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McPherson S, Geleta D, Tafese G, Tafese T, Behaksira S, Solomon H, Oljira B, Miecha H, Gemechu L, Debebe K, Kebede B, Gebre T, Kebede F, Seife F, Tadesse F, Mammo B, Aseffa A, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Marks M, Gadisa E. Perceptions and acceptability of co-administered albendazole, ivermectin and azithromycin mass drug administration, among the health workforce and recipient communities in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011332. [PMID: 37782675 PMCID: PMC10569502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) employ mass drug administration (MDA) as part of their control or elimination strategies. This has historically required multiple distinct campaigns, each targeting one or more NTDs, representing a strain on both the recipient communities and the local health workforce implementing the distribution. We explored perceptions and attitudes surrounding combined MDA among these two groups of stakeholders. Our qualitative study was nested within a cluster randomized non-inferiority safety trial of combined ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin MDA. Using semi-structured question guides, we conducted 16 key informant interviews with selected individuals involved in implementing MDA within the participating district. To better understand the perceptions of recipient communities, we also conducted four focus group discussions with key community groups. Individuals were selected from both the trial arm (integrated MDA) and the control arm (standard MDA) to provide a means of comparison and discussion. All interviews and focus group discussions were led by fluent Afaan oromo speakers. Interviewers transcribed and later translated all discussions into English. The study team synthesized and analyzed the results via a coding framework and software. Most respondents appreciated the time and effort saved via the co-administered MDA strategy but there were some misgivings amongst community beneficiaries surrounding pill burden. Both the implementing health work force members and beneficiaries reported refusals stemming from lack of understanding around the need for the new drug regimen as well as some mistrust of government officials among the youth. The house-to-house distribution method, adopted as a COVID-19 prevention strategy, was by far preferred by all beneficiaries over central-point MDA, and may have led to greater acceptability of co-administration. Our data demonstrate that a co-administration strategy for NTDs is acceptable to both communities and health staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McPherson
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- RTI International, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dereje Geleta
- College of Medicine and Health sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Tafese
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Hiwot Solomon
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hirpa Miecha
- Oromia regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lalisa Gemechu
- College of Medicine and Health sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Debebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Biruck Kebede
- RTI International, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Teshome Gebre
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikreab Kebede
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikre Seife
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fentahun Tadesse
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Mammo
- RTI International, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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McPherson S, Solomon AW, Seife F, Solomon H, Gebre T, Mabey DCW, Marks M. Pharmacokinetics, feasibility and safety of co-administering azithromycin, albendazole, and ivermectin during mass drug administration: A review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011224. [PMID: 37315102 PMCID: PMC10298764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditionally, health ministries implement mass drug administration programmes for each neglected tropical disease (NTD) as separate and distinct campaigns. Many NTDs have overlapping endemicity suggesting co-administration might improve programme reach and efficiency, helping accelerate progress towards 2030 targets. Safety data are required to support a recommendation to undertake co-administration. METHODOLOGY We aimed to compile and summarize existing data on co-administration of ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin, including both data on pharmacokinetic interactions and data from previous experimental and observational studies conducted in NTD-endemic populations. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, research and conference abstracts, gray literature, and national policy documents. We limited the publication language to English and used a search period from January 1st, 1995 through October 1st, 2022. Search terms were: azithromycin and ivermectin and albendazole, mass drug administration co-administration trials, integrated mass drug administration, mass drug administration safety, pharmacokinetic dynamics, and azithromycin and ivermectin and albendazole. We excluded papers if they did not include data on co-administration of azithromycin and both albendazole and ivermectin, or azithromycin with either albendazole or ivermectin alone. RESULTS We identified a total of 58 potentially relevant studies. Of these we identified 7 studies relevant to the research question and which met our inclusion criteria. Three papers analyzed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. No study found evidence of clinically significant drug-drug interactions likely to impact safety or efficacy. Two papers and a conference presentation reported data on the safety of combinations of at least two of the drugs. A field study in Mali suggested the rates of adverse events were similar with combined or separate administration, but was underpowered. A further field study in Papua New Guinea used all three drugs as part of a four-drug regimen also including diethylcarbamazine; in this setting, co-administration appeared safe but there were issues with the consistency in how adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSION There are relatively limited data on the safety profile of co-administering ivermectin, albendazole and azithromycin as an integrated regimen for NTDs. Despite the limited amount of data, available evidence suggests that such a strategy is safe with an absence of clinically important drug-drug interactions, no serious adverse events reported and little evidence for an increase in mild adverse events. Integrated MDA may be a viable strategy for national NTD programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott McPherson
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fikre Seife
- Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Teshome Gebre
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Barton A, Rosenkrands I, Pickering H, Faal N, Harte A, Joof H, Makalo P, Ragonnet M, Olsen AW, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Follmann F, Dietrich J, Holland MJ. A systems serology approach to the investigation of infection-induced antibody responses and protection in trachoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178741. [PMID: 37287960 PMCID: PMC10242090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A-C cause the neglected tropical disease trachoma. As infection does not confer complete immunity, repeated infections are common, leading to long-term sequelae such as scarring and blindness. Here, we apply a systems serology approach to investigate whether systemic antibody features are associated with susceptibility to infection. Methods Sera from children in five trachoma endemic villages in the Gambia were assayed for 23 antibody features: IgG responses towards two C. trachomatis antigens and three serovars [elementary bodies and major outer membrane protein (MOMP), serovars A-C], IgG responses towards five MOMP peptides (serovars A-C), neutralization, and antibody-dependent phagocytosis. Participants were considered resistant if they subsequently developed infection only when over 70% of other children in the same compound were infected. Results The antibody features assayed were not associated with resistance to infection (false discovery rate < 0.05). Anti-MOMP SvA IgG and neutralization titer were higher in susceptible individuals (p < 0.05 before multiple testing adjustment). Classification using partial least squares performed only slightly better than chance in distinguishing between susceptible and resistant participants based on systemic antibody profile (specificity 71%, sensitivity 36%). Conclusions Systemic infection-induced IgG and functional antibody responses do not appear to be protective against subsequent infection. Ocular responses, IgA, avidity, or cell-mediated responses may play a greater role in protective immunity than systemic IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Barton
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nkoyo Faal
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Anna Harte
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Joof
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Manon Ragonnet
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Anja Weinreich Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Barton A, Pickering H, Payne T, Faal N, Sillah A, Harte A, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Roberts CH, Holland MJ. Sequence based HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in The Gambia. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:69-70. [PMID: 36335053 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Class II HLA loci DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 were typed for a total of 939 Gambian participants by locus-specific amplicon sequencing. Participants were from multiple regions of The Gambia and drawn from two studies: a family study aiming to identify associations between host genotype and trachomatous scarring (N = 796) and a cohort study aiming to identify correlates of immunity to trachoma (N = 143). All loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, likely due to the family-based nature of the study: 608 participants had at least one other family member included in the study population. The most common alleles for HLA-DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 respectively were DRB1*13:04 (18.8 %), DQB1*03:19 (27.9 %) and DPB1*01:01 (25.4 %). Participants belonged to a variety of ethnicities, including the Mandinka, Fula, Wolof and Jola ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Barton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thomas Payne
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Nkoyo Faal
- Medical Research Council Gambia at LSHTM, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Ansumana Sillah
- National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Anna Harte
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Medical Research Council Gambia at LSHTM, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia.
