[Monitoring and research on pathogen spectrum in patients with acute diarrhea from sentinel hospital of Zhejiang Province during 2009 to 2014]

Objective: To explore pathogen spectrum constitution of acute diarrhea in outpatient and emergency of Zhejiang Province, and provide basis for treatment, prevention and control of the disease. Methods: During January 2009 to December 2014, we selected seven sentinel hospitals in different regions of Zhejiang, monitored and researched on pathogen spectrum in patients with acute diarrhea from outpatient and emergency. We recorded patients' personal basic information, the main symptoms and signs, and collected stool samples (5 g). Eight kinds of bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Diarrheagenic E. coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia enterocolitica and Plesiomonas shigelloides) and five kinds of viruses (Rotavirus, Norovirus, Sappovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus) were detected. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability method were used to compare different characteristics of patients with single bacterial infection, single virus infection and multiple infection (bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-viruses, virus-virus). Results: During 2009 to 2014, 9 364 fecal samples from acute diarrhea patients were collected and tested, among which 3 500 cases were tested positive, with total positive rate of 37.38%. Positive rates of bacteria and viruses were 13.14% (1 230 cases) and 20.75% (1 943 cases), respectively. Mixed infection positive rate of multiple pathogens was 3.49% (327 cases). Positive rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (5.96% , 558 cases) was the highest among bacterial pathogens, followed by pathogenic Escherichia coli (3.86%, 361 cases). Viruses were mainly Norovirus (10.73%, 1 005 cases) and rotavirus (8.35%, 782 cases). A big difference existed in diarrheogenic pathogen spectrum between patients less than 15 years old and patients equal or older than 15 years old. Pathogens for patients less than 15 years old were mainly virus, with the positive rate of 32.69% (1 014 cases). However, the positive rate of bacteria was 16.86% (1 056 cases) in patients equal or older than 15 years old. Single bacterial infection was highest in age group of 25-34 years old (18.62%, 302 cases) , single virus infection was highest in age group of 1-4 years old (41.12%, 435 cases) , and mixed infections of multiple pathogens were mainly existed in age group of 1-4 years old (7.37%, 78 cases) . Pathogen positive rate were increasing year by year. Pathogen positive rate of patients with acute diarrhea has obvious seasonality, with single bacterial infection being highest during July to September and single virus infection being highest during December to March. Pathogen spectrum of outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province changed a little from 2009 to 2014, mainly rotavirus (22.34% (782/3 500)), norovirus (28.71% (1 005/3 500)), vibrio parahaemolyticus (15.92% (558/3 500)) and Escherichia coli (10.31% (361/3 500)). However, pathogen spectrums in different years owned different features. Conclusion: Common pathogens in outpatient and emergency patients with acute diarrhea in Zhejiang Province were tested with significant seasonal epidemic law. The composition of pathogenic spectrum was variant in different age group. Constitutes of major pathogen spectrum in different years differed a little.

[Epidemiologic characteristics of noroviruses isolated in outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Hangzhou area, from 2014 to 2015]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the epidemiologic characteristics of noroviruses isolated in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Hangzhou between March 2014 and April 2015.

METHODS

Stool specimens and clinical data were collected from 1 109 patients with acute gastroenteritis. Specimens were detected for noroviruses with GⅠand GⅡsubtypes by one-step double real-time RT-PCR. Some of the positive specimens were then randomly selected and amplified by multiplex RT-PCR. Those positive PCR products were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically for testing the partial capsids of noroviruses.

RESULTS

Of the 1 109 stool specimens, positive rate of noroviruses was 26.87% (298/1 109). GⅡgenotype was the major viruses with the proportion as 25.52% (283/1 109), while 1.35% (15/1 109) belonged to GⅠgenotypes. There was no significant difference in the noroviruses detection rate of the different genders (P>0.05). However, in different age groups, GⅡgenotypes were predominant types of noroviruses, and the positive rates of GⅡgenotypes were 16.94% (<5 years-old), 19.45% (5-18 years-old) and 32.26% (≥18 years-old), respectively. In different seasons, noroviruses could be detected all year round, with positive rate as 29.67%-37.08% in the highly epidemic seasons (between December and March of the following year). The distribution trends were seen certain difference between noroviruses-GⅡand GⅠtypes. Additionally, results from the sequence analysis demonstrated that GⅡ-4 genotype was the prevalent strain of GⅡ genotypes, clustered into GⅡ-4/Sydney (46.43%, 13/28) and GⅡ-4/2006b (25.0%, 7/28), while GⅠstrains clustered into GⅠ-1.

CONCLUSION

Noroviruses appeared one of the major pathogens, leading to acute gastroenteritis. G Ⅱgenotypes of noroviruses, especially the G Ⅱ-4/Sydney variant strains and GⅡ-4/2006b variant strains, were considered to be the prevalent strains prevailed in Hangzhou areas from 2014 to 2015.

EMP1 regulates caspase-9 and VEGFC expression and suppresses prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion

This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of f epithelial membrane protejn-1 (EMP-1) in prostate carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by EMP1 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze EMP1 protein expression in 76 cases of prostate cancer and 34 cases of normal tissues to study the relationship between EMP1 expression and clinical factors. EMP1 lentiviral vector and empty vector were respectively transfected into prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of EMP1. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, migration, and invasion assays were also conducted as to the influence of the upregulated expression of EMP1 that might be found on PC-3 cell biological effect. Immunohistochemistry: The level of EMP1 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in prostate cancer tissue than normal tissues (P < 0.05). Western blot: The relative amount of EMP1 protein in prostate cancer tissue was found to be significantly lower than in normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of EMP1 protein expression was not correlated with age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration (P > 0.05), but it was correlated with T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score (P < 0.05). The result of biological function shown that PC-3 cell transfected EMP1 had a lower survival fraction, higher cell apoptosis, significant decrease in migration and invasion, higher caspase-9, and lower VEGFC protein expression compared with PC-3 cell untransfected EMP1 (P < 0.05). EMP1 expression decreased in prostate cancer and correlated significantly T stages, lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score, suggesting that EMP1 may play important roles as a negative regulator to prostate cancer PC-3 cell by regulating the expression of regulation of caspase-9 and VEGFC protein.

Effect of cyclin G2 on proliferative ability of prostate cancer PC-3 cell

This study aimed to analyze the expression, clinical significance of cyclin G2 (CCNG2) in prostate carcinoma, and the biological effect in its cell line by CCNG2 overexpression. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyze CCNG2 protein expression in 85 cases of prostate cancer and normal tissues to study the relationship between CCNG2 expression and clinical factors. CCNG2 lentiviral vector and empty vector were, respectively, transfected into prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA level and protein of CCNG2. MTT assay and cell cycle were also conducted as to the influence of the upregulated expression of CCNG2 that might be found on PC-3 cells biological effect. The level of CCNG2 protein expression was found to be significantly lower in prostate cancer tissue than normal tissues (P < 0.05). The level of CCNG2 protein expression was not correlated with age, PSA contention, and tumor size (P < 0.05), but it was correlated with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score (P < 0.05). The result of biological function shown that PC-3 cell transfected CCNG2 had a lower survival fraction, more percentage of the G0/G1 phases, and lower CDK2 protein expression compared with PC-3 cell untransfected CCNG2 (P < 0.05). CCNG2 expression decreased in prostate cancer and correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis, clinic stage, and Gleason score, suggesting that CCNG2 may play important roles as a negative regulator to prostate cancer cell.