improved prediction of patient responses to cardiac disturbance and therapy intervention with potentially smaller and less invasive data sets. In this way a more complex model that takes into account individual patient variation can be developed, and applied to the improvement of cardiovascular management in critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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18
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Matos L, Stevenson D, Gomes F, Silva-Carvalho J, Almeida H. Superoxide dismutase expression in human cumulus oophorus cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:411-9. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Cook RM, Stevenson D, Weinstein B. Synthesis of a decapeptide sequence (A28-A37) of rubredoxin. Amino acids and peptides. XXXVI. Int J Pept Protein Res 2009; 6:55-8. [PMID: 4416024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1974.tb02360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Thomas PB, Zhu Z, Selvam S, Samant DM, Stevenson D, Mircheff AK, Schechter JE, Song SW, Trousdale MD. Autoimmune dacryoadenitis and keratoconjunctivitis induced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of autologous lymphocytes activated ex vivo against lacrimal antigens. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:116-22. [PMID: 18534818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), activated in a mixed cell reaction when co-cultured with purified rabbit lacrimal epithelial cells, are known to induce a Sjögren's-like autoimmune dacryoadenitis and keratoconjunctivitis when injected directly back into the donor animal's inferior lacrimal gland (LG). This study shows that autoreactive lymphocytes injected subcutaneously in a site away from the LG is capable of inducing an autoimmune disease in a rabbit. Induced disease (ID) develops more slowly, taking 4weeks as compared to 2weeks in the direct injection model. Initially, both clinical symptoms and histopathology are less pronounced than in the direct injection ID model, but later the immunocytochemistry shows the same CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 4:1 for both injection methods. The finding that lymphocytes activated against lacrimal antigens can travel or home from the injection site back to the inferior and superior LG, as well as the conjunctiva, suggests that these anatomical sites may have common epitopes that induce pathogenic CD4+ T cells that produce a Sjögren's-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Thomas
- Ocular Surface Center, Department. of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033-4682, USA
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21
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Carvalho F, Sousa M, Silva J, Oliveira C, Teixeira DSJ, Stevenson D, Calejo L, Xavier P, Barros A. 7.009 Term pregnancies after PGD for Portuguese familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Reprod Biomed Online 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Upadhyaya M, Huson SM, Davies M, Thomas N, Chuzhanova N, Giovannini S, Evans DG, Howard E, Kerr B, Griffiths S, Consoli C, Side L, Adams D, Pierpont M, Hachen R, Barnicoat A, Li H, Wallace P, Van Biervliet JP, Stevenson D, Viskochil D, Baralle D, Haan E, Riccardi V, Turnpenny P, Lazaro C, Messiaen L. An absence of cutaneous neurofibromas associated with a 3-bp inframe deletion in exon 17 of the NF1 gene (c.2970-2972 delAAT): evidence of a clinically significant NF1 genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:140-51. [PMID: 17160901 PMCID: PMC1785321 DOI: 10.1086/510781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is characterized by cafe-au-lait spots, skinfold freckling, and cutaneous neurofibromas. No obvious relationships between small mutations (<20 bp) of the NF1 gene and a specific phenotype have previously been demonstrated, which suggests that interaction with either unlinked modifying genes and/or the normal NF1 allele may be involved in the development of the particular clinical features associated with NF1. We identified 21 unrelated probands with NF1 (14 familial and 7 sporadic cases) who were all found to have the same c.2970-2972 delAAT (p.990delM) mutation but no cutaneous neurofibromas or clinically obvious plexiform neurofibromas. Molecular analysis identified the same 3-bp inframe deletion (c.2970-2972 delAAT) in exon 17 of the NF1 gene in all affected subjects. The Delta AAT mutation is predicted to result in the loss of one of two adjacent methionines (codon 991 or 992) ( Delta Met991), in conjunction with silent ACA-->ACG change of codon 990. These two methionine residues are located in a highly conserved region of neurofibromin and are expected, therefore, to have a functional role in the protein. Our data represent results from the first study to correlate a specific small mutation of the NF1 gene to the expression of a particular clinical phenotype. The biological mechanism that relates this specific mutation to the suppression of cutaneous neurofibroma development is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Upadhyaya