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Pickering H, Ramadhani AM, Massae P, Mafuru E, Malisa A, Mbuya K, Makupa W, Mtuy T, Derrick T, Houghton J, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Burton MJ, Holland MJ. The conjunctival microbiome before and after azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma control in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1015714. [PMID: 36324475 PMCID: PMC9619060 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma, caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is a neglected tropical disease that can lead to blinding pathology. Current trachoma control programmes have successfully used mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin to clear C. trachomatis infection and reduce transmission, alongside promoting facial cleanliness for better personal hygiene and environmental improvement. In areas of low-trachoma endemicity, the relationship between C. trachomatis infection and trachomatous disease weakens, and non-chlamydial bacteria have been associated with disease signs. Methods We enrolled a cohort of children aged 6-10 years from three adjacent trachoma endemic villages in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions, Northern Tanzania. Children were divided into four clinical groups based on the presence or absence of ocular C. trachomatis infection and clinical signs of trachomatous papillary inflammation (TP). To determine the impact of treatment on the ocular microbiome in these clinical groups, we performed V4-16S rRNA sequencing of conjunctival DNA from children 3-9 months pre-MDA (n = 269) and 3 months post-MDA (n = 79). Results Chlamydia trachomatis PCR-negative, no TP children had the highest pre-MDA ocular microbiome alpha diversity, which was reduced in C. trachomatis infected children and further decreased in those with TP. Pre-MDA, Haemophilus and Staphylococcus were associated with C. trachomatis infection with and without concurrent TP, while Helicobacter was increased in those with TP in the absence of current C. trachomatis infection. Post-MDA, none of the studied children had ocular C. trachomatis infection or TP. MDA increased ocular microbiome diversity in all clinical groups, the change was of greater magnitude in children with pre-MDA TP. MDA effectively reduced the prevalence of disease causing pathogenic non-chlamydial bacteria, and promoted restoration of a normal, healthy conjunctival microbiome. Conclusion We identified Helicobacter as a non-chlamydial bacterium associated with the clinical signs of TP. Further investigation to determine its relevance in other low-endemicity communities is required. MDA was shown to be effective at clearing C. trachomatis infection and other non-chlamydial ocular pathogens, without any detrimental longitudinal effects on the ocular microbiome. These findings suggest that azithromycin MDA may be valuable in trachoma control even in populations where the relationship between clinical signs of trachoma and the prevalence of current ocular C. trachomatis infection has become dissociated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Harry Pickering
| | | | | | - Elias Mafuru
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mbuya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tara Mtuy
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Abstract
Yaws is a neglected tropical disease targeted for eradication by 2030. To achieve eradication, finding and treating asymptomatic infections as well as clinical cases is crucial. The proposed plan, the Morges strategy, involves rounds of total community treatment (i.e., treating the whole population) and total targeted treatment (TTT) (i.e., treating clinical cases and contacts). However, modeling and empirical work suggests asymptomatic infections often are not found in the same households as clinical cases, reducing the utility of household-based contact tracing for a TTT strategy. We use a model fitted to data from the Solomon Islands to predict the likelihood of elimination of transmission under different intervention schemes and levels of systematic nontreatment resulting from the intervention. Our results indicate that implementing additional treatment rounds through total community treatment is more effective than conducting additional rounds of treatment of at-risk persons through TTT.
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Marks M, Gwyn S, Toloka H, Kositz C, Asugeni J, Asugeni R, Diau J, Kaldor JM, Romani L, Redman-MacLaren M, MacLaren D, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Steer AC, Martin D. Impact of Community Treatment With Ivermectin for the Control of Scabies on the Prevalence of Antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis in Children. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:3226-3228. [PMID: 32421762 PMCID: PMC7819519 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis was measured in 0-12-year-olds using a bead-based immunoassay before and after ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) for scabies in the Solomon Islands. Seroprevalence was 9.3% before and 5.1% after MDA (P = .019), demonstrating collateral benefits of ivermectin MDA in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gwyn
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hilary Toloka
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Christian Kositz
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Rowena Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Jason Diau
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - John M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Diana Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Marks M, Toloka H, Baker C, Kositz C, Asugeni J, Puiahi E, Asugeni R, Azzopardi K, Diau J, Kaldor JM, Romani L, Redman-MacLaren M, MacLaren D, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Steer AC. Randomized Trial of Community Treatment With Azithromycin and Ivermectin Mass Drug Administration for Control of Scabies and Impetigo. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:927-933. [PMID: 29985978 PMCID: PMC6399435 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is a public health problem in many countries, with impetigo and its complications important consequences. Ivermectin based mass drug administration (MDA) reduces the prevalence of scabies and, to a lesser extent, impetigo. We studied the impact of co-administering azithromycin on the prevalence of impetigo and antimicrobial resistance. Methods Six communities were randomized to receive either ivermectin-based MDA or ivermectin-based MDA co-administered with azithromycin. We measured scabies and impetigo prevalence at baseline and 12 months. We collected impetigo lesions swabs at baseline, 3 and 12 months to detect antimicrobial resistance. Results At baseline, scabies and impetigo prevalences were 11.8% and 10.1% in the ivermectin-only arm and 9.2% and 12.1% in the combined treatment arm. At 12 months, the prevalences had fallen to 1.0% and 2.5% in the ivermectin-only arm and 0.7% and 3.3% in the combined treatment arm. The proportion of impetigo lesions containing Staphylococcus aureus detected did not change (80% at baseline vs 86% at 12 months; no significant difference between arms) but the proportion containing pyogenic streptococci fell significantly (63% vs 23%, P < .01). At 3 months, 53% (8/15) of S. aureus isolates were macrolide-resistant in the combined treatment arm, but no resistant strains (0/13) were detected at 12 months. Conclusions Co-administration of azithromycin with ivermectin led to similar decreases in scabies and impetigo prevalence compared to ivermectin alone. The proportion of impetigo lesions containing pyogenic streptococci declined following MDA. There was a transient increase in the proportion of macrolide-resistant S. aureus strains following azithromycin MDA. Clinical Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02775617).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Toloka
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Ciara Baker
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Kositz
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - James Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Elliot Puiahi
- National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Rowena Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Kristy Azzopardi
- Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Diau
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - John M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | | | - David MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Steer
