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Giardino E, Catalano R, Mangili F, Barbieri AM, Treppiedi D, Elli FM, Dolci A, Contarino A, Spada A, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Peverelli E. Octreotide and pasireotide effects on medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cells growth, migration and invasion. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111092. [PMID: 33248230 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm of the parafollicular thyroid C cells. Although somatostatin receptors are expressed by MTCs, treatment with octreotide has shown poor efficacy, whereas recently pasireotide has demonstrated antiproliferative effects in persistent postoperative MTCs. Aim of this study was to test the effects of octreotide and pasireotide on MTC cells proliferation, cell cycle proteins expression, MAPK activation, apoptosis, calcitonin secretion, migration and invasion in TT cell line as well as in primary MTC cultured cells. Our results showed that both octreotide and pasireotide reduced TT cell proliferation (-35.2 ± 12.1%, p < 0.001, and -25.3 ± 24.8%, p < 0.05, at 10-8 M, respectively), with concomitant inhibition of ERK phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. This cytostatic effect was accompanied by a proapoptotic action, with an increase of caspase3/7 activity of 1.5-fold. Moreover, both octreotide and pasireotide inhibited cell migration (-50.9 ± 11.3%, p < 0.01, and -40.5 ± 17%, p < 0.05, respectively) and invasion (-61.3 ± 35.1%, p < 0.05, and -49.7 ± 18%, p < 0.01, respectively). No effect was observed on calcitonin secretion. We then tried to extend these observations to primary cultures (n = 5). Octreotide and/or pasireotide were effective in reducing cells proliferation in 3 out of 5 tumors, and to induce cell apoptosis in 1 out of 3 MTCs. Both octreotide and pasireotide were able to reduce cell migration in all MTC tested. SST2, SST3 and SST5 were expressed in all MTC, with a tendency to increased expression of SST2 in RET mutated vs wild type MTCs. In agreement, inhibition of mutated RET in TT cells reduced SST2 expression. In conclusion, we demonstrated that octreotide and pasireotide inhibited cell proliferation and invasiveness in a subset of MTC, supporting their potential use in the control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giardino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A M Barbieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F M Elli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - A Dolci
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - A Contarino
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Italy.
| | - E Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Giardino E, Catalano R, Barbieri AM, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Spada A, Arosio M, Mantovani G, Peverelli E. Cofilin is a mediator of RET-promoted medullary thyroid carcinoma cell migration, invasion and proliferation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 495:110519. [PMID: 31352037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that originates from parafollicular thyroid C cells and accounts for 5% of thyroid cancers. In inherited cases of MTC, and in about 40% of sporadic cases, activating mutations of the receptor tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene RET are found. Constitutively active RET triggers signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival and motility, but the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation of C-cells have been only partially elucidated. Cofilin is a key regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. A crucial role of cofilin in tumor development, progression, invasion and metastasis has been demonstrated in different human cancers, but no data are available in MTC. Interestingly, RET activation upregulates cofilin gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate cofilin contribution in invasiveness and growth of MTC cells, and its relevance in the context of mutant RET signaling. We found that cofilin transfection in human MTC cell line TT significantly increased migration (178 ± 44%, p < 0.001), invasion (165 ± 28%, p < 0.01) and proliferation (146 ± 18%, p < 0.001), accompanied by an increase of ERK1/2 phosphorylation (2.23-fold) and cyclin D1 levels (1.43-fold). Accordingly, all these responses were significantly reduced after genetic silencing of cofilin (-55 ± 10% migration, p < 0.001, -41 ± 8% invasion, p < 0.001, -17 ± 3% proliferation, p < 0.001). These results have been confirmed in primary cells cultures obtained from human MTCs. The inhibition of constitutively active RET in TT cells by both the RET pharmacological inhibitor RPI-1 and the transfection of dominant negative RET mutant (RETΔTK) resulted in a reduction of cofilin expression (-37 ± 8%, p < 0.001 and -31 ± 16%, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, RPI-1 inhibitory effects on TT cell migration (-57 ± 13%, p < 0.01), but not on cell proliferation, were completely abolished in cells transfected with cofilin. In conclusion, these data indicate that an unbalanced cofilin expression, induced by oncogenic RET, contributes to promote MTC invasiveness and growth, suggesting the possibility of targeting cofilin pathway for more effective treatment of MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giardino