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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23
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Stevenson D, Reid E. Determination of Chlorpromazine and Its Sulfoxide and 7-Hydroxy Metabolites by Ion-Pair High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718108055479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Stevenson D, Reid E. Determination Of Chlorpromazine And Its Sulfoxide And 7-Hydroxy Metabolites By Ion-Pair High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032718108059841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Fried D, Rosenman J, Foskey M, Stevenson D, Bragg A, Morris D, Anscher M. 2553. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.07.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Stevenson D, Agate B, Tsampoula X, Fischer P, Brown CTA, Sibbett W, Riches A, Gunn-Moore F, Dholakia K. Femtosecond optical transfection of cells: viability and efficiency. Opt Express 2006; 14:7125-33. [PMID: 19529083 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.007125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoporation is a rapidly expanding technique for the introduction of macromolecules into single cells. However, there remains no study into the true efficiency of this procedure. Here, we present a detailed analysis of transfection efficiency and cell viability for femtosecond optical transfection using a titanium sapphire laser at 800 nm. Photoporation of 4000 Chinese Hamster ovary cells was performed, representing the largest optical transfection study reported to date. We have investigated a range of laser fluences at the cell membrane and, at 1.2 microJ/cm(2), have found an average transfection efficiency of 50 +/- 10%. Contrary to recent literature, in which 100% efficiency is claimed, our measure of efficiency accounts for all irradiated cells, including those lost as a result of laser treatment, thereby providing a true biological measure of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Photonics, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Scotland, UK.
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27
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Dentener F, Stevenson D, Ellingsen K, Van Noije T, Schultz M, Amann M, Atherton C, Bell N, Bergmann D, Bey I, Bouwman L, Butler T, Cofala J, Collins B, Drevet J, Doherty R, Eickhout B, Eskes H, Fiore A, Gauss M, Hauglustaine D, Horowitz L, Isaksen ISA, Josse B, Lawrence M, Krol M, Lamarque JF, Montanaro V, Müller JF, Peuch VH, Pitari G, Pyle J, Rast S, Rodriguez I, Sanderson M, Savage NH, Shindell D, Strahan S, Szopa S, Sudo K, Van Dingenen R, Wild O, Zeng G. The global atmospheric environment for the next generation. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:3586-94. [PMID: 16786698 DOI: 10.1021/es0523845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Air quality, ecosystem exposure to nitrogen deposition, and climate change are intimately coupled problems: we assess changes in the global atmospheric environment between 2000 and 2030 using 26 state-of-the-art global atmospheric chemistry models and three different emissions scenarios. The first (CLE) scenario reflects implementation of current air quality legislation around the world, while the second (MFR) represents a more optimistic case in which all currently feasible technologies are applied to achieve maximum emission reductions. We contrast these scenarios with the more pessimistic IPCC SRES A2 scenario. Ensemble simulations for the year 2000 are consistent among models and show a reasonable agreement with surface ozone, wet deposition, and NO2 satellite observations. Large parts of the world are currently exposed to high ozone concentrations and high deposition of nitrogen to ecosystems. By 2030, global surface ozone is calculated to increase globally by 1.5 +/- 1.2 ppb (CLE) and 4.3 +/- 2.2 ppb (A2), using the ensemble mean model results and associated +/-1 sigma standard deviations. Only the progressive MFR scenario will reduce ozone, by -2.3 +/- 1.1 ppb. Climate change is expected to modify surface ozone by -0.8 +/- 0.6 ppb, with larger decreases over sea than over land. Radiative forcing by ozone increases by 63 +/- 15 and 155 +/- 37 mW m(-2) for CLE and A2, respectively, and decreases by -45 +/- 15 mW m(-2) for MFR. We compute that at present 10.1% of the global natural terrestrial ecosystems are exposed to nitrogen deposition above a critical load of 1 g N m(-2) yr(-1). These percentages increase by 2030 to 15.8% (CLE), 10.5% (MFR), and 25% (A2). This study shows the importance of enforcing current worldwide air quality legislation and the major benefits of going further. Nonattainment of these air quality policy objectives, such as expressed by the SRES-A2 scenario, would further degrade the global atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dentener
- Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, via E. Fermi 1, 1-21020, Ispra, Italy.