- National Referral Hospital, Honiara, Solomon Islands.,Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Harding-Esch EM, Holland MJ, Schémann JF, Sillah A, Sarr B, Christerson L, Pickering H, Molina-Gonzalez S, Sarr I, Andreasen AA, Jeffries D, Grundy C, Mabey DCW, Herrmann B, Bailey RL. Impact of a single round of mass drug administration with azithromycin on active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence and circulating strains in The Gambia and Senegal. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:497. [PMID: 31640755 PMCID: PMC6805539 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a cornerstone of the trachoma elimination strategy. Although the global prevalence of active trachoma has declined considerably, prevalence persists or even increases in some communities and districts. To increase understanding of MDA impact, we investigated the prevalence of active trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis prevalence, organism load, and circulating strains at baseline and one-year post-MDA in The Gambia and Senegal. METHODS Pre- and one-year post-MDA, children aged 0-9 years were examined for clinical signs of trachoma in six Gambian and 12 Senegalese villages. Ocular swabs from each child's right conjunctiva were tested for evidence of ocular C. trachomatis infection and organism load (ompA copy number), and ompA and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed. RESULTS A total of 1171 children were examined at baseline and follow-up in The Gambia. Active trachoma prevalence decreased from 23.9% to 17.7%, whereas ocular C. trachomatis prevalence increased from 3.0% to 3.8%. In Senegal, 1613 and 1771 children were examined at baseline and follow-up, respectively. Active trachoma prevalence decreased from 14.9% to 8.0%, whereas ocular C. trachomatis prevalence increased from 1.8% to 3.6%. Higher organism load was associated with having active trachoma and severe inflammation. Sequence typing demonstrated that all Senegalese samples were genovar A, whereas Gambian samples were a mix of genovars A and B. MLST provided evidence of clustering at village and household levels and demonstrated differences of strain variant frequencies in Senegal, indicative of an "outbreak". MLST, including partial ompA typing, provided greater discriminatory power than complete ompA typing. CONCLUSIONS We found that one round of MDA led to an overall decline in active trachoma prevalence but no impact on ocular C. trachomatis infection, with heterogeneity observed between villages studied. This could not be explained by MDA coverage or number of different circulating strains pre- and post-MDA. The poor correlation between active trachoma and infection prevalence supports the need for further work on alternative indicators to clinical signs for diagnosing ocular C. trachomatis infection. MLST typing has potential molecular epidemiology utility, including better understanding of transmission dynamics, although relationship to whole-genome sequence variability requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Harding-Esch
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Martin J. Holland
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, PO Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | | | - Ansumana Sillah
- National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kanifing, The Gambia
| | - Boubacar Sarr
- Programme National de Lutte Contre la Cécité, Ministère de la Santé, BP 3817, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Linus Christerson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Harry Pickering
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | | | - Isatou Sarr
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, PO Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Aura A. Andreasen
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - David Jeffries
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, PO Box 273, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Chris Grundy
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
| | - Bjorn Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT UK
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10
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Pickering H, Palmer CD, Houghton J, Makalo P, Joof H, Derrick T, Goncalves A, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Roberts CH, Burr SE, Holland MJ. Conjunctival Microbiome-Host Responses Are Associated With Impaired Epithelial Cell Health in Both Early and Late Stages of Trachoma. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31552195 PMCID: PMC6736612 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trachoma, a neglected tropical disease, is the leading infectious cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Host responses to ocular chlamydial infection resulting in chronic inflammation and expansion of non-chlamydial bacteria are hypothesized risk factors for development of active trachoma and conjunctival scarring. Methods: Ocular swabs from trachoma endemic populations in The Gambia were selected from archived samples for 16S sequencing and host conjunctival gene expression. We recruited children with active trachoma and adults with conjunctival scarring, alongside corresponding matched controls. Findings: In children, active trachoma was not associated with significant changes in the ocular microbiome. Haemophilus enrichment was associated with antimicrobial responses but not linked to active trachoma. Adults with scarring trachoma had a reduced ocular bacterial diversity compared to controls, with increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium. Increased abundance of Corynebacterium in scarring disease was associated with innate immune responses to the microbiota, dominated by altered mucin expression and increased matrix adhesion. Interpretation: In the absence of current Chlamydia trachomatis infection, changes in the ocular microbiome associate with differential expression of antimicrobial and inflammatory genes that impair epithelial cell health. In scarring trachoma, expansion of non-pathogenic bacteria such as Corynebacterium and innate responses are coincident, warranting further investigation of this relationship. Comparisons between active and scarring trachoma supported the relative absence of type-2 interferon responses in scarring, whilst highlighting a common suppression of re-epithelialization with altered epithelial and bacterial adhesion, likely contributing to development of scarring pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine D Palmer
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Goncalves
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, MRC Unit the Gambia at LSHTM, Banjul, Gambia
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11
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Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Macleod D, Massae P, Mafuru E, Malisa A, Mbuya K, Roberts CH, Makupa W, Mtuy T, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007638. [PMID: 31412025 PMCID: PMC6709924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma is a progressive blinding disease initiated by infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections are thought to cause chronic inflammation, which drives scarring, leading to in-turning of the eyelids. The relationship between C. trachomatis, clinical inflammation and scarring development in children is not fully understood due to a paucity of longitudinal studies with infection data at frequent follow-up. Methods and findings This longitudinal cohort study took place in northern Tanzania. Children aged 6–10 years at baseline were eligible for inclusion. Participants were visited every three months for four years. Clinical signs and conjunctival swabs for C. trachomatis detection by qPCR were collected at each time-point. Conjunctival photographs from baseline and final time-points were graded and compared side-by-side to determine scarring incidence and progression. Of the 666 children enrolled in the study, outcome data were obtained for 448. Scarring progression was detected in 103/448 (23%) children; 48 (11%) of which had incident scarring and 55 (12%) had progression of existing scarring. Scarring was strongly associated with increasing episodes of trachomatous papillary inflammation (TP). Weaker associations were found between episodes of C. trachomatis infection and follicular trachoma (TF) with scarring progression in unadjusted models, which were absent in multivariable analysis after adjusting for inflammation (multivariable results: C. trachomatis p = 0.44, TF p = 0.25, TP p = <0.0001, age p = 0.13, female sex p = 0.05). Individuals having TP at 30% or more of the time-points they were seen had an odds ratio of 7.5 (95%CI = 2.7–20.8) for scarring progression relative to individuals without any TP detected during the study period. Conclusions These data suggest that the effect of infection on scarring progression is mediated through papillary inflammation, and that other factors contributing to the development of inflammation, in addition to C. trachomatis infection, may be important in driving conjunctival scarring progression in children. The addition of TP as a measure in trachoma control programs would provide an indication of the future risk of developing scarring sequelae. Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide and is targeted for elimination as a public health problem by 2020. The natural history of trachoma is not completely understood however. We conducted a four-year longitudinal study in a trachoma-endemic area of northern Tanzania with detailed follow up every three months. In the four-year study period, nearly one quarter of children developed progression of conjunctival scarring, despite three rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) for trachoma control. Disease progression was strongly associated with increasing proportion of episodes with conjunctival papillary inflammation (TP), and only weakly associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection and trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF). Analysis revealed that associations between infection and TF with scarring progression were mediated through TP, and that other factors causing individual differences in TP were also contributing to scarring progression. These data have significant implications for trachoma control. We hypothesise that in individuals who have previously experienced ocular C. trachomatis infection, TP is the primary driver of scarring progression. The addition of TP to trachoma surveillance programs would provide an indicator for active disease progression in the community and a more accurate guide to the need for future trichiasis interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athumani M. Ramadhani
