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Tsyganov D, Bundaleska N, Henriques J, Felizardo E, Dias A, Abrashev M, Kissovski J, Botelho do Rego AM, Ferraria AM, Tatarova E. Simultaneous Synthesis and Nitrogen Doping of Free-Standing Graphene Applying Microwave Plasma. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13184213. [PMID: 32972003 PMCID: PMC7560455 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experimental and theoretical investigation on microwave plasma-based synthesis of free-standing N-graphene, i.e., nitrogen-doped graphene, was further extended using ethanol and nitrogen gas as precursors. The in situ assembly of N-graphene is a single-step method, based on the introduction of N-containing precursor together with carbon precursor in the reactive microwave plasma environment at atmospheric pressure conditions. A previously developed theoretical model was updated to account for the new reactor geometry and the nitrogen precursor employed. The theoretical predictions of the model are in good agreement with all experimental data and assist in deeper understanding of the complicated physical and chemical process in microwave plasma. Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to detect the emission of plasma-generated ‘‘building units’’ and to determine the gas temperature. The outlet gas was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to detect the generated gaseous by-products. The synthesized N-graphene was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Tsyganov
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
| | - N. Bundaleska
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Henriques
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
| | - E. Felizardo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
| | - A. Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
| | - M. Abrashev
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.A.); (J.K.)
| | - J. Kissovski
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.A.); (J.K.)
| | - A. M. Botelho do Rego
- BSIRG, iBB, DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.B.d.R.); (A.M.F.)
| | - A. M. Ferraria
- BSIRG, iBB, DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.M.B.d.R.); (A.M.F.)
| | - E. Tatarova
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.T.); (J.H.); (E.F.); (A.D.); (E.T.)
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Tsyganov D, Bundaleska N, Dias A, Henriques J, Felizardo E, Abrashev M, Kissovski J, do Rego AMB, Ferraria AM, Tatarova E. Microwave plasma-based direct synthesis of free-standing N-graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4772-4787. [PMID: 32066999 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05509f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scheme of ethanol/ammonia plasma driven decomposition pathways considering injection of the nitrogen precursor in “hot” and “mild” plasma zone.
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Bundaleska N, Tsyganov D, Dias A, Felizardo E, Henriques J, Dias FM, Abrashev M, Kissovski J, Tatarova E. Microwave plasma enabled synthesis of free standing carbon nanostructures at atmospheric pressure conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13810-13824. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the physico-chemical processes involved in the formation of carbon nanostructures in the microwave plasma environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bundaleska
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - D. Tsyganov
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - A. Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - E. Felizardo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - J. Henriques
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - F. M. Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
| | - M. Abrashev
- Faculty of Physics
- University of Sofia
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - J. Kissovski
- Faculty of Physics
- University of Sofia
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - E. Tatarova
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049-001 Lisbon
- Portugal
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