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Barbieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Mantovani G, Treppiedi D, Giardino E, Catalano R, Mangili F, Vercesi P, Arosio M, Spada A, Peverelli E. Cytoskeleton actin-binding proteins in clinical behavior of pituitary tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R95-R108. [PMID: 30589642 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although generally benign, pituitary tumors are frequently locally invasive, with reduced success of neurosurgery and unresponsive to pharmacological treatment with somatostatin or dopamine analogues. The molecular basis of the different biological behavior of pituitary tumors are still poorly identified, but a body of work now suggests that the activity of specific cytoskeleton proteins is a key factor regulating both the invasiveness and drug resistance of these tumors. This review recapitulates the experimental evidence supporting a role for the actin-binding protein filamin A (FLNA) in the regulation of somatostatin and dopamine receptors expression and signaling in pituitary tumors, thus in determining the responsiveness to currently used drugs, somatostatin analogues and dopamine receptor type 2 agonists. Regarding the regulation of invasive behavior of pituitary tumoral cells, we bring evidence to the role of the actin-severing protein cofilin, whose activation status may be modulated by dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs, through FLNA involvement. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of FLNA expression and function in pituitary tumors will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mantovani
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Endocrinological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Vercesi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Peverelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Catalano R, Mangili F, Locatelli M, Lania AG, Arosio M, Spada A, Mantovani G. A novel pathway activated by somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2): Inhibition of pituitary tumor cell migration and invasion through cytoskeleton protein recruitment. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1842-1852. [PMID: 29226331 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological therapy of GH-secreting pituitary tumors is based on somatostatin (SS) analogs that reduce GH secretion and cell proliferation by binding mainly SS receptors type 2 (SST2). Antimigratory effects of SS have been demonstrated in different cell models, but no data on pituitary tumors are available. Aims of our study were to evaluate SST2 effects on migration and invasion of human and rat tumoral somatotrophs, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved focusing on the role of cofilin and filamin A (FLNA). Our data revealed that SST2 agonist BIM23120 significantly reduced GH3 cells migration (-22% ± 3.6%, p < 0.001) and invasion on collagen IV (-31.3% ± 12.2%, p < 0.01), both these effects being reproduced by octreotide and pasireotide. Similar results were obtained in primary cultured cells from human GH-secreting tumors. These inhibitory actions were accompanied by a marked increase in RhoA/ROCK-dependent cofilin phosphorylation (about 2.7-fold in GH3 and 2.1-fold in human primary cells). Accordingly, the anti-invasive effect of the SS analog was mimicked by the overexpression in GH3 cells of the S3D phosphomimetic cofilin mutant, and abolished by both phosphodeficient S3A cofilin and a specific ROCK inhibitor that prevented cofilin phosphorylation. Moreover, FLNA silencing and FLNA dominant-negative mutants FLNA19-20 and FLNA21-24 transfection demonstrated that FLNA plays a scaffold function for SST2-mediated cofilin phosphorylation. Accordingly, cofilin recruitment to agonist-activated SST2 was completely lost in FLNA silenced cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that SST2 inhibits rat and human tumoral somatotrophs migration and invasion through a molecular mechanism that involves FLNA-dependent cofilin recruitment and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Catalano
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Mangili
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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5
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Peverelli E, Catalano R, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Morelli V, Ronchi CL, Vaczlavik A, Fusco N, Ferrero S, Bertherat J, Beuschlein F, Chiodini I, Arosio M, Spada A, Mantovani G. Cofilin is a cAMP effector in mediating actin cytoskeleton reorganization and steroidogenesis in mouse and human adrenocortical tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:54-63. [PMID: 28826686 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
cAMP pathway plays a major role in the pathogenesis of cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenomas (CPA). cAMP-induced steroidogenesis is preceded by actin cytoskeleton reorganization, a process regulated by cofilin activity. In this study we investigated cofilin role in mediating cAMP effects on cell morphology and steroidogenesis in adrenocortical tumor cells. We demonstrated that forskolin induced cell rounding and strongly reduced phosphorylated (P)-cofilin/total cofilin ratio in Y1 (-52 ± 16%, p < 0.001) and human CPA cells (-53 ± 18%, p < 0.05). Cofilin silencing significantly reduced both forskolin-induced morphological changes and progesterone production (1.3-fold vs 1.8-fold in controls, p < 0.05), whereas transfection of wild-type or S3A (active), but not S3D (inactive) cofilin, potentiated forskolin effects on cell rounding and increased 3-fold progesterone synthesis with respect to control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, cofilin dephosphorylation by a ROCK inhibitor potentiated forskolin-induced cell rounding and steroidogenesis (2-fold increase vs forskolin alone). Finally, we found a reduced P-cofilin/total cofilin ratio and increased cofilin expression in CPA vs endocrine inactive adenomas by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Overall, these results identified cofilin as a mediator of cAMP effects on both morphological changes and steroidogenesis in mouse and human adrenocortical tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - R Catalano
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - V Morelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C L Ronchi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Vaczlavik
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - N Fusco
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - S Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - J Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Descartes University, Paris, France; Department of Endocrinology, Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - F Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Endocrine Research Unit, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - I Chiodini