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elias Mafuru
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mbuya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Tara Mtuy
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Macleod D, Massae P, Malisa A, Mbuya K, Mtuy T, Makupa W, Roberts CH, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Ocular immune responses, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and clinical signs of trachoma before and after azithromycin mass drug administration in a treatment naïve trachoma-endemic Tanzanian community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007559. [PMID: 31306419 PMCID: PMC6658141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, remains the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Persistence and progression of the resulting clinical disease appears to be an immunologically mediated process. Azithromycin, which is distributed at the community level for trachoma control, has immunomodulatory properties. We investigated the impact of one round of oral azithromycin on conjunctival immune responses, C. trachomatis infection and clinical signs three- and six- months post treatment relative to three pre-treatment time-points. METHODOLOGY A cohort of children aged 6 to 10 years were recruited from a trachoma endemic region of northern Tanzania and were visited five times in a 12-month period. They were examined for clinical signs of trachoma and conjunctival swabs were collected for laboratory analysis. C. trachomatis infection was detected and the expression of 46 host genes was quantified using quantitative PCR. All community members were offered azithromycin treatment immediately after the six-month timepoint according to international guidelines. FINDINGS The prevalence of C. trachomatis infection and inflammatory disease signs were significantly reduced three- and six- months post-mass drug administration (MDA). C. trachomatis infection was strongly associated with clinical signs at all five time-points. A profound anti-inflammatory effect on conjunctival gene expression was observed 3 months post-MDA, however, gene expression had largely returned to pre-treatment levels of variation by 6 months. This effect was less marked, but still observed, after adjusting for C. trachomatis infection and when the analysis was restricted to individuals who were free from both infection and clinical disease at all five time-points. Interestingly, a modest effect was also observed in individuals who did not receive treatment. CONCLUSION Conjunctival inflammation is the major clinical risk factor for progressive scarring trachoma, therefore, the reduction in inflammation associated with azithromycin treatment may be beneficial in limiting the development of potentially blinding disease sequelae. Future work should seek to determine whether this effect is mediated directly through inhibition of pro-inflammatory intracellular signalling molecules, through reductions in concurrent, sub-clinical infections, and/or through reduction of infection exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athumani M. Ramadhani
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Kelvin Mbuya
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tara Mtuy
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Chrissy H. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Harrison MA, Harding-Esch EM, Marks M, Pond MJ, Butcher R, Solomon AW, Zhou L, Tan N, Nori AV, Kako H, Sokana O, Mabey DCW, Sadiq ST. Impact of mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma elimination on prevalence and azithromycin resistance of genital Mycoplasma genitalium infection. Sex Transm Infect 2019; 95:522-528. [PMID: 30981999 PMCID: PMC6860407 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) of 20 mg/kg (maximum 1 g in adults) azithromycin for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is a key component of the WHO trachoma elimination strategy. However, this dose may be suboptimal in Mycoplasma genitalium infection and may encourage emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to azithromycin. Objectives To determine the effect of MDA for trachoma elimination on M. genitalium prevalence, strain type and azithromycin resistance. Methods A secondary analysis of CT-negative vulvovaginal swabs from three outpatient antenatal clinics (Honiara, Solomon Islands) from patients recruited either pre-MDA, or 10 months post-MDA in two cross-sectional surveys was carried out. Swabs were tested for M. genitalium infection using Fast Track Diagnostics Urethritis Plus nucleic acid amplification assay. M. genitalium-positive samples were subsequently tested for azithromycin resistance by sequencing domain V of the 23S rRNA DNA region of M. genitalium and underwent phylogenetic analysis by dual locus sequence typing. Results M. genitalium prevalence was 11.9% (28/236) in women pre-MDA and 10.9% (28/256) 10 months post-MDA (p=0.7467). Self-reported receipt of azithromycin as part of MDA was 49.2% in women recruited post-MDA and 17.9% (5/28) in those who tested M. genitalium positive. Of samples sequenced (21/28 pre-MDA, 22/28 post-MDA), all showed a macrolide susceptible genotype. Strain typing showed that sequence types diverged into two lineages, with a suggestion of strain replacement post-MDA. Conclusion A single round of azithromycin MDA in an island population with high baseline M. genitalium prevalence did not appear to impact on either prevalence or azithromycin resistance, in contrast to reported decreased genital CT prevalence in the same population. This may be due to limitations such as sample size, including CT-negative samples only, and low MDA coverage. Further investigation of the impact of multiple rounds of MDA on M. genitalium azithromycin AMR in antibiotic experienced and naïve populations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Andrew Harrison
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma Michele Harding-Esch
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK.,HIV/STI Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marcus James Pond
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Liqing Zhou
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - NgeeKeong Tan
- Southwest London Pathology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Achyuta V Nori
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Henry Kako
- Department of STI and HIV Prevention, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eye Health Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Syed Tariq Sadiq
- Applied Diagnostic Research and Evaluation Unit, St George's, University of London, London, UK .,HIV/STI Department, Public Health England, London, UK
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14
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Hu VH, Macleod D, Massae P, Afwamba I, Weiss HA, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Burton MJ. Non-Chlamydial Bacterial Infection and Progression of Conjunctival Scarring in Trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2339-2344. [PMID: 29847638 PMCID: PMC5939686 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess whether non-chlamydial bacterial infection is associated with progression of trachomatous scarring in adults. Methods This was a cohort study involving 800 participants in northern Tanzania who underwent clinical examination, photography, and conjunctival swab collection for microbiology over a 24-month period. Samples for microbiology were inoculated onto blood and chocolate agar, and Chlamydia trachomatis was detected by PCR. Progression was determined by comparison of baseline to 24-month photographs. Results C. trachomatis was detected in only four participants at baseline. At 24 months, 617 participants (77.1%) were followed up. Of those seen at 24 months, 452 could be reliably assessed. Definite scarring progression (progressors) was seen in 345 (55.9%); there was no progression (nonprogressors) in 107 (17.3%). Using combined baseline and 12-month microbiology results, progressors had significantly higher levels of commensal and pathogenic bacterial organisms detected compared with nonprogressors. After adjusting for age, baseline scarring, and ethnicity, there was weak evidence (P = 0.07) that the bacteria category was associated with scarring progression (commensal organisms only: odds ratio [OR] = 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90 to 2.89; pathogenic organisms either with or without commensal: OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.10 to 5.16). Conclusion The findings were consistent with the possibility that trachomatous scarring in adults is associated with the presence of non-chlamydial bacterial organisms, particularly pathogenic organisms. C. trachomatis was detected very infrequently and may not be an important factor in the pathogenesis of scarring progression in adults. This has implications for trachoma control programs, which largely concentrate on reducing C. trachomatis levels and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Hu
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isaac Afwamba
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Helen A Weiss
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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15
