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Griffing AH, Stanley EL, Paluh DJ. The first report of preovipositional embryonic development in the legless gecko, Lialis burtonis (Gekkota: Pygopodidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38523432 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Griffing
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Hantak MM, Guralnick RP, Cameron AC, Griffing AH, Harrington SM, Weinell JL, Paluh DJ. Colour scales with climate in North American ratsnakes: a test of the thermal melanism hypothesis using community science images. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220403. [PMID: 36541094 PMCID: PMC9768630 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal colour is a complex trait shaped by multiple selection pressures that can vary across geography. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts that darker coloration is beneficial to animals in colder regions because it allows for more rapid solar absorption. Here, we use community science images of three closely related species of North American ratsnakes (genus Pantherophis) to examine if climate predicts colour variation across range-wide scales. We predicted that darker individuals are found in colder regions and higher elevations, in accordance with the thermal melanism hypothesis. Using an unprecedented dataset of over 8000 images, we found strong support for temperature as a key predictor of darker colour, supporting thermal melanism. We also found that elevation and precipitation are predictive of colour, but the direction and magnitude of these effects were more variable across species. Our study is the first to quantify colour variation in Pantherophis ratsnakes, highlighting the value of community science images for studying range-wide colour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Robert P. Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alexander C. Cameron
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Aaron H. Griffing
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Sean M. Harrington
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA,INBRE Data Science Core, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Weinell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Daniel J. Paluh
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Paluh DJ, Dillard WA, Stanley EL, Fraser GJ, Blackburn DC. Re-evaluating the morphological evidence for the re-evolution of lost mandibular teeth in frogs. Evolution 2021; 75:3203-3213. [PMID: 34674263 PMCID: PMC9299036 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dollo's law of irreversibility states that once a complex structure is lost, it cannot be regained in the same form. Several putative exceptions to Dollo's law have been identified using phylogenetic comparative methods, but the anatomy and development of these traits are often poorly understood. Gastrotheca guentheri is renowned as the only frog with teeth on the lower jaw. Mandibular teeth were lost in the ancestor of frogs more than 200 million years ago and subsequently regained in G. guentheri. Little is known about the teeth in this species despite being a frequent example of trait “re‐evolution,” leaving open the possibility that it may have mandibular pseudoteeth. We assessed the dental anatomy of G. guentheri using micro‐computed tomography and histology and confirmed the longstanding assumption that true mandibular teeth are present. Remarkably, the mandibular teeth of G. guentheri are nearly identical in gross morphology and development to upper jaw teeth in closely related species. The developmental genetics of tooth formation are unknown in this possibly extinct species. Our results suggest that an ancestral odontogenic pathway has been conserved but suppressed in the lower jaw since the origin of frogs, providing a possible mechanism underlying the re‐evolution of lost mandibular teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611.,Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Wesley A Dillard
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
| | - David C Blackburn
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611
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Paluh DJ, Riddell K, Early CM, Hantak MM, Jongsma GFM, Keeffe RM, Magalhães Silva F, Nielsen SV, Vallejo-Pareja MC, Stanley EL, Blackburn DC. Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution. eLife 2021; 10:e66926. [PMID: 34060471 PMCID: PMC8169120 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth are present in most clades of vertebrates but have been lost completely several times in actinopterygian fishes and amniotes. Using phenotypic data collected from over 500 genera via micro-computed tomography, we provide the first rigorous assessment of the evolutionary history of dentition across all major lineages of amphibians. We demonstrate that dentition is invariably present in caecilians and salamanders, but teeth have been lost completely more than 20 times in frogs, a much higher occurrence of edentulism than in any other vertebrate group. The repeated loss of teeth in anurans is associated with a specialized diet of small invertebrate prey as well as shortening of the lower jaw, but it is not correlated with a reduction in body size. Frogs provide an unparalleled opportunity for investigating the molecular and developmental mechanisms of convergent tooth loss on a large phylogenetic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Karina Riddell
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Catherine M Early
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Biology Department, Science Museum of MinnesotaSaint PaulUnited States
| | - Maggie M Hantak
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Gregory FM Jongsma
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Rachel M Keeffe
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Silva
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Museu Paraense Emilio GoeldiBelémBrazil
| | - Stuart V Nielsen
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - María Camila Vallejo-Pareja