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Arosio
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Treppiedi D, Peverelli E, Giardino E, Ferrante E, Calebiro D, Spada A, Mantovani G. Somatostatin Receptor Type 2 (SSTR2) Internalization and Intracellular Trafficking in Pituitary GH-Secreting Adenomas: Role of Scaffold Proteins and Implications for Pharmacological Resistance. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:259-268. [PMID: 27632151 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-116025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSomatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2), together with SSTR5, represents the main
target of medical treatment for growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumors,
since it is expressed in most of these tumors and exerts both antiproliferative
and cytostatic effects, and reduces hormone secretion, as well. However,
clinical practice indicates a great variability in the frequency and entity of
favorable responses of acromegalic patients to long-acting somatostatin
analogues (SSAs), but the molecular mechanisms regulating this pharmacological
resistance are not completely understood. So far, several potentially implied
mechanisms have been suggested, including impaired expression of SSTRs, or
post-receptor signal transduction alterations. More recently, new studies
exploited the molecular factors involved in SSTRs intracellular trafficking
regulation, this being a critical point for the modulation of the available
active G-coupled receptors (GPCRs) amount at the cell surface. In this respect,
the role of the scaffold proteins such as β-arrestins, and the cytoskeleton
protein Filamin A (FLNA), have become of relevant importance for GH-secreting
pituitary tumors. In fact, β-arrestins are linked to SSTR2 desensitization and
internalization, and FLNA is able to regulate SSTR2 trafficking and stability at
the plasma membrane. Therefore, the present review will summarize emerging
evidence highlighting the role of β-arrestins and FLNA, as possible novel
players in the modulation of agonist activated-SSTR2 receptor trafficking and
response in GH-secreting pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Ferrante
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Calebiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, and Rudolf Virchow Center, Bio-Imaging Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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7
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Vaira V, Corbetta S, Verdelli C, Verrua E, Serban AL, Locatelli M, Carrabba G, Gaudenzi G, Malchiodi E, Cassinelli L, Lania AG, Ferrero S, Bosari S, Vitale G, Torrente Y, Spada A, Mantovani G. Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists are effective in inhibiting proliferation of progenitor/stem-like cells isolated from nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1870-1880. [PMID: 28120505 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of progenitor/stem cells in pituitary tumorigenesis, resistance to pharmacological treatments and tumor recurrence is still unclear. This study investigated the presence of progenitor/stem cells in non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) and tested the efficacy of dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) and somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) agonists to inhibit in vitro proliferation. They found that 70% of 46 NFPTs formed spheres co-expressing stem cell markers, transcription factors (DAX1, SF1, ERG1) and gonadotropins. Analysis of tumor behavior showed that spheres formation was associated with tumor invasiveness (OR = 3,96; IC: 1.05-14.88, p = 0.036). The in vitro reduction of cell proliferation by DRD2 and SSTR2 agonists (31 ± 17% and 35 ± 13% inhibition, respectively, p < 0.01 vs. basal) occurring in about a half of NFPTs cells was conserved in the corresponding spheres. Accordingly, these drugs increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and decreased cyclin D3 expression in spheres. In conclusion, they provided further evidence for the existence of cells with a progenitor/stem cells-like phenotype in the majority of NFPTs, particularly in those with invasive behavior, and demonstrated that the antiproliferative effects of dopaminergic and somatostatinergic drugs were maintained in progenitor/stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - M Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - V Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - S Corbetta
- Endocrinology Service, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - C Verdelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - E Verrua
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Serban
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Carrabba
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan
| | - G Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Malchiodi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Cassinelli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
| | - S Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School
| | - S Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.,Endocrine and Metabolic Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Y Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Ystem Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Locatelli M, Vaira V, Ferrero S, Bosari S, Lania AG, Spada A, Mantovani G. Dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) inhibits migration and invasion of human tumorous pituitary cells through ROCK-mediated cofilin inactivation. Cancer Lett 2016; 381:279-86. [PMID: 27519461 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs) frequently present local invasiveness. Dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) agonists are the only medical therapy that induces tumor shrinkage in some patients. Invasion requires cytoskeleton rearrangements that are tightly regulated by cofilin pathway, whose alterations correlate with invasion in different tumors. We investigated the effect of DR2D agonist on NFPT cells migration/invasion and the molecular mechanisms involved. We demonstrated that DRD2 agonist