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Morrison KD, Hammer E, Boles O, Madella M, Whitehouse N, Gaillard MJ, Bates J, Vander Linden M, Merlo S, Yao A, Popova L, Hill AC, Antolin F, Bauer A, Biagetti S, Bishop RR, Buckland P, Cruz P, Dreslerová D, Dusseldorp G, Ellis E, Filipovic D, Foster T, Hannaford MJ, Harrison SP, Hazarika M, Herold H, Hilpert J, Kaplan JO, Kay A, Klein Goldewijk K, Kolář J, Kyazike E, Laabs J, Lancelotti C, Lane P, Lawrence D, Lewis K, Lombardo U, Lucarini G, Arroyo-Kalin M, Marchant R, Mayle F, McClatchie M, McLeester M, Mooney S, Moskal-del Hoyo M, Navarrete V, Ndiema E, Góes Neves E, Nowak M, Out WA, Petrie C, Phelps LN, Pinke Z, Rostain S, Russell T, Sluyter A, Styring AK, Tamanaha E, Thomas E, Veerasamy S, Welton L, Zanon M. Mapping past human land use using archaeological data: A new classification for global land use synthesis and data harmonization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246662. [PMID: 33852578 PMCID: PMC8046197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 12,000 years preceding the Industrial Revolution, human activities led to significant changes in land cover, plant and animal distributions, surface hydrology, and biochemical cycles. Earth system models suggest that this anthropogenic land cover change influenced regional and global climate. However, the representation of past land use in earth system models is currently oversimplified. As a result, there are large uncertainties in the current understanding of the past and current state of the earth system. In order to improve representation of the variety and scale of impacts that past land use had on the earth system, a global effort is underway to aggregate and synthesize archaeological and historical evidence of land use systems. Here we present a simple, hierarchical classification of land use systems designed to be used with archaeological and historical data at a global scale and a schema of codes that identify land use practices common to a range of systems, both implemented in a geospatial database. The classification scheme and database resulted from an extensive process of consultation with researchers worldwide. Our scheme is designed to deliver consistent, empirically robust data for the improvement of land use models, while simultaneously allowing for a comparative, detailed mapping of land use relevant to the needs of historical scholars. To illustrate the benefits of the classification scheme and methods for mapping historical land use, we apply it to Mesopotamia and Arabia at 6 kya (c. 4000 BCE). The scheme will be used to describe land use by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) LandCover6k working group, an international project comprised of archaeologists, historians, geographers, paleoecologists, and modelers. Beyond this, the scheme has a wide utility for creating a common language between research and policy communities, linking archaeologists with climate modelers, biodiversity conservation workers and initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D. Morrison
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily Hammer
- Department of Near East Languages and Civilizations and the Price Lab for the Digital Humanities, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver Boles
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marco Madella
- ICREA–CaSEs–Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicola Whitehouse
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Jose Gaillard
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Bates
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marc Vander Linden
- Institute for the Modelling of Socio-Environmental Transitions, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Merlo
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alice Yao
- Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Popova
- Barrett Honors College, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Austin Chad Hill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ferran Antolin
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science (IPNA/IPAS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bauer
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stefano Biagetti
- Department d’Humanitats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Rosie R. Bishop
- Museum of Archaeology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Phillip Buckland
- Department of Historical, Philosophical and religious Studies, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pablo Cruz
- UE CISOR CONICET UNJu, Argentine National Science Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Dagmar Dreslerová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Erle Ellis
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas Foster
- College of Arts & Sciences, Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tusla, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | - Sandy P. Harrison
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Manjil Hazarika
- Department of Archaeology, Cotton University, Guwahati, India
| | - Hajnalka Herold
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Hilpert
- Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology, Universitat zu Koln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jed O. Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Andrea Kay
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Kees Klein Goldewijk
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Kolář
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elizabeth Kyazike
- Department of History and Political Science, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julian Laabs
- Institute for Archaeolgical Scienes, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Keil, Germany
| | - Carla Lancelotti
- ICREA–Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Lane
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Dan Lawrence
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Lewis
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | | | - Giulio Lucarini
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council of Italy, Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
- Department of Asian, African and Mediterranean Studies, University of Naples L’Orientale, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rob Marchant
- York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Mayle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Madeleine McLeester
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Scott Mooney
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Navarrete
- Department of Prehistory, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eduardo Góes Neves
- Laboratório de Arqueologia dos Trópicos, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marek Nowak
- Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Welmoed A. Out
- Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
| | - Cameron Petrie
- ICREA–Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne N. Phelps
- Tropical diversity, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Pinke
- Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stéphen Rostain
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Nanterre, France
| | - Thembi Russell