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Pinsent A, Solomon AW, Bailey RL, Bid R, Cama A, Dean D, Goodhew B, Gwyn SE, Jack KR, Kandel RP, Kama M, Massae P, Macleod C, Mabey DCW, Migchelsen S, Müller A, Sandi F, Sokana O, Taoaba R, Tekeraoi R, Martin DL, White MT. The utility of serology for elimination surveillance of trachoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5444. [PMID: 30575720 PMCID: PMC6303365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust surveillance methods are needed for trachoma control and recrudescence monitoring, but existing methods have limitations. Here, we analyse data from nine trachoma-endemic populations and provide operational thresholds for interpretation of serological data in low-transmission and post-elimination settings. Analyses with sero-catalytic and antibody acquisition models provide insights into transmission history within each population. To accurately estimate sero-conversion rates (SCR) for trachoma in populations with high-seroprevalence in adults, the model accounts for secondary exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis due to urogenital infection. We estimate the population half-life of sero-reversion for anti-Pgp3 antibodies to be 26 (95% credible interval (CrI): 21–34) years. We show SCRs below 0.015 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0–0.049) per year correspond to a prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular below 5%, the current threshold for elimination of active trachoma as a public health problem. As global trachoma prevalence declines, we may need cross-sectional serological survey data to inform programmatic decisions. Robust surveillance methods are needed for trachoma control and recrudescence monitoring, but existing methods have limitations. Here, Pinsent et al. analyse data from nine trachoma-endemic populations and provide operational thresholds for interpretation of serological data in low transmission and post-elimination settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pinsent
- Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rhiannon Bid
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anaseini Cama
- International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, Western Pacific Region, Suva, Fiji.,The Fred Hollows Foundation, Level 2, 61 Dunning Ave, Rosebury, NSW, 2018, Australia
| | - Deborah Dean
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Sarah E Gwyn
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Kelvin R Jack
- Eyecare Department, Ministry of Health, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Mike Kama
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Patrick Massae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Colin Macleod
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 6NG, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephanie Migchelsen
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andreas Müller
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Level 7/32 Gisborne St, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Frank Sandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eyecare Department, Ministry of Health, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Raebwebwe Taoaba
- Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Rabebe Tekeraoi
- Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, South Tarawa, Kiribati
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Michael T White
- Malaria: Parasites & Hosts, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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16
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Gashaw B, Roberts CH, Kello AB, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Callahan EK, Macleod D, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. Oral doxycycline for the prevention of postoperative trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6:e579-e592. [PMID: 29653629 PMCID: PMC5912946 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachomatous trichiasis is treated surgically to prevent sight loss. Unfavourable surgical outcomes remain a major challenge. We investigated the hypothesis that doxycycline might reduce the risk of postoperative trichiasis following surgery in patients with trachomatous trichiasis through anti-matrix metalloproteinase and anti-inflammatory activity. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults (aged >18 years) with upper lid trachomatous trichiasis in association with tarsal conjunctive scarring were recruited through community-based screening and surgical outreach campaigns in Ethiopia. Individuals who had previously had eyelid surgery were excluded. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1), with random block sizes of four or six, to receive oral doxycycline (100 mg once a day) or placebo for 28 days immediately after trichiasis surgery. Randomisation was stratified by surgeon. Patients, investigators, surgeons, and all other study team members were masked to study group allocation and treatment. Participants were examined at 10 days, and 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. The primary outcome was the cumulative proportion of individuals who developed postoperative trichiasis by 12 months. Primary analyses were done in all participants who attended at least one of the four follow-up assessments. Safety analyses were done in all participants who attended either the 10 day or 1 month follow-up assessments. This trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, number PACTR201512001370307. FINDINGS Between Dec 21, 2015, and April 6, 2016, 1000 patients with trichiasis were enrolled and randomly assigned to treatment (499 patients to doxycycline, 501 patients to placebo). All but one participant attended at least one follow-up assessment. Thus, 999 participants were assessed for the primary outcome: 498 in the doxycycline group and 501 in the placebo group. By month 12, 58 (12%) of 498 patients in the doxycycline group and 62 (12%) of 501 patients in the placebo group had developed postoperative trichiasis (adjusted odds ratio 0·91, 95% CI 0·61 to 1·34, p=0·63), with a risk difference of -0·5% (-4·5% to 3·5%). Significantly more patients in the doxycycline group had an adverse event than in the placebo group (18 [4%] of 498 vs six [1%] of 501; odds ratio 3·09, 95% CI 1·21-7·84; p=0·02). The most frequent adverse events in the doxycycline group were gastritis symptoms (n=9), constipation (n=4), and diarrhoea (n=4). INTERPRETATION Doxycycline did not reduce the risk of postoperative trichiasis and is therefore not indicated for the improvement of outcomes following trachomatous trichiasis surgery. Surgical programmes should continue to make efforts to strengthen surgical training and supervision to improve outcomes. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Saul N Rajak
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - David Macleod
- Medical Research Council Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- Medical Research Council Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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17
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Marks M, Esau T, Asugeni R, Harrington R, Diau J, Toloka H, Asugeni J, Ansbro E, Solomon AW, Maclaren D, Redman-Maclaren M, Mabey DCW. Point-of-care tests for syphilis and yaws in a low-income setting - A qualitative study of healthcare worker and patient experiences. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006360. [PMID: 29672524 PMCID: PMC5908063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human treponematoses comprise venereal syphilis and the three non-venereal or endemic treponematoses yaws, bejel, and pinta. Serological assays remain the most common diagnostic method for all treponemal infections. Point-of-care tests (POCTs) for syphilis and yaws allow testing without further development of infrastructure in populations where routine laboratory facilities are not available. Alongside the test’s performance characteristics assessed through diagnostic evaluation, it is important to consider broader issues when rolling out a POCT. Experience with malaria POCT roll-out in sub-Saharan Africa has demonstrated that both healthcare worker and patient beliefs may play a major role in shaping the real-world use of POCTs. We conducted a qualitative study evaluating healthcare worker and patient perceptions of using a syphilis/yaws POCT in clinics in the East Malaita region of Malaita province in the Solomon Islands. Prior to the study serology was only routinely available at the local district hospital. Methods The POCT was deployed in the outpatient and ante-natal departments of a district hospital and four rural health clinics served by the hospital. Each site was provided with training and an SOP on the performance, interpretation and recording of results. Treatment for those testing positive was provided, in line with Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services’ guidelines for syphilis and yaws respectively. Alongside the implementation of the POCT we facilitated semi-structured interviews with both nurses and patients to explore individuals’ experiences and beliefs in relation to use of the POCT. Results and discussion Four main themes emerged in the interviews: 1) training and ease of performing the test; 2) time taken and ability to fit the test into a clinical workflow; 3) perceived reliability and trustworthiness of the test; and 4) level of the health care system the test was most usefully deployed. Many healthcare workers related their experience with the POCT to their experience using similar tests for malaria. Although the test was considered to take a relatively long time to perform the benefits of improved access to testing were considered positive by most healthcare workers. Qualitative data is needed to help inform better training packages to support the implementation of POCT in low-resource settings. Syphilis and yaws are closely related bacterial infections. In many countries where the diseases are found there is limited access to diagnostic testing. Recently a point of care test for both diseases has been developed. In the current study we evaluated the experience of healthcare workers and patients in using the test in the Solomon Islands. Both healthcare workers and patients valued the improved access to testing that provided by the point of care test. Experience of healthcare workers in using similar tests for other diseases, such as malaria, had both positive and negative impacts on their beliefs about the syphilis and yaws test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tommy Esau
