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Kobziar LN, Lampman P, Tohidi A, Kochanski AK, Cervantes A, Hudak AT, McCarley R, Gullett B, Aurell J, Moore R, Vuono DC, Christner BC, Watts AC, Cronan J, Ottmar R. Bacterial Emission Factors: A Foundation for the Terrestrial-Atmospheric Modeling of Bacteria Aerosolized by Wildland Fires. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:2413-2422. [PMID: 38266235 PMCID: PMC10851933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Wildland fire is a major global driver in the exchange of aerosols between terrestrial environments and the atmosphere. This exchange is commonly quantified using emission factors or the mass of a pollutant emitted per mass of fuel burned. However, emission factors for microbes aerosolized by fire have yet to be determined. Using bacterial cell concentrations collected on unmanned aircraft systems over forest fires in Utah, USA, we determine bacterial emission factors (BEFs) for the first time. We estimate that 1.39 × 1010 and 7.68 × 1011 microbes are emitted for each Mg of biomass consumed in fires burning thinning residues and intact forests, respectively. These emissions exceed estimates of background bacterial emissions in other studies by 3-4 orders of magnitude. For the ∼2631 ha of similar forests in the Fishlake National Forest that burn each year on average, an estimated 1.35 × 1017 cells or 8.1 kg of bacterial biomass were emitted. BEFs were then used to parametrize a computationally scalable particle transport model that predicted over 99% of the emitted cells were transported beyond the 17.25 x 17.25 km model domain. BEFs can be used to expand understanding of global wildfire microbial emissions and their potential consequences to ecosystems, the atmosphere, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda N. Kobziar
- Department
of Natural Resources and Society, University
of Idaho, 1031 N. Academic Way, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho 83814, United States
| | - Phinehas Lampman
- Department
of Natural Resources and Society, University
of Idaho, 1031 N. Academic Way, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho 83814, United States
| | - Ali Tohidi
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Adam K. Kochanski
- Department
of Meteorology and Climate Science, Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research
Center, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Antonio Cervantes
- Mechanical
Engineering Department, Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hudak
- Rocky
Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Moscow, Idaho 83846, United States
| | - Ryan McCarley
- Department
of Forest, Fire and Rangeland Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Brian Gullett
- Office of
Research and Development, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Johanna Aurell
- Office of
Research and Development, Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Rachel Moore
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - David C. Vuono
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Brent C. Christner
- Department
of Microbiology and Cell Science, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam C. Watts
- Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest
Service, Wenatchee, Washington 98801, United States
| | - James Cronan
- Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest
Service, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Roger Ottmar
- Pacific
Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest
Service, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
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Malone A, Figueroa L, Wang W, Smith NM, Ranville JF, Vuono DC, Alejo Zapata FD, Morales Paredes L, Sharp JO, Bellona C. Transitional dynamics from mercury to cyanide-based processing in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: Social, economic, geochemical, and environmental considerations. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165492. [PMID: 37453708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the leading global source of anthropogenic mercury (Hg) release to the environment. Top-down mercury reduction efforts have had limited results, but a bottom-up embrace of cyanide (CN) processing could eventually displace mercury amalgamation for gold recovery. However, ASGM transitions to cyanidation nearly always include an overlap phase, with mercury amalgamation then cyanidation being used sequentially. This paper uses a transdisciplinary approach that combines natural and social sciences to develop a holistic picture of why mercury and cyanide converge in gold processing and potential impacts that may be worse than either practice in isolation. We show that socio-economic factors drive the comingling of mercury and cyanide practices in ASGM as much or more so than technical factors. The resultant Hg-CN complexes have been implicated in increasing the mobility of mercury, compared to elemental mercury used in Hg-only processing. To support future inquiry, we identify key knowledge gaps including the role of Hg-CN complexes in mercury oxidation, transport, and fate, and possible links to mercury methylation. The global extent and increase of mercury and cyanide processing in ASGM underscores the importance of further research. The immediacy of the problem also demands interim policy responses while research advances, though ultimately, the well-documented struggles of mercury reduction efforts in ASGM temper optimism about policy responses to the mercury-cyanide transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Malone
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA; Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Linda Figueroa
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Weishi Wang
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Nicole M Smith
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - James F Ranville
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - David C Vuono
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Francisco D Alejo Zapata
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, Peru.