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew Sluyter
- Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amy K. Styring
- School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Tamanaha
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Evert Thomas
- The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Lima, Peru
| | - Selvakumar Veerasamy
- Department of Maritime History and Marine Archaeology, Tamil University, Tanjore, India
| | - Lynn Welton
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Marco Zanon
- Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel, Germany
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Filipović D, Meadows J, Corso MD, Kirleis W, Alsleben A, Akeret Ö, Bittmann F, Bosi G, Ciută B, Dreslerová D, Effenberger H, Gyulai F, Heiss AG, Hellmund M, Jahns S, Jakobitsch T, Kapcia M, Klooß S, Kohler-Schneider M, Kroll H, Makarowicz P, Marinova E, Märkle T, Medović A, Mercuri AM, Mueller-Bieniek A, Nisbet R, Pashkevich G, Perego R, Pokorný P, Pospieszny Ł, Przybyła M, Reed K, Rennwanz J, Stika HP, Stobbe A, Tolar T, Wasylikowa K, Wiethold J, Zerl T. New AMS 14C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13698. [PMID: 32792561 PMCID: PMC7426858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70495-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000 BC. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000 BC, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium BC, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth century BC, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteenth centuries BC. Broomcorn millet succeeds in exceptionally wide range of growing conditions and completes its lifecycle in less than three summer months. Offering an additional harvest and thus surplus food/fodder, it likely was a transformative innovation in European prehistoric agriculture previously based mainly on (winter) cropping of wheat and barley. We provide a new, high-resolution chronological framework for this key agricultural development that likely contributed to far-reaching changes in lifestyle in late 2nd millennium BC Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Filipović
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - John Meadows
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA), Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Foundation, Schloss Gottorf, 24837, Schleswig, Germany.
- Leibniz-Laboratory for AMS Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Marta Dal Corso
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke Kirleis
- Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Johanna-Mestorf-Str. 2-6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Almuth Alsleben
- Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Geschwister-Scholl-Straße 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Örni Akeret
- Integrative Prähistorische und Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie IPNA, Basel University, Spalenring 145, 4055, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Bittmann
- Lower Saxony Institute for Historical Coastal Research, Viktoriastraße 26/28, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Giovanna Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Ciută
- Facultatea de Istorie şi Filologie, Universitatea "1 Decembrie 1918" Alba Iulia, Strada Unirii 15-17, 510009, Alba Iulia, Romania
| | - Dagmar Dreslerová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Letenská 4, 118 01, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ferenc Gyulai
- Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő, 2103, Hungary
| | - Andreas G Heiss
- Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Hellmund
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt-Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Richard-Wagner-Str. 9, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susanne Jahns
- Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum Ortsteil Wünsdorf, Wünsdorfer Platz 4-5, 15806, Zossen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Jakobitsch
- Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW), Franz Klein-Gasse 1, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magda Kapcia
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Stefanie Klooß
- Archäologisches Landesamt Schleswig-Holstein, Brockdorff-Rantzau-Straße 70, 24837, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Marianne Kohler-Schneider
- Department für Integrative Biologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kroll
- Independent Researcher, Projensdorfer Str. 195, 24106, Kiel, Germany
| | - Przemysław Makarowicz
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 7, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elena Marinova
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege am Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | - Tanja Märkle
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege am Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Fischersteig 9, 78343, Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany
| | | | - Anna Maria Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Aldona Mueller-Bieniek
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renato Nisbet
- Dipartimento di Studi sull'Asia e sull'Africa Mediterranea, Università Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 3462, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Galina Pashkevich
- National Museum of Natural Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences in Ukraine, Bul. Bohdan Khmelnitsky 15, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
| | - Renata Perego
- Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeoecology CNR IGAG, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Petr Pokorný
- Centre for Theoretical Study, Charles University Prague and Czech Academy of Sciences, Jilská 1, 110 00, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Łukasz Pospieszny
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UU, UK
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rubież 46, 61-612, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Przybyła
- Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Ul. Gołębia 11, 31-007, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kelly Reed
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Joanna Rennwanz
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rubież 46, 61-612, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans-Peter Stika
- Department of Molecular Botany, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Astrid Stobbe
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, 60629, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tjaša Tolar
- ZRC SAZU, Institute of Archaeology, Novi trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krystyna Wasylikowa
- Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julian Wiethold
- Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Direction régionale Grand Est, 12, rue de Méric, CS 80005, 57063, Metz cedex 2, France
- UMR 6298, ArTeHiS Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Tanja Zerl
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistory, University of Köln, Weyertal 125, 50923, Köln, Germany
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