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Rowena Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Relmah Harrington
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Jason Diau
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Hilary Toloka
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - James Asugeni
- Atoifi Adventist Hospital, Atoifi, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
| | - Eimhin Ansbro
- Department of Noncommunicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Maclaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Dyson L, Marks M, Crook OM, Sokana O, Solomon AW, Bishop A, Mabey DCW, Hollingsworth TD. Targeted Treatment of Yaws With Household Contact Tracing: How Much Do We Miss? Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:837-844. [PMID: 29140407 PMCID: PMC5888927 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaws is a disabling bacterial infection found primarily in warm and humid tropical areas. The World Health Organization strategy mandates an initial round of total community treatment (TCT) with single-dose azithromycin followed either by further TCT or active case-finding and treatment of cases and their contacts (the Morges strategy). We sought to investigate the effectiveness of the Morges strategy. We employed a stochastic household model to study the transmission of infection using data collected from a pre-TCT survey conducted in the Solomon Islands. We used this model to assess the proportion of asymptomatic infections that occurred in households without active cases. This analysis indicated that targeted treatment of cases and their household contacts would miss a large fraction of asymptomatic infections (65%–100%). This fraction was actually higher at lower prevalences. Even assuming that all active cases and their households were successfully treated, our analysis demonstrated that at all prevalences present in the data set, up to 90% of (active and asymptomatic) infections would not be treated under household-based contact tracing. Mapping was undertaken as part of the study “Epidemiology of Yaws in the Solomon Islands and the Impact of a Trachoma Control Programme,” in September–October 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dyson
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver M Crook
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Bishop
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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19
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Marks M, Fookes M, Wagner J, Butcher R, Ghinai R, Sokana O, Sarkodie YA, Lukehart SA, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Thomson N. Diagnostics for Yaws Eradication: Insights From Direct Next-Generation Sequencing of Cutaneous Strains of Treponema pallidum. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:818-824. [PMID: 29045605 PMCID: PMC5848336 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yaws-like chronic ulcers can be caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue, Haemophilus ducreyi, or other, still-undefined bacteria. To permit accurate evaluation of yaws elimination efforts, programmatic use of molecular diagnostics is required. The accuracy and sensitivity of current tools remain unclear because our understanding of T. pallidum diversity is limited by the low number of sequenced genomes. Methods We tested samples from patients with suspected yaws collected in the Solomon Islands and Ghana. All samples were from patients whose lesions had previously tested negative using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) diagnostic assay in widespread use. However, some of these patients had positive serological assays for yaws on blood. We used direct whole-genome sequencing to identify T. pallidum subsp pertenue strains missed by the current assay. Results From 45 Solomon Islands and 27 Ghanaian samples, 11 were positive for T. pallidum DNA using the species-wide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, from which we obtained 6 previously undetected T. pallidum subsp pertenue whole-genome sequences. These show that Solomon Islands sequences represent distinct T. pallidum subsp pertenue clades. These isolates were invisible to the CDC diagnostic PCR assay, due to sequence variation in the primer binding site. Conclusions Our data double the number of published T. pallidum subsp pertenue genomes. We show that Solomon Islands strains are undetectable by the PCR used in many studies and by health ministries. This assay is therefore not adequate for the eradication program. Next-generation genome sequence data are essential for these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Wagner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Rosanna Ghinai
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara
| | - Yaw-Adu Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sheila A Lukehart
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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20
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Butcher R, Sokana O, Jack K, Sui L, Russell C, Last A, Martin DL, Burton MJ, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Roberts CH. Clinical signs of trachoma are prevalent among Solomon Islanders who have no persistent markers of prior infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:14. [PMID: 29588922 PMCID: PMC5854984 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13423.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The low population prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis and high prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) provide contradictory estimates of the magnitude of the public health threat from trachoma in the Solomon Islands. Improved characterisation of the biology of trachoma in the region may support policy makers as they decide what interventions are required. Here, age-specific profiles of anti-Pgp3 antibodies and conjunctival scarring were examined to determine whether there is evidence of ongoing transmission and pathology from ocular
Chlamydia trachomatis (
Ct)
infection. Methods: A total of 1511 individuals aged ≥1 year were enrolled from randomly selected households in 13 villages in which >10% of children aged 1–9 years had TF prior to a single round of azithromycin mass drug administration undertaken six months previously. Blood was collected to be screened for antibodies to the
Ct antigen Pgp3. Tarsal conjunctival photographs were collected for analysis of scarring severity. Results: Anti-Pgp3 seropositivity was 18% in 1–9 year olds, sharply increasing around the age of sexual debut to reach 69% in those over 25 years. Anti-Pgp3 seropositivity did not increase significantly between the ages of 1–9 years and was not associated with TF (p=0.581) or scarring in children (p=0.472). Conjunctival scars were visible in 13.1% of photographs. Mild (p<0.0001) but not severe (p=0.149) scars increased in prevalence with age. Conclusions: Neither conjunctival scars nor lymphoid follicles were associated with antibodies to
Ct, suggesting that they are unlikely to be a direct result of ocular
Ct infection
. Clinical signs of trachoma were prevalent in this population but were not indicative of the underlying rates of
Ct infection. The current World Health Organization guidelines for trachoma elimination indicated that this population should receive intervention with mass distribution of antibiotics, but the data presented here suggest that this may not have been appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Kelvin Jack
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Leslie Sui
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Lata, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Abstract
Yaws is targeted for eradication by 2020. The mainstay of the eradication strategy is mass treatment followed by case finding. Modeling has been used to inform programmatic requirements for other neglected tropical diseases and could provide insights into yaws eradication. We developed a model of yaws transmission varying the coverage and number of rounds of treatment. The estimated number of cases arising from an index case (basic reproduction number [R0]) ranged from 1.08 to 3.32. To have 80% probability of achieving eradication, 8 rounds of treatment with 80% coverage were required at low estimates of R0 (1.45). This requirement increased to 95% at high estimates of R0 (2.47). Extending the treatment interval to 12 months increased requirements at all estimates of R0. At high estimates of R0 with 12 monthly rounds of treatment, no combination of variables achieved eradication. Models should be used to guide the scale-up of yaws eradication.