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Abstract
Testing for subtelomere abnormalities in patients with idiopathic mental retardation has become a useful diagnostic tool. However, limited data exist regarding genotype/phenotype correlations for specific subtelomere imbalances. We have ascertained five patients with 6q subtelomere deletions either as a result of an isolated deletion or as a result of an unbalanced translocation, and developed a molecular ruler assay utilizing BAC or PAC clones and determined the size of the deleted regions to range from <0.5 to 8 Mb. To establish genotype/phenotype correlations for distal 6q, we compared the clinical features of these patients to previously reported cases of 6q subtelomere and cytogenetically visible deletions and found that they shared multiple abnormalities, suggesting that the causative genes may lie in the region of the smallest 6q subtelomeric deletion, approximately 400 kb from the telomere. However, multiple unique features were present only in patients with cytogenetically visible 6q deletions, indicative that genes involved in the development of these features may lie more proximally on 6q. These initial studies demonstrate the ability to develop genotype/phenotype correlations for subtelomere rearrangements, which will aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of these patients and may help narrow the search for relevant developmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Eash
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Wang Y, Chiu C, Nakamura T, Petridou B, Yarber F, Stevenson D, Trousdale M, Hamm-Alvarez S, Mircheff A. Effect of Prolactin Over-Expression on Rabbit Lacrimal Acinar Cell Secretory Function. Ocul Surf 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chee YL, Vickers MA, Stevenson D, Holyoake TL, Culligan DJ. Fatal myelodysplastic syndrome developing during therapy with imatinib mesylate and characterised by the emergence of complex Philadelphia negative clones. Leukemia 2003; 17:634-5. [PMID: 12646955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nielsen K, Widdison J, Balachandran A, Stevenson D, Algire J. Failure to demonstrate involvement of antibodies to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 89:197-205. [PMID: 12383651 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a soil microbe, contains molecular sequences which resemble those found in neurofilaments of the brain tissue. It was hypothesized that if cattle ingest large amounts of feedstuff containing A. calcoaceticus, they may develop an autoimmune reaction, with consequences of pathological changes associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The hypothesis was tested using a small number of serum samples collected from cattle and it was found that affected individuals had elevated serum antibody levels to this organism. If this finding was substantiated, it would provide a possible means of diagnosing TSEs in vivo. In the present communication, a larger number of cattle, elk and sheep with or without TSEs were tested using A. calcoaceticus whole cell and lipopolysaccharide antigens as well as myelin basic protein (MBP). It was found that antibody levels in normal and affected animals overlapped considerably, thus casting doubt on the usefulness of these antigens as diagnostic tools for TSEs and on the hypothesis of A. calcoaceticus being a cause of TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nielsen
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ont, Canada K2H 8P9.
