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Barrett DJ, More SJ, O' Neill RG, Collins DM, O'Keefe C, Regazzoli V, Sammin D. Exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish sheep in 2013. Vet Rec 2015; 177:494. [PMID: 26503360 PMCID: PMC4680190 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Barrett
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Doonally, Sligo, Republic of Ireland
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - R G O' Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - D M Collins
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - C O'Keefe
- Depatment of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Cork Blood Testing Laboratory, Model Farm Road, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - V Regazzoli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - D Sammin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
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Barrett D, More SJ, O'Neill R, Bradshaw B, Casey M, Keane M, McGrath G, Sammin D. Prevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle during October 2012 to November 2013. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:267. [PMID: 26486852 PMCID: PMC4618175 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was first identified in November 2011. It is a novel Orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae) whose main ill effect is congenital malformation of the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. It is borne by Culicoides spp., and has spread extensively in western Europe. The first case of SBV in Ireland was diagnosed in October 2012. It was anticipated that once the virus emerged in Ireland that there would be wide scale or nationwide spread over the course of the 2013 vector season. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence and distribution of exposure to Schmallenberg virus in Irish cattle from November 2012 to November 2013. Methods Samples of brain for the pathology based surveillance were collected from malformed bovine and ovine foetuses submitted for post mortem examination. These samples were tested for SBV using RT-qPCR. Three serological surveys were carried out on sera submitted for the national brucellosis eradicartion programme. A spatial analysis of both sets of data was carried out. Results Between October 2012 and 10th May 2013, SBV was confirmed by RT-qPCR in brain tissues from malformed foetuses obtained from 49 cattle herds and 30 sheep flocks in Ireland. In national serosurveys conducted between November 2012 until November 2013 the herd-level and animal-level SBV seroprevalences in cattle were 53 and 36 % respectively for the first survey, 51 and 35 % for the second survey and 53 and 33 % for the third survey. The herd level seroprevalence in counties ranged from 0 to 100 %, with the counties in the south and southeast having the highest seroprevalence (>50 %), the midlands a moderate herd level seroprevalence (10–50 %) while northern and north western counties had a low herd level seroprevalence (0–10 %). There was close spatial agreement between the results of the two different targeted surveillance strategies. Conclusions At the end of the 2012 vector season, there was widespread exposure to SBV among herds in southern and south eastern Ireland. During 2013, there was little or no evidence of further outward spread, unlike the situation in several other European countries. Given the lack of evidence for circulation of the virus since 2012, it is likely that the younger age cohort in herds previously exposed to SBV and substantial proportions of animals of all ages on the margins of affected areas are immunologically naïve to SBV, and would be susceptible to infection if the virus were to re-emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barrett
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Doonally, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - R O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - B Bradshaw
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - M Casey
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
| | - M Keane
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Cork Blood Testing Laboratory, Model, Farm Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - G McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - D Sammin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Backweston Laboratory Complex, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Haegeman A, Zro K, Sammin D, Vandenbussche F, Ennaji MM, De Clercq K. Investigation of a Possible Link Between Vaccination and the 2010 Sheep Pox Epizootic in Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:e278-e287. [PMID: 25753969 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sheep pox is endemic in most parts of Northern Africa and has the potential to cause severe economic problems. Live attenuated vaccines are used in Morocco, and in many other countries, to control the disease. Sheep pox virus (SPPV) re-appeared in 2010 causing a nodular clinical form previously not observed in Morocco. The severe clinical signs observed during the course of this outbreak and initial reports citing similarity in nucleotide sequence between the Moroccan vaccine strain and field isolates warranted a more in depth analysis of this epizootic. In this study, sequence analysis showed that isolates obtained from four provinces of eastern Morocco were identical, demonstrating that a single SPPV strain was responsible for the 2010 epizootic. In addition, the genome fragments sequenced and phylogenetic analyses undertaken as part of this study showed significant differences between field isolates and the Moroccan vaccine strain. New PCR methods were developed to differentiate between wild-type isolates and vaccine strains of SPPV. Using these methods, no trace of wild-type SPPV was found in the vaccine and no evidence was found to suggest that the vaccine strain was causing clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haegeman
- Viral Diseases, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - K Zro
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Hygiène & Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Mohammedia, Morocco.,Laboratoire de diagnostic recherche et développement, Biopharma, Rabat, Morocco
| | - D Sammin
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - F Vandenbussche
- Viral Diseases, Molecular Platform, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M M Ennaji
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Hygiène & Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - K De Clercq
- Viral Diseases, Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
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Graham DA, Lynch M, Coughlan S, Doherty ML, O'Neill R, Sammin D, O'Flaherty J. Development and review of the voluntary phase of a national BVD eradication programme in Ireland. Vet Rec 2014; 174:67. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Graham
- Animal Health Ireland; Main St, Carrick on Shannon Co. Leitrim Ireland
| | - M. Lynch
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation; Shinagh House Bandon Ireland
| | - S. Coughlan
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation; Shinagh House Bandon Ireland
| | - M. L. Doherty
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin Ireland
| | - R. O'Neill
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory; Backweston Celbridge Ireland
| | - D. Sammin
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory; Backweston Celbridge Ireland
| | - J. O'Flaherty
- Animal Health Ireland; Main St, Carrick on Shannon Co. Leitrim Ireland