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22
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Butcher RMR, Sokana O, Jack K, Kalae E, Sui L, Russell C, Houghton J, Palmer C, Holland MJ, Le Mesurier RT, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Roberts CH. Active Trachoma Cases in the Solomon Islands Have Varied Polymicrobial Community Structures but Do Not Associate with Individual Non-Chlamydial Pathogens of the Eye. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:251. [PMID: 29410954 PMCID: PMC5787070 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several non-chlamydial microbial pathogens are associated with clinical signs of active trachoma in trachoma-endemic communities with a low prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection. In the Solomon Islands, the prevalence of Ct among children is low despite the prevalence of active trachoma being moderate. Therefore, we set out to investigate whether active trachoma was associated with a common non-chlamydial infection or with a dominant polymicrobial community dysbiosis in the Solomon Islands. Methods We studied DNA from conjunctival swabs collected from 257 Solomon Islanders with active trachoma and matched controls. Droplet digital PCR was used to test for pathogens suspected to be able to induce follicular conjunctivitis. Polymicrobial community diversity and composition were studied by sequencing of hypervariable regions of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene in a subset of 54 cases and 53 controls. Results Although Ct was associated with active trachoma, the number of infections was low (cases, 3.9%; controls, 0.4%). Estimated prevalence (cases and controls, respectively) of each non-chlamydial infection was as follows: Staphylococcus aureus: 1.9 and 1.9%, Adenoviridae: 1.2 and 1.2%, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus: 5.8 and 4.3%, Haemophilus influenzae: 7.4 and 11.7%, Moraxella catarrhalis: 2.3 and 4.7%, and Streptococcus pneumoniae: 7.0 and 6.2%. There was no statistically significant association between the clinical signs of trachoma and the presence or load of any of the non-Ct infections that were assayed. Interindividual variations in the conjunctival microbiome were characterized by differences in the levels of Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium, Helicobacter, and Paracoccus, but diversity and relative abundance of these specific genera did not differ significantly between cases and controls. Discussion It is unlikely that the prevalent trachoma-like follicular conjunctivitis in this region of the Solomon Islands has a dominant bacterial etiology. Before implementing community-wide azithromycin distribution for trachoma, policy makers should consider that clinical signs of trachoma can be observed in the absence of any detectable azithromycin-susceptible organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M R Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Kelvin Jack
- Eye Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Eric Kalae
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Santa Cruz Island, Solomon Islands
| | - Leslie Sui
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Santa Cruz Island, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Joanna Houghton
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Palmer
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Last AR, Burr SE, Harding-Esch E, Cassama E, Nabicassa M, Roberts CH, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Bailey RL. The impact of a single round of community mass treatment with azithromycin on disease severity and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis load in treatment-naïve trachoma-endemic island communities in West Africa. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:624. [PMID: 29282126 PMCID: PMC5745817 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends three annual rounds of community mass drug treatment with azithromycin (MDA) if the prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1-9 year olds (TF1-9) exceeds 10% at district level to achieve an elimination target of district-level TF1-9 below 5% after. To evaluate this strategy in treatment-naïve trachoma-endemic island communities in Guinea Bissau, we conducted a cross-sectional population-based trachoma survey on four islands. The upper tarsal conjunctivae of each participant were clinically assessed for trachoma and conjunctival swabs were obtained (n = 1507). We used a droplet digital PCR assay to detect Ct infection and estimate bacterial load. We visited the same households during a second cross-sectional survey and repeated the ocular examination and obtained conjunctival swabs from these households one year after MDA (n = 1029). RESULTS Pre-MDA TF1-9 was 22.0% (136/618). Overall Ct infection prevalence (CtI) was 18.6% (25.4% in 1-9 year olds). Post-MDA (estimated coverage 70%), TF1-9 and CtI were significantly reduced (7.4% (29/394, P < 0.001) and 3.3% (34/1029, P < 0.001) (6.6% in 1-9 year olds, P < 0.001), respectively. Median ocular Ct load was reduced from 2038 to 384 copies/swab (P < 0.001). Following MDA cases of Ct infection were highly clustered (Moran's I 0.27, P < 0.001), with fewer clusters of Ct infection overall, fewer clusters of cases with high load infections and less severe disease. CONCLUSIONS Despite a significant reduction in the number of clusters of Ct infection, mean Ct load, disease severity and presence of clusters of cases of high load Ct infection suggesting the beginning of trachoma control in isolated island communities, following a single round of MDA we demonstrate that transmission is still ongoing. These detailed data are useful in understanding the epidemiology of ocular Ct infection in the context of MDA and the tools employed may have utility in determining trachoma elimination and surveillance activities in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Last
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, P.OBox 273, Banjul, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The, Gambia
| | - Emma Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eunice Cassama
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, P.O. Box 50, Avenida de Unidade Africana, Bisssau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Meno Nabicassa
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, P.O. Box 50, Avenida de Unidade Africana, Bisssau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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Migchelsen SJ, Sepúlveda N, Martin DL, Cooley G, Gwyn S, Pickering H, Joof H, Makalo P, Bailey R, Burr SE, Mabey DCW, Solomon AW, Roberts CH. Serology reflects a decline in the prevalence of trachoma in two regions of The Gambia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15040. [PMID: 29118442 PMCID: PMC5678181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). It is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem. In 2014, a population-based cross-sectional study was performed in two previously trachoma-endemic areas of The Gambia. Participants of all ages from Lower River Region (LRR) (N = 1028) and Upper River Region (URR) (N = 840) underwent examination for trachoma and had blood collected for detection of antibodies against the Ct antigen Pgp3, by ELISA. Overall, 30 (1.6%) individuals had active trachoma; the prevalence in children aged 1–9 years was 3.4% (25/742) with no statistically significant difference in prevalence between the regions. There was a significant difference in overall seroprevalence by region: 26.2% in LRR and 17.1% in URR (p < 0.0001). In children 1–9 years old, seroprevalence was 4.4% in LRR and 3.9% in URR. Reversible catalytic models using information on age-specific seroprevalence demonstrated a decrease in the transmission of Ct infection in both regions, possibly reflecting the impact of improved access to water, health and sanitation as well as mass drug administration campaigns. Serological testing for antibodies to Ct antigens is potentially useful for trachoma programmes, but consideration should be given to the co-endemicity of sexually transmitted Ct infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Migchelsen
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah Gwyn
- IHRC, Inc., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Robin Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Macleod D, Massae P, Mtuy T, Jeffries D, Roberts CH, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Immunofibrogenic Gene Expression Patterns in Tanzanian Children with Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection, Active Trachoma and Scarring: Baseline Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:406. [PMID: 28966918 PMCID: PMC5605569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the world's leading infectious cause of blindness and remains a significant public health problem. Much of trachomatous disease pathology is thought to be caused indirectly by host cellular and immune responses, however the immune response during active trachoma and how this initiates progressive scarring is not clearly understood. Defining protective vs. pathogenic immune response to C. trachomatis is important for vaccine design and evaluation. This study reports the baseline results of a longitudinal cohort of Tanzanian children, who were monitored for 4 years in order to determine the immunofibrogenic and infectious correlates of progressive scarring trachoma. In this cohort baseline, 506 children aged 6-10 years were assessed for clinical signs, infection status and the expression of 91 genes of interest prior to mass azithromycin administration for trachoma control. C. trachomatis was detected using droplet digital PCR and gene expression was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The prevalence of follicles, papillary inflammation and scarring were 33.6, 31.6, and 28.5%, respectively. C. trachomatis was detected in 78/506 (15.4%) individuals, 62/78 of whom also had follicles. C. trachomatis infection was associated with a strong upregulation of IFNG and IL22, the enrichment of Th1 and NK cell pathways and Th17 cell-associated cytokines. In individuals with inflammation in the absence of infection the IFNG/IL22 and NK cell response was reduced, however, pro-inflammatory, growth and matrix factors remained upregulated and mucins were downregulated. Our data suggest that, strong IFNG/IL22 responses, probably related to Th1 and NK cell involvement, is important for clearance of C. trachomatis and that the residual pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic phenotype that persists after infection might contribute to pathological scarring. Interestingly, females appear more susceptible to developing papillary inflammation and scarring than males, even at this young age, despite comparable levels of C. trachomatis infection. Females also had increased expression of a number of IFNγ pathway related genes relative to males, suggesting that overexpression of this pathway in response to infection might contribute to more severe scarring. Longitudinal investigation of these factors will reveal their relative contributions to protection from C. trachomatis infection and development of scarring complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athumani M Ramadhani
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - David Macleod
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tara Mtuy
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical CentreMoshi, Tanzania
| | - David Jeffries
- Support Services (Statistics), Medical Research Council Unit The GambiaFajara, Gambia
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondon, United Kingdom