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Stevenson D, Wokosin D, Girkin J, Grant MH. Measurement of the intracellular distribution of reduced glutathione in cultured rat hepatocytes using monochlorobimane and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:609-19. [PMID: 12206828 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(02)00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in protecting cells from toxicity by maintaining intracellular redox status, conjugating with electrophilic xenobiotics and free radicals, and detoxifying reactive peroxides. Several toxic chemicals interact with GSH during their metabolism, and in many cases it would be advantageous to monitor intracellular GSH distribution during that process. We present a novel method to monitor intracellular GSH levels utilising a new laser light source, InGaN laser, for confocal microscopy and fluorescent detection of monochlorobimane (mBCl) binding to GSH. The sensitivity of the method was compared with that obtained using o-phthalaldehyde (OPT) as a fluorochrome. In the presence of a source of glutathione S-transferase (GST), mBCl was specific for GSH, forming a fluorescent conjugate that was retained in hepatocytes for at least 35 min. mBCl was able to detect the GSH depleting effects caused by progressive inhibition of GSH synthesis by increasing concentrations of buthionine sulfoximine. It effectively monitored the rapid effects of menadione and chromium VI metabolism on intracellular GSH levels in the cytosol and nuclear compartments of the cells. The combination of a specific stain, a novel laser light source and confocal microscopy provide a valuable system for mechanistic studies of intracellular GSH distribution in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow G4 0NW, Scotland, UK
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Anwer MK, Spatola AF, Bossinger CD, Flanigan E, Liu RC, Olsen DB, Stevenson D. Quantitative removal of a pentadecapeptide ACTH fragment analog from a Merrifield resin using ammonium formate catalytic transfer hydrogenation: synthesis of [Asp25,Ala26,Gly27,Gln30]-ACTH-(25-39)-OH. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00168a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anderson A, Belelli D, Bennett DJ, Buchanan KI, Casula A, Cooke A, Feilden H, Gemmell DK, Hamilton NM, Hutchinson EJ, Lambert JJ, Maidment MS, McGuire R, McPhail P, Miller S, Muntoni A, Peters JA, Sansbury FH, Stevenson D, Sundaram H. Alpha-amino acid phenolic ester derivatives: novel water-soluble general anesthetic agents which allosterically modulate GABA(A) receptors. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3582-91. [PMID: 11606122 DOI: 10.1021/jm010903i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the search for a novel water-soluble general anesthetic agent the activity of an alpha-amino acid phenolic ester lead, identified from patent literature, was markedly improved. In addition to improving in vivo activity in mice, good in vitro activity at GABA(A) receptors was also conferred. Within the series of compounds good enantioselectivity for both in vitro and in vivo activity was found, supporting a protein-mediated mechanism of action for anesthesia involving allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors. alpha-Amino acid phenolic ester 19, as the hydrobromide salt Org 25435, was selected for clinical evaluation since it retained the best overall anesthetic profile coupled with improved stability and water solubility. In the clinic it proved to be an effective intravenous anesthetic in man with rapid onset of and recovery from anesthesia at doses of 3 and 4 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anderson
- Organon Research, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5SH, Scotland, U.K
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Kren V, Ulrichová J, Kosina P, Stevenson D, Sedmera P, Prikrylová V, Halada P, Simánek V. Chemoenzymatic preparation of silybin beta-glucuronides and their biological evaluation. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:1513-7. [PMID: 11095591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic glucuronidation of the optically pure silybin A (1) using ovine liver glucuronyl transferase afforded three beta-glucuronides of silybin, substituted at phenolic OH groups at the positions C-20 (2), C-7 (3), and C-5 (4) formed in the yields 27, 62.5, and 2.5%, respectively. Using these standards, it was shown that the main silybin conjugate in humans is its 20-beta-D-glucuronate (2), while the C-7 regioisomer (3) was formed in lower proportion. The rate of conjugation of (natural) silybin diastereomers 10S, 11S and 10R, 11R, and therefore also their metabolism in humans is rather different. The radical scavenging activity of 2 is considerably lower than that of its aglycone (1); however, the activity of 3 is higher than in the silybin. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that, at physiological pH, the exclusive target for one-electron oxidation of the silybin molecule is the o-methoxy-phenolic structure at C-19, C-20. This is first pharmacological study using optically pure silybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kren
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Robertson Laboratory, Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 54 Dumbarton Road, Glasgow G11 6NU, UK
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Abstract
The possibility of a subsurface ocean on Jupiter's moon Europa has been suggested on the basis of theoretical, geological, and spectroscopic arguments. But, as Stevenson explains in his Perspective, none of these arguments were compelling. In contrast, the magnetic field data obtained by the Galileo spacecraft and presented in the report by Kivelson et al., provide persuasive evidence for a conducting layer--most likely a global water ocean--near Europa's surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- Division of Geology and Planetary Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA.