reduced migration (-44 ± 25%, p < 0.01) and invasion (-34 ± 6%, p < 0.001) and increased about 4-fold Ser3-phosphorylated inactive cofilin (P-cofilin) in NFPT cells. These effects were abolished by inhibiting ROCK, a kinase that phosphorylates cofilin. The overexpression of wild-type or phosphodeficient S3A-cofilin increased HP75 cells migration (+49 ± 6% and +57 ± 9% vs empty vector, respectively, p < 0.05), while phosphomimetic mutant had no effect. Interestingly, P-cofilin levels were lower in invasive vs non-invasive tumors by both western blot (mean P-cofilin/total cofilin ratio 0.77 and 1.93, respectively, p < 0.05) and immunohistochemistry (mean percentage of P-cofilin positive cells 17.6 and 45.7, respectively, p < 0.05). In conclusion, we showed that the invasiveness of pituitary tumors is promoted by the activation of cofilin, which can be regulated by DRD2 and might represent a novel biomarker for pituitary tumors' invasive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - V Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - S Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - S Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical Institute, Rozzano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Spada
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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9
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Vitali E, Treppiedi D, Lania AG, Mantovani G. Filamin A in somatostatin and dopamine receptor regulation in pituitary and the role of cAMP/PKA dependent phosphorylation. Horm Metab Res 2014; 46:845-53. [PMID: 25068602 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1384520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance of pituitary tumors to somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) analogues treatment are not completely understood. Resistance has been associated with defective expression of functional somatostatin and dopamine receptors SSTR2, SSTR5, and DRD2, respectively. Recently, a role of cytoskeleton protein filamin A (FLNA) in DRD2 and SSTR receptors expression and signaling in PRL- and GH-secreting tumors, respectively, has been demonstrated, first revealing a link between FLNA expression and responsiveness of pituitary tumors to pharmacological therapy. No molecular events underlying the reduction of FLNA levels in resistant tumors have been so far identified. FLNA can be phosphorylated by PKA on Ser2152, with increased FLNA resistance to cleavage by calpain and conformational changes affecting FLNA regions involved in SSTR2 and DRD2 binding and signal transduction. In this respect, the effect of cAMP/PKA pathway in the regulation of FLNA stability and/or function by modulating its phosphorylation status could assume particular importance in pituitary, where cAMP cascade plays a crucial role in pituitary cell functions and tumorigenesis. This review will discuss the role of FLNA in the regulation of the main GPCRs target of pharmacological treatment of pituitary tumors, that is, SSTR2 and DRD2, focusing on the effects of cAMP/PKA-mediated FLNA phosphorylation on FLNA biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Giardino
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Vitali
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Humanitas Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - D Treppiedi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A G Lania
- Endocrine Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical Institute, Rozzano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Mantovani
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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10
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Peverelli E, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Vitali E, Cambiaghi V, Locatelli M, Lasio GB, Spada A, Lania AG, Mantovani G. Filamin A (FLNA) plays an essential role in somatostatin receptor 2 (SST2) signaling and stabilization after agonist stimulation in human and rat somatotroph tumor cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2932-41. [PMID: 24828612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2) is the main pharmacological target of medical therapy for GH-secreting pituitary tumors, but molecular mechanisms regulating its expression and signaling are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cytoskeleton protein filamin A (FLNA) in SST2 expression and signaling in somatotroph tumor cells. We found a highly variable expression of FLNA in human GH-secreting tumors, without a correlation with SST2 levels. FLNA silencing in human tumoral cells did not affect SST2 expression and localization but abolished the SST2-induced reduction of cyclin D1 (-37% ± 15% in control cells, P < .05 vs basal) and caspase-3/7 activation (+63% ± 31% in control cells, P < .05 vs basal). Overexpression of a FLNA dominant-negative mutant that specifically prevents SST2-FLNA binding reduced SST2 expression after prolonged agonist exposure (-55% ± 5%, P < .01 vs untreated cells) in GH3 cells. Moreover, SST2-induced apoptotic effect (77% ± 54% increase of caspase activity, P < .05 vs basal) and SST2-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition (48% ± 17% reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, P < .01 vs basal) were abrogated in cells overexpressing another FLNA mutant that prevents FLNA interaction with partner proteins but not with SST2, suggesting a scaffold function of FLNA in somatotrophs. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that FLNA is involved in SST2 stabilization and signaling in tumoral somatotrophs, playing both a structural and functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit (E.P., E.G., D.T., A.S., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Neurosurgery Unit (M.L.), Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milano, Italy; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (E.V., V.C.), Humanitas Research Center, Neurosurgery Unit (G.B.L.), and Endocrine Unit (A.G.L.), IRCCS Clinical and Research Institute Humanitas, Rozzano, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
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