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Marques P, O’ Donovan J, Williams E, Gutierrez J, Worrall S, McElroy M, Proctor A, Brady C, Sammin D, Bassett H, Buxton D, Maley S, Markey B, Nally J. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antigens reactive with antibodies from serum, amniotic, and allantoic fluids from experimentally infected pregnant ewes. Vet Parasitol 2012; 185:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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O’Donovan J, Proctor A, Gutierrez J, Worrell S, Nally J, Marques P, Brady C, McElroy M, Sammin D, Buxton D, Maley S, Bassett H, Markey B. Distribution of Lesions in Fetal Brains Following Experimental Infection of Pregnant Sheep With Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:462-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985811424732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Six ovine fetal brains were harvested 33 to 35 days postchallenge from 5 ewes, each of which was given 3000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on day 90 of pregnancy. Histopathologic examination of transverse sections taken at 13 levels in the fetal brains revealed the presence of toxoplasmosis-related lesions in all 6 brains. However, lesions were not randomly distributed ( P = .007); they were most numerous at the level of the optic tract, the rostral margin of the pons, and 4 mm caudal to the ansate sulcus and were absent in all sections at the level of the caudal cerebellum. Lesion distribution may be due to hemodynamic factors, differences in the expression of endothelial surface receptor molecules at the level of the blood-brain barrier, or the presence of localized permissive/inhibitory factors within the brain. The results have implications for the selection of areas of brain from aborted ovine fetuses to be examined histopathologically for laboratory diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. O’Donovan
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Athlone, Ireland
| | - A. Proctor
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. Gutierrez
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S. Worrell
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J. Nally
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P. Marques
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Brady
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - M. McElroy
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - D. Sammin
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Celbridge, Ireland
| | - D. Buxton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - S. Maley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - H. Bassett
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B. Markey
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gutierrez J, O’Donovan J, Williams E, Proctor A, Brady C, Marques P, Worrall S, Nally J, McElroy M, Bassett H, Sammin D, Buxton D, Maley S, Markey B. Detection and quantification of Toxoplasma gondii in ovine maternal and foetal tissues from experimentally infected pregnant ewes using real-time PCR. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sammin D, Ryan E, Ferris NP, King DP, Zientara S, Haas B, Yadin H, Alexandersen S, Sumption K, Paton DJ. Options for decentralized testing of suspected secondary outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:237-43. [PMID: 20545909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the options for use of virus detection techniques for decentralized testing of samples from suspected secondary outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). These options have been expanded by the advent of new tests including disposable lateral flow devices (LFDs) that detect viral proteins and portable RT-PCR equipment that detects viral RNA. LFDs have been developed with similar sensitivity to antigen detection ELISA but with the ability to provide a result 1-30 min after the addition of epithelium or vesicular fluid. Portable RT-PCR platforms are being developed that can detect FMD viral RNA in blood, epithelium or other materials with minimal sample processing and with high sensitivity, in as little as 60 min in some cases. These devices may be used on infected farms as pen-side tests, in regional, local or mobile laboratories, or in National Reference Laboratories (NRL). Advantages and disadvantages of different testing options are considered to inform decisions on the optimal strategies for different national circumstances. Issues include validation and quality control, containment needs, availability of test devices and reagents, the decision tree for declaring an outbreak, training issues and provision of samples for subsequent viral characterization. Tests to confirm the diagnosis of the index case of an outbreak of FMD should continue to be carried out in the NRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sammin
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Celbridge, Ireland
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Abstract
An appreciation of the complexities of placental structure and function is essential to understanding the pathogenesis of infectious placentitis and abortion. This review aims to illustrate aspects of ovine pregnancy and placentation that will assist both the research worker and the diagnostic pathologist. Morphologically, the ovine placenta is classified as being chorioallantoic, villous, cotyledonary and synepitheliochorial. Apposition of foetal and maternal tissues in early pregnancy eventually leads to the formation of the definitive placenta. Physiological features of placentation that are essential to normal pregnancy and foetal development include modulation of immune responses at the placental interface, increasing placental bloodflow to allow for increasing foetal demand and the secretion of hormones for the recognition and maintenance of pregnancy. Descriptions of the morphology of the near-term placenta in a normal pregnancy and of the foetal membranes that are voided during normal parturition provide the proper context for understanding the morphological changes associated with placentitis and how these changes are likely to affect placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sammin
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, DAFF Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Goris N, Praet N, Sammin D, Yadin H, Paton D, Brocchi E, Berkvens D, De Clercq K. Foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein serology in cattle: use of a Bayesian framework to estimate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of six ELISA tests and true prevalence in the field. Vaccine 2007; 25:7177-96. [PMID: 17709157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic performance of six foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) assays for detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of the FMD virus (FMDV) was estimated using a Bayesian analysis on field sera from cattle of unknown infection status originating from post-FMDV outbreak situations in Israel and Zimbabwe. Estimations of the disease prevalence in both populations were also obtained. The diagnostic sensitivity estimates did not differ between both field studies, although overall Bayesian estimates were markedly higher than those previously reported based on sera from comparable experimentally infected (vaccinated) cattle populations. All NSP-based assays demonstrated a lower diagnostic specificity when applied to the Zimbabwean sera compared to both published specificities and similar Bayesian specificity estimates derived for the Israeli dataset. In Israel, the disease prevalence was estimated at 23.9% (95% credibility interval: 19.5-28.8%), whereas 65.4% (59.0-72.5%) was found in Zimbabwe. The need for reliable diagnostic test performance estimates and the benefits of Bayesian analysis in obtaining them are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Goris
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Virology Department, Section of Epizootic Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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Collery P, McElroy M, Sammin D, White P. Equine granulomatous enteritis linked with aluminum? Vet Hum Toxicol 1999; 41:49-50. [PMID: 9949489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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