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Abstract
The measurement of trace organics such as drugs and pesticides at low concentration in biological and environmental samples is a challenging analytical task. Despite recent advances in instrumentation most analysts regard sample preparation as the rate-limiting step in the overall analytical method. In recent years there has been a lot of interest in immobilising antibodies onto solid supports such as silica to provide highly selective solid-phase extraction. This paper reviews the use of immuno-affinity for solid-phase extraction. It uses as examples extraction of chlortoluron and isoproturon from water and morphine and clenbuterol in urine and plasma respectively. An extensive list of other examples is given. Optimisation procedures are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stevenson
- School of Biological Sciences, Robens Analytical Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Hanley S, Edwards D, Stevenson D, Haines S, Hegarty M, Schuch W, Edwards KJ. Identification of transposon-tagged genes by the random sequencing of Mutator-tagged DNA fragments from Zea mays. Plant J 2000; 23:557-566. [PMID: 10972882 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have used a universal adaptor amplification procedure to isolate random Mutator-tagged fragments from Mutator-active maize plants. Direct sequence characterization of 761 Mutator-tagged fragments indicated that a significant number were homologous to sequences within the public databases. The ability of Mutator-tagged fragments to detect homology was not related to the length of the sequence within the range 100-400 bp. However, fragments above this size did show an increased chance of detecting homology to either expressed sequence tags or genes. Characterization of the insertion sites of the Mutator elements suggested that while it does target transcribed regions, Mutator does not appear to have any site preference within the transcription unit. Hybridization of previously unidentified Mutator-tagged fragments to arrayed cDNA libraries confirmed that many of these also showed homology to transcribed regions of the genome. Examination of back-crossed progeny confirmed that all the insertions examined were germinal; however, in all but one case, selfing five individual Mutator-tagged lines failed to reveal an obvious phenotype. This study suggests that the random sequencing of Mutator-tagged fragments is capable of producing both a significant number of interesting transposon tagged genes and mutant plant lines, all of which could be extremely valuable in future gene discovery and functional genomics programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanley
- IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, Long Ashton, Bristol BS41 9AF, UK
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Stevenson D, Tauber J, Reis BL. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease: a dose-ranging, randomized trial. The Cyclosporin A Phase 2 Study Group. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:967-74. [PMID: 10811092 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy, safety, formulation tolerability, and optimal dosing of a novel cyclosporin A oil-in-water emulsion formulation for the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease. DESIGN Randomized, multicenter, double-masked, parallel-group, dose-response controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Total enrollment: 162 patients; cyclosporin A groups: 129 patients; vehicle group: 33 patients. INTERVENTION Patients instilled study medication (cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4%, or vehicle) twice daily into both eyes for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week posttreatment observation period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES EFFICACY rose bengal staining, superficial punctate keratitis, Schirmer tear test, symptoms of ocular discomfort, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI; a measure of symptom frequency and impact on vision-related functioning). SAFETY biomicroscopy, cyclosporin A blood levels, conjunctival microbiology, intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and monitoring of adverse events. RESULTS In a subset of 90 patients with moderate-to-severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca, the most significant improvements with cyclosporin A treatment were in rose bengal staining, superficial punctate keratitis, sandy or gritty feeling, dryness, and itching, with improvements persisting into the posttreatment period in some treatment groups. There was also a decrease in OSDI scores, indicating a decrease in the effect of ocular symptoms on patients' daily lives. There was no clear dose-response relationship, but cyclosporin A 0.1% produced the most consistent improvement in objective and subjective end points and cyclosporin A 0.05% gave the most consistent improvement in patient symptoms. The vehicle also performed well, perhaps because of its long residence time on the ocular surface. There were no significant adverse effects, no microbial overgrowth, and no increased risk of ocular infection in any treatment group. The highest cyclosporin A blood concentration detected was 0.16 ng/ml. All treatments were well tolerated by patients. CONCLUSIONS Cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsions, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4%, were safe and well tolerated, significantly improved the ocular signs and symptoms of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease, and decreased the effect of the disease on vision-related functioning. Cyclosporin A 0.05% and 0.1% were deemed the most appropriate formulations for future clinical studies because no additional benefits were observed with the higher concentrations.