| | - Lino Morales Paredes
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa 04001, Peru.
| | - Jonathan O Sharp
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Christopher Bellona
- Centro para Minería Sostenible/Center for Mining Sustainability, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa and Colorado School of Mines, Santa Catalina 117, Arequipa 04001, Peru; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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Carlson HK, Vuono DC, Glass JB, Adams MWW. Editorial: Selective Controls on Microbial Energy Metabolisms: From the Microscale to the Macroscale. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:728705. [PMID: 34421884 PMCID: PMC8377807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.728705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hans K Carlson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David C Vuono
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States.,Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Jennifer B Glass
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael W W Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Vuono DC, Lipp B, Staub C, Loney E, Harrold ZR, Grzymski JJ. A Real-Time Multiplexed Microbial Growth Intervalometer for Capturing High-Resolution Growth Curves. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1135. [PMID: 31231321 PMCID: PMC6560151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Batch cultures are a low maintenance and routine culturing method in microbiology. Automated tools that measure growth curves from microorganisms grown in traditional laboratory glassware, such as Balch-type tubes, are not commercially available. Here, we present a new MicrobiAl Growth Intervalometer (MAGI) that measures optical density as it correlates to microbial growth by utilizing photo-conduction as opposed to photo-attenuation used by traditional OD measurement equipment. Photo-attenuation occurs when biomass in suspension within a medium blocks and/or diffuses light directed at the detector, such that an increase in biomass results in a decrease in the measured signal. Photo-conduction differs in which the biomass contained in a medium conducts light from the emitter to the detector, where an increase in the biomass results in a corresponding increase in the measured signal. MAGI features software-driven automation that provides investigators with a highly sensitive, low-background noise growth measurement instrument with added capabilities for remote visualization and data acquisition. It is a low maintenance, cost effective, versatile, and robust platform for aerobic/anaerobic cultivation. We demonstrate the versatility of this device by obtaining growth curves from two common laboratory organisms Escherichia coli K-12 and Bacillus subtilis. We show that growth rates and generation times in E. coli K-12 are reproducible to previously published results and that morphological changes of B. subtilis during growth can be detected as a change in the slope of the growth curve, which is a function of the effects of cell size on photo-conduction through the medium. We also test MAGI to capture growth curves from an environmental organism, Intrasporangium calvum C5, under various media compositions. Our results demonstrate that the MAGI platform accurately measures growth curves in media under various redox conditions (aerobic, microaerobic, and anaerobic), complex and minimal medias, and resolving diauxic growth curves when I. calvum is grown on a disaccharide. Lastly, we demonstrate that the device can resolve growth curves for μM concentrations of resources that yield low biomass. This research advances the tools available to microbiologists aiming to monitor growth curves in a variety of disciplines, such as environmental microbiology, clinical microbiology, and food sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Vuono
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Bruce Lipp
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Carl Staub
- Lumenautix, LLC, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Evan Loney
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zoë R Harrold
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Joseph J Grzymski
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
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Vuono DC, Read RW, Hemp J, Sullivan BW, Arnone JA, Neveux I, Blank RR, Loney E, Miceli D, Winkler MKH, Chakraborty R, Stahl DA, Grzymski JJ. Resource Concentration Modulates the Fate of Dissimilated Nitrogen in a Dual-Pathway Actinobacterium. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:3. [PMID: 30723459 PMCID: PMC6349771 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory ammonification and denitrification are two evolutionarily unrelated dissimilatory nitrogen (N) processes central to the global N cycle, the activity of which is thought to be controlled by carbon (C) to nitrate (NO3 -) ratio. Here we find that Intrasporangium calvum C5, a novel dual-pathway denitrifier/respiratory ammonifier, disproportionately utilizes ammonification rather than denitrification when grown under low C concentrations, even at low C:NO3 - ratios. This finding is in conflict with the paradigm that high C:NO3 - ratios promote ammonification and low C:NO3 - ratios promote denitrification. We find that the protein atomic composition for denitrification modules (NirK) are significantly cost minimized for C and N