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - David C Blackburn
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Weinell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045; (JLW) . Send reprint requests to JLW
| | - Daniel J. Paluh
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Cameron D. Siler
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072-7029
| | - Rafe M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045; (JLW) . Send reprint requests to JLW
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Barve VV, Brenskelle L, Li D, Stucky BJ, Barve NV, Hantak MM, McLean BS, Paluh DJ, Oswald JA, Belitz MW, Folk RA, Guralnick RP. Methods for broad-scale plant phenology assessments using citizen scientists' photographs. Appl Plant Sci 2020; 8:e11315. [PMID: 31993257 PMCID: PMC6976896 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Citizen science platforms for sharing photographed digital vouchers, such as iNaturalist, are a promising source of phenology data, but methods and best practices for use have not been developed. Here we introduce methods using Yucca flowering phenology as a case study, because drivers of Yucca phenology are not well understood despite the need to synchronize flowering with obligate pollinators. There is also evidence of recent anomalous winter flowering events, but with unknown spatiotemporal extents. METHODS We collaboratively developed a rigorous, consensus-based approach for annotating and sharing whole plant and flower presence data from iNaturalist and applied it to Yucca records. We compared spatiotemporal flowering coverage from our annotations with other broad-scale monitoring networks (e.g., the National Phenology Network) in order to determine the unique value of photograph-based citizen science resources. RESULTS Annotations from iNaturalist were uniquely able to delineate extents of unusual flowering events in Yucca. These events, which occurred in two different regions of the Desert Southwest, did not appear to disrupt the typical-period flowering. DISCUSSION Our work demonstrates that best practice approaches to scoring iNaturalist records provide fine-scale delimitation of phenological events. This approach can be applied to other plant groups to better understand how phenology responds to changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay V Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Laura Brenskelle
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Daijiang Li
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Brian J Stucky
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Narayani V Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Maggie M Hantak
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Bryan S McLean
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27402 USA
| | - Daniel J Paluh
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Jessica A Oswald
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
- Biology Department University of Nevada Reno Nevada 89557 USA
| | - Michael W Belitz
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Ryan A Folk
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Robert P Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
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Stocker MR, Nesbitt SJ, Kligman BT, Paluh DJ, Marsh AD, Blackburn DC, Parker WG. The earliest equatorial record of frogs from the Late Triassic of Arizona. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20180922. [PMID: 30958136 PMCID: PMC6405462 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown-group frogs (Anura) originated over 200 Ma according to molecular phylogenetic analyses, though only a few fossils from high latitudes chronicle the first approximately 60 Myr of frog evolution and distribution. We report fossils that represent both the first Late Triassic and the earliest equatorial record of Salientia, the group that includes stem and crown-frogs. These small fossils consist of complete and partial ilia with anteriorly directed, elongate and distally hollow iliac blades. These features of these ilia, including the lack of a prominent dorsal protuberance and a shaft that is much longer than the acetabular region, suggest a closer affinity to crown-group Anura than to Early Triassic stem anurans Triadobatrachus from Madagascar and Czatkobatrachus from Poland, both high-latitude records. The new fossils demonstrate that crown anurans may have been present in the Late Triassic equatorial region of Pangea. Furthermore, the presence of Early Jurassic anurans in the same stratigraphic sequence ( Prosalirus bitis from the Kayenta Formation) suggests that anurans survived the climatic aridification of this region in the early Mesozoic. These fossils highlight the importance of the targeted collection of microfossils and provide further evidence for the presence of crown-group representatives of terrestrial vertebrates prior to the end-Triassic extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ben T. Kligman
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Petrified Forest National Park, 1 Park Road, Petrified Forest, AZ 86028, USA
| | - Daniel J. Paluh
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Adam D. Marsh
- Petrified Forest National Park, 1 Park Road, Petrified Forest, AZ 86028, USA
| | - David C. Blackburn
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - William G. Parker
- Petrified Forest National Park, 1 Park Road, Petrified Forest, AZ 86028, USA
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Paluh DJ, Bauer AM. Phylogenetic history, allometry and disparate functional pressures influence the morphological diversification of the gekkotan quadrate, a keystone cranial element. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA
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Paluh DJ, Olgun K, Bauer AM. Ontogeny, But Not Sexual Dimorphism, Drives the Intraspecific Variation of Quadrate Morphology in Hemidactylus turcicus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). HERPETOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00037.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Kurtulus Olgun