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Schönthal AH, Warren DW, Stevenson D, Schecter JE, Azzarolo AM, Mircheff AK, Trousdale MD. Proliferation of lacrimal gland acinar cells in primary culture. Stimulation by extracellular matrix, EGF, and DHT. Exp Eye Res 2000; 70:639-49. [PMID: 10870522 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of lacrimal dysfunction and insufficiency, a major cause of dry eye, has been hampered by the inability to induce the proliferation of primary lacrimal acinar cells in vitro. Particularly in light of observations that androgens are able to support the overall size and functional status of the lacrimal glands as well as certain specific lacrimal functions, an in vitro culture system that is permissive for cell proliferation would be most beneficial to study the molecular basis for these processes. Here, we report on the successful establishment of such a system. Using a culture system containing Hepato Stim Medium and Matrigel, we were able to induce the efficient proliferation of primary rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The generation of this in vitro cell culture system should greatly facilitate study of the regulation of acinar cell function at the molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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Johnson PJ, Poon TC, Hjelm NM, Ho CS, Ho SK, Welby C, Stevenson D, Patel T, Parekh R, Townsend RR. Glycan composition of serum alpha-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ cell tumour. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:1188-95. [PMID: 10584881 PMCID: PMC2374329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although estimation of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is widely used in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCT), the clinical usefulness of this test is limited by a low specificity. However, there exist glycoforms of AFP which may be more specific for particular tumours. Previously, detailed analysis has been prevented by the low levels of AFP in human serum. We report here the application of fluorescence labelling, sequential exoglycosidase digestion, high-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization in time-of-flight mass spectrometry, to determine the glycan structures of purified serum AFP from patients with HCC and NSGCT. Eleven major glycans were found, of which seven were N-linked, and four were O-linked, to the protein backbone. The structure of the N-linked glycans (all of bi-antennary complex-type with varying degrees of sialylation, fucosylation and galactosylation) were consistent with those previously reported. The O-linked glycans (three mucin O-GalNAc type glycans with variable degrees of sialylation, one O-HexNAc monosaccharide glycan) have not previously been reported. The finding of mucin O-GalNAc type glycans was supported by the prediction of potential O-GalNAc glycosylation sites on the protein backbone by analysis of the AFP structure by molecular modelling. With knowledge of these structures it may be possible to develop more specific assays for the detection of HCC and NSGCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, SAR, China
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Abstract
An immuno-extraction column for clenbuterol has been prepared. Optimum conditions for the selective retention and elution of clenbuterol have been developed, based on a modification of our earlier work on morphine, chlortoluron and isoproturon. Clenbuterol could be retained on the immuno-column then eluted in one x one ml fraction using 50% methanol in phosphate buffered saline pH 2. On columns containing antisera (but not to clenbuterol) the clenbuterol was removed in the washing step. HPLC-UV determination gave clean traces. Day-to-day reproducibility was improved by precipitating the plasma proteins with acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Rashid
- Robens Analytical Centre, School of Biological Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Abstract
This study addresses the extent of variation in secreted end-product mucins in human conjunctival mucus. The aim was to determine whether the variety of mucin species found was encompassed by the mucin genes which have been cloned to date. Extraction into guanidine hydrochloride and separation of mucin constituents, by a combination of cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation, size separation on Sepharose CL-2B, MonoQ ion exchange chromatography and agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrates a complex mixture of mucins. Sample size limitations precluded compositional amino acid analysis. MUC 5AC and MUC1, 2, and 4 are all detected in the buoyant density range 1.3-1.5 g/ml by antibody binding. The mucins vary in size from >40 x 10(6)to <97 x 10(3)Da. A wide range of molecular size was confirmed using rate zonal centrifugation. The presence of smaller species contrasts with other mucous secretions similarly studied. In each size range are low, medium, and high charge mucins. Sialylation predominates in the medium charge and sulfate in the high charge. Only MUC5AC cross-reactivity is maintained throughout the analysis. It is detected in large and medium sized mucins but accounts for only the least mobile mucins within copurified species of similar density, size, and charge resolved using agarose electrophoresis. MUC5AC cross-reactivity is also detected in both medium and high charge species, indicating the presence of glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Ellingham