compared to ammonification modules (NrfA), indicating that limitation for C and N is a major evolutionary selective pressure imprinted in the architecture of these proteins. The evolutionary precedent for these findings suggests ecological importance for microbial activity as evidenced by higher growth rates when I. calvum grows predominantly using its ammonification pathway and by assimilating its end-product (ammonium) for growth under ammonium-free conditions. Genomic analysis of I. calvum further reveals a versatile ecophysiology to cope with nutrient stress and redox conditions. Metabolite and transcriptional profiles during growth indicate that enzyme modules, NrfAH and NirK, are not constitutively expressed but rather induced by nitrite production via NarG. Mechanistically, our results suggest that pathway selection is driven by intracellular redox potential (redox poise), which may be lowered when resource concentrations are low, thereby decreasing catalytic activity of upstream electron transport steps (i.e., the bc1 complex) needed for denitrification enzymes. Our work advances our understanding of the biogeochemical flexibility of N-cycling organisms, pathway evolution, and ecological food-webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Vuono
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Robert W. Read
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - James Hemp
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Sullivan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - John A. Arnone
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Iva Neveux
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Robert R. Blank
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Evan Loney
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - David Miceli
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Mari-Karoliina H. Winkler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Romy Chakraborty
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David A. Stahl
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joseph J. Grzymski
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
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Vuono DC, Regnery J, Li D, Jones ZL, Holloway RW, Drewes JE. rRNA Gene Expression of Abundant and Rare Activated-Sludge Microorganisms and Growth Rate Induced Micropollutant Removal. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:6299-309. [PMID: 27196630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of abundant and rare taxa in modulating the performance of wastewater-treatment systems is a critical component of making better predictions for enhanced functions such as micropollutant biotransformation. In this study, we compared 16S rRNA genes (rDNA) and rRNA gene expression of taxa in an activated-sludge-treatment plant (sequencing batch membrane bioreactor) at two solids retention times (SRTs): 20 and 5 days. These two SRTs were used to influence the rates of micropollutant biotransformation and nutrient removal. Our results show that rare taxa (<1%) have disproportionally high ratios of rRNA to rDNA, an indication of higher protein synthesis, compared to abundant taxa (≥1%) and suggests that rare taxa likely play an unrecognized role in bioreactor performance. There were also significant differences in community-wide rRNA expression signatures at 20-day SRT: anaerobic-oxic-anoxic periods were the primary driver of rRNA similarity. These results indicate differential expression of rRNA at high SRTs, which may further explain why high SRTs promote higher rates of micropollutant biotransformation. An analysis of micropollutant-associated degradation genes via metagenomics and direct measurements of a suite of micropollutants and nutrients further corroborates the loss of enhanced functions at 5-day SRT operation. This work advances our knowledge of the underlying ecosystem properties and dynamics of abundant and rare organisms associated with enhanced functions in engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Vuono
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Julia Regnery
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dong Li
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zackary L Jones
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ryan W Holloway
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich 85748, Garching, Germany
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Vuono DC, Munakata-Marr J, Spear JR, Drewes JE. Disturbance opens recruitment sites for bacterial colonization in activated sludge. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:87-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Vuono
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt; Colorado School of Mines; 1500 Illinois St Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Junko Munakata-Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt; Colorado School of Mines; 1500 Illinois St Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - John R. Spear
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt; Colorado School of Mines; 1500 Illinois St Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Jörg E. Drewes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center ReNUWIt; Colorado School of Mines; 1500 Illinois St Golden CO 80401 USA
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technische Universität München; Am Coulombwall 8 85748 Garching Germany
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