- Department of Biology, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09010, Turkey
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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Paluh DJ, Bauer AM. Comparative skull anatomy of terrestrial and crevice-dwelling Trachylepis skinks (Squamata: Scincidae) with a survey of resources in scincid cranial osteology. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184414. [PMID: 28902864 PMCID: PMC5597209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skinks account for more than 25% of all lizard species; however, representatives of fewer than a quarter of all species have been characterized osteologically. All but a few of the available cranial descriptions concentrate solely on characters that can be seen externally on the intact skull. Mabuyid skinks of the genus Trachylepis are the dominant, fully limbed skinks in Sub-Saharan Africa, and nearly all species have the same generalized body plan. Although a few rock crevice-dwelling species possess slight body depression, extreme dorsoventral depression is observed only in Trachylepis laevis. We investigated the detailed skull anatomy of three Trachylepis skinks (T. laevis, T. sulcata, and T. gonwouoi, a recently described species allied to T. affinis) using high-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography. Our goals were to review the scincid cranial osteology literature in a phylogenetic context, provide a detailed anatomical atlas for the mabuyid lineage, and investigate the morphological adaptations of the highly modified T. laevis. Our results demonstrate that there is significant morphological variation between these three taxa, including the loss and fusion of structures, as well as changes in the shape, scale, and relationship between individual elements. Trachylepis laevis possesses several osteological modifications that have produced a reducton in head depth that are likely functional consequences of extreme rupicolous habits, including a flat skull roof, many strongly recumbent elements, and a depressed neurocranium.We hypothesize these modifications may correspond to descreased bite force and increased capabilities of cranial kinesis. Our study is the first element-by-element description of a skink using computed tomography technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJP); (AMB)
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DJP); (AMB)
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Paluh
- Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Department of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Aaron H. Griffing
- Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
- Marquette University, Department of Biological Sciences, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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Hantak MM, Paluh DJ, Hickerson CAM. Comparison of the Diets of Sympatric Erythristic and Striped Morphs ofPlethodon cinereus(Eastern Red-backed Salamander). Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2016. [DOI: 10.1656/045.023.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gignac PM, Kley NJ, Clarke JA, Colbert MW, Morhardt AC, Cerio D, Cost IN, Cox PG, Daza JD, Early CM, Echols MS, Henkelman RM, Herdina AN, Holliday CM, Li Z, Mahlow K, Merchant S, Müller J, Orsbon CP, Paluh DJ, Thies ML, Tsai HP, Witmer LM. Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues. J Anat 2016; 228:889-909. [PMID: 26970556 PMCID: PMC5341577 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologists have historically had to rely on destructive procedures to visualize the three‐dimensional (3‐D) anatomy of animals. More recently, however, non‐destructive techniques have come to the forefront. These include X‐ray computed tomography (CT), which has been used most commonly to examine the mineralized, hard‐tissue anatomy of living and fossil metazoans. One relatively new and potentially transformative aspect of current CT‐based research is the use of chemical agents to render visible, and differentiate between, soft‐tissue structures in X‐ray images. Specifically, iodine has emerged as one of the most widely used of these contrast agents among animal morphologists due to its ease of handling, cost effectiveness, and differential affinities for major types of soft tissues. The rapid adoption of iodine‐based contrast agents has resulted in a proliferation of distinct specimen preparations and scanning parameter choices, as well as an increasing variety of imaging hardware and software preferences. Here we provide a critical review of the recent contributions to iodine‐based, contrast‐enhanced CT research to enable researchers just beginning to employ contrast enhancement to make sense of this complex new landscape of methodologies. We provide a detailed summary of recent case studies, assess factors that govern success at each step of the specimen storage, preparation, and imaging processes, and make recommendations for standardizing both techniques and reporting practices. Finally, we discuss potential cutting‐edge applications of diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and the issues that must still be overcome to facilitate the broader adoption of diceCT going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Nathan J Kley
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Colbert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Donald Cerio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ian N Cost
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Philip G Cox
- Department of Archaeology, University of York and Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | | | | | - R Mark Henkelman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Nele Herdina
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Casey M Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samer Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Courtney P Orsbon
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Monte L Thies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Henry P Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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