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of Bristol Department of Hospital Medicine, Bristol Eye Hospital, UK
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Hiebl J, Alberts DP, Banyard AF, Baresch K, Baumgartner H, Bernwieser I, Bhatnagar PK, Blanka M, Bodenteich M, Chen T, Esch PM, Kollmann H, Lantos I, Leitner K, Mayrhofer G, Patel R, Rio A, Rovenszky F, Stevenson D, Tubman KD, Undheim K, Weihtrager H, Welz W, Winkler K. Large-scale synthesis of hematoregulatory nonapeptide SK&F 107647 by fragment coupling. J Pept Res 1999; 54:54-65. [PMID: 10448970 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Linear and convergent routes for the large-scale preparation of the hematoregulatory nonapeptide (Glp-Glu-Asp)2-DAS-(Lys)2 (2, SK&F 107647) were investigated. A convergent approach ('3 + 2'-route employing Boc-and benzyl ester protecting groups) was selected for the preparation of multihundred-gram quantities of 2. Key steps were the preparation and the coupling of tripeptide hydrochloride (HCl.H)2-DAS-(Lys(Z)-OBn)2 (6, DAS-2,7-L,L-diaminosuberic acid) and tripeptide Glp-Glu(OBn)-Asp(OBn)-OH (26). Several coupling reagents were investigated in order to reduce the amount of epimerization of this fragment coupling. TDBTU [O-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-yl-1,1,3,3-tetrameth yluronium tetrafluoroborate] was identified as the condensation reagent of choice. Using this synthetic route > 97% pure final product in an overall yield of 35% calculated on di-Boc protected 2,7-L,L-diaminosuberic acid was prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hiebl
- Topcro Pharma Research GmbH, Linz, Austria
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Hertz D, Fuller D, Davis T, Papile L, Stevenson D, Lemons J. Comparison of DNA probe technology and automated continuous-monitoring blood culture systems in the detection of neonatal bacteremia. J Perinatol 1999; 19:290-3. [PMID: 10685241 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study assessed the ability of a rapid chemiluminescent DNA probe assay to detect bacterial growth in blood culture specimens before their detection by continuous-monitoring blood culture (CMBC) systems. STUDY DESIGN Three newborn intensive care units, which are members of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, participated in this study. Each center employs an automated CMBC system against which the DNA probe was compared. A total of 1700 blood cultures were analyzed. A 3-ml aliquot of culture medium was removed from each culture during early incubation, processed, and analyzed by the DNA probe. RESULTS Of 1700 blood cultures, 130 (7.6%) were detected positive by a CMBC system. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were present in 90 (69%) of the positive cultures, and 26 (29%) were detected by the DNA probe. Other organisms accounted for the remaining 40 positive cultures, and 31 (78%) of these were detected by the probe assay. Seventy-six percent of all positive cultures were detected by a CMBC system within 24 hours. Ninety-eight percent of all positive cultures were detected by a CMBC system within 48 hours. Of the two organisms that grew in a CMBC system beyond 48 hours, both were CNS and one of these was considered a contaminant. Therefore, 99% of clinically significant organisms were detected by a CMBC system within 48 hours. CONCLUSION This DNA probe is not sufficiently sensitive to be clinically useful; however, automated CMBC systems are sufficiently sensitive to aid in clinical decision-making regarding the continuance or discontinuance of antibiotic therapy following 48 hours of culture incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hertz
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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Schönthal AH, Hwang JJ, Stevenson D, Trousdale MD. Expression and activity of cell cycle-regulatory proteins in normal and transformed corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 1999; 68:531-9. [PMID: 10328966 DOI: 10.1006/exer.1998.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelial cells have a limited capacity for proliferation. Upon transformation with the SV40 large T antigen, however, these cells undergo division and grow rapidly. In order to gain insight into the control mechanisms that determine this proliferative switch, we investigated the expression level and activity of various known cell cycle-regulatory proteins in these cells. Primary human and rabbit corneal endothelial cells were transduced in vitro with a replication-defective adenovirus containing SV40 large T antigen, and subsequently the expression and activity of cell cycle-regulatory proteins was analyzed. Cells transduced with large T antigen exhibited strongly increased activity of cyclin-dependent kinases. This increase correlated with the elevated expression of various cyclin-dependent kinase subunits, such as cyclin A, and to a lesser extent, cyclin D, cdk2, and cdk4. Furthermore, the expression of two cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(WAF1) and p27(KIP1), which was high in primary human cells (but not in primary rabbit cells), was strongly reduced in large T-antigen transduced cells. Thus, the remarkably low proliferative activity of normal human corneal endothelial cells appears to be regulated at two levels: the expression of certain cell cycle-regulatory proteins that are essential for cell cycle progression is extremely low (cyclin A) or somewhat low (cdk2 and cdk4); but the amount of p21 and p27, inhibitors of cell cycle progression, is very high. As a consequence, the enzymatic activity of cyclin-dependent kinase is below detectable levels. However, the growth-inhibitory status of these components is clearly reversible: upon transduction with large T antigen, the expression of cyclin A, cyclin D, cdk2, and cdk4 is induced, whereas the expression of p21 and p27 is inhibited, and the cells proliferate. Thus, our study provides insight into the molecular basis of the attenuated proliferation of corneal endothelial cells and suggests potential targets that could be manipulated for the purpose of therapeutic interventions aimed at renewed cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Kenneth Norris Jr Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Gene Therapy Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Lyder CH, Yu C, Emerling J, Mangat R, Stevenson D, Empleo-Frazier O, McKay J. The Braden Scale for pressure ulcer risk: evaluating the predictive validity in Black and Latino/Hispanic elders. Appl Nurs Res 1999; 12:60-8. [PMID: 10319520 DOI: 10.1016/s0897-1897(99)80332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive validity of the Braden scale in predicting pressure sore risk and to determine the physiological and nonphysiological variables associated with the prediction of pressure ulcers in Black and Latino/Hispanic elders. A prospective clinical design ws used to conduct the study. Among 74 patients aged 60 years or older, 24 patients (32%) developed either a stage 1 or stage 2 pressure ulcer. Black elders had a higher incidence rate (21%) than Latino/Hispanic elders (11%). A 2-tailed Fisher's exact test revealed that the Braden scale with a cutoff score of 18 was highly associated with predicting Black elders aged 75 years and older who were at risk of developing pressure ulcers (p < or = .011). Sensitivity was 81% and specificity was 100%. The female gender was also a highly significant factor in the development of pressure ulcers (chi 2(1, N = 49) = 6.4, p < or = .011). Overall, the Braden scale was found to be a valid tool in predicting pressure ulcer risk in Black elders aged 75 years or older when a cutoff score of 18 is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lyder
- Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT
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Zhou JZ, Kou X, Stevenson D. Rapid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of parthenolide in feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:1018-1022. [PMID: 10552409 DOI: 10.1021/jf980798u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for quantifying parthenolide in feverfew herb (Tanacetum parthenium) was developed that is significantly faster than those reported in the literature. The extraction system consisted of acetonitrile/water (90:10, v/v) in a bottle with stirring for 30 min. Both Soxhlet and bottle-stirring extractions were studied. Samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a Cosmosil C18-AR column (150 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm, 120 A). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water (55:45, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and UV detection at 210 nm. Analysis time was 6 min, with a detection limit of 0.10 ng on column. The calibration curve was linear over a range of 0.160-850 microg/mL parthenolide with R(2) = 0.9999. Replicate tests indicated good reproducibility of the method with an RSD% = 0.88 (n = 10). Spike recovery of parthenolide was found to be 99.3% with an RSD% = 1.6 (n = 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Zhou
- Department of Research and Development, Nature's Sunshine Products, Inc., 1655 North Main Street, Spanish Fork, Utah 84660, USA.
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