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26
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Pickering H, Teng A, Faal N, Joof H, Makalo P, Cassama E, Nabicassa M, Last AR, Burr SE, Rowland-Jones SL, Thomson NR, Roberts CH, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Hayward RD, de la Maza LM, Holland MJ. Genome-wide profiling of humoral immunity and pathogen genes under selection identifies immune evasion tactics of Chlamydia trachomatis during ocular infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9634. [PMID: 28851925 PMCID: PMC5575166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency and duration of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) ocular infections decrease with age, suggesting development of partial immunity. However, there is a lack of clear correlates of immunity to Ct infection in humans. We screened sera from a cohort of Gambian children followed for six-months against a Ct-proteome microarray. At genome sequence level, we detected signatures of selection from a population of ocular Ct isolates from Guinea-Bissau. Together these approaches allowed us to highlight the focus of humoral responses and hypothesise new modes of pathogen immune evasion. Children who were susceptible to frequent and/or prolonged Ct infection had a less focussed antibody response, including preferential recognition of forty-two antigens. There was evidence of positive and purifying selection across the genome, but little balancing selection. In contrast, most antigens that were associated with susceptibility were under neutral selection. These data suggest an evasion strategy in which Ct presents a large panel of irrelevant antigens to the immune system to block or misdirect protective responses. Development of a focused immune response, possibly induced through vaccination, may be an effective strategy to promote protection to Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pickering
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Andy Teng
- ImmPORT Therapeutics, Inc./Antigen Discovery Inc., 1 Technology Dr., Suite E309, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Nkoyo Faal
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Eunice Cassama
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Meno Nabicassa
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Anna R Last
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sarah L Rowland-Jones
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.,Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Hayward
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck & University College London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Sciences I, Room D440, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4800, United States
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.,Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council The Gambia Unit, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
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27
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Melak B, Gashaw B, Callahan K, Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Kuper H, Polack S, Macleod D, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. Impact of trichiasis surgery on daily living: A longitudinal study in Ethiopia. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:69. [PMID: 29181451 PMCID: PMC5686479 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11891.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) may lead to disability, impeding productive activities, resulting in loss of income. This study was conducted to determine if trichiasis surgery improves participation in productive and leisure activities, and ability to perform activities without difficulty or assistance. Methods: We recruited 1000 adults with trichiasis (cases) and 200 comparison participants, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age (+/- two years), sex and location. The 'Stylised Activity List' tool, developed for the World Bank Living Standard Measurement Survey, was adapted to collect data on activity in the last week (participation in activity, difficulty with activity, requirement of assistance for activity), at baseline and 12 months later. All trichiasis cases received trichiasis surgery at baseline. Random effect logistic regression was used to compare cases and comparison participants. Results: There was strong evidence that trichiasis surgery substantially improves the ability of trichiasis cases to perform all the productive and leisure activities investigated without difficulty, with large increases in processing agricultural products, 21.1% to 87.0% (p<0.0001), farming, 19.1% to 82.4% (p<0.0001), and fetching wood, 25.3% to 86.0% (p<0.0001). Similarly, there was a significant increase in the proportion of cases who could perform activities without assistance, with the largest increases in animal rearing 54.2% to 92.0% (p<0.0001) and farming 73.2% to 96.4% (p<0.0001). There was no change in the proportion of comparison participants performing activities without difficulty or assistance. The change in most of the activities in cases was independent of visual acuity improvement and recurrent TT at 12 months. One year after trichiasis surgery, the proportion of cases reporting ocular pain reduced from 98.9% to 33.7% (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Eyelid surgery for TT improves functional capabilities regardless of vision gains. These data lend strong support to the view that TT surgery improves function and contributes to improved household income and wealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul M Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, GA, 30030, USA
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Saul N Rajak
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David Macleod
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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28
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Marks M, Kwakye-Maclean C, Doherty R, Adwere P, Aziz Abdulai A, Duah F, Ohene SA, Mitja O, Oguti B, Solomon AW, Mabey DCW, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Asiedu K, Ackumey MM. Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards yaws and yaws-like skin disease in Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005820. [PMID: 28759580 PMCID: PMC5552343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yaws is endemic in Ghana. The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a new global eradication campaign based on total community mass treatment with azithromycin. Achieving high coverage of mass treatment will be fundamental to the success of this new strategy; coverage is dependent, in part, on appropriate community mobilisation. An understanding of community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to yaws in Ghana and other endemic countries will be vital in designing effective community engagement strategies. METHODS A verbally administered questionnaire was administered to residents in 3 districts in the Eastern region of Ghana where a randomised trial on the treatment of yaws was being conducted. The questionnaire combined both quantitative and qualitative questions covering perceptions of the cause and mechanisms of transmission of yaws-like lesions, the providers from which individuals would seek healthcare for yaws-like lesions, and what factors were important in reaching decisions on where to seek care. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to assess relationships between reported knowledge, attitudes and practices, and demographic variables. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was used to identify common themes. RESULTS A total of 1,162 individuals participated. The majority of individuals (n = 895, 77%) reported that "germs" were the cause of yaws lesions. Overall 13% (n = 161) of respondents believed that the disease was caused by supernatural forces. Participants frequently mentioned lack of personal hygiene, irregular and inefficient bathing, and washing with dirty water as fundamental to both the cause and the prevention of yaws. A majority of individuals reported that they would want to take an antibiotic to prevent the development of yaws if they were asymptomatic (n = 689, 61.2%), but a substantial minority reported they would not want to do so. A majority of individuals (n = 839, 72.7%) reported that if they had a yaws-like skin lesion they would seek care from a doctor or nurse. Both direct and indirect costs of treatment were reported as key factors affecting where participants reported they would seek care. DISCUSSION This is the first study that has explored community knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to yaws in any endemic population. The belief that 'germs' are in some way related to disease through a variety of transmission routes including both contact and dirty water are similar to those reported for other skin diseases in Ghana. The prominent role of private healthcare providers is an important finding of this study and suggests engagement with this sector will be important in yaws eradication efforts. Strategies to address the substantial minority of individuals who reported they would not take treatment for yaws if they were currently asymptomatic will be needed to ensure the success of yaws eradication efforts. The data collected will be of value to the Ghana Health Service and also to WHO and other partners, who are currently developing community mobilisation tools to support yaws eradication efforts worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Rachel Doherty
- University College London Medical School, Gower Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Oriol Mitja
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanche Oguti
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kingsley Asiedu
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mercy M. Ackumey
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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29
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Bojang E, Jafali J, Perreten V, Hart J, Harding-Esch EM, Sillah A, Mabey DCW, Holland MJ, Bailey RL, Roca A, Burr SE. Short-term increase in prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus following mass drug administration with azithromycin for trachoma control. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:75. [PMID: 28351345 PMCID: PMC5371190 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0982-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is a corner-stone of trachoma control however it may drive the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In a cluster-randomized trial (Clinical trial gov NCT00792922), we compared the reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma in communities that received three annual rounds of MDA to that in communities that received a single treatment round. We used the framework of this trial to carry out an opportunistic study to investigate if the increased rounds of treatment resulted in increased prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Three cross-sectional surveys were conducted in two villages receiving three annual rounds of MDA (3 × treatment arm). Surveys were conducted immediately before the third round of MDA (CSS-1) and at one (CSS-2) and six (CSS-3) months after MDA. The final survey also included six villages that had received only one round of MDA 30 months previously (1 × treatment arm). Results In the 3 × treatment arm, a short-term increase in prevalence of S. aureus carriage was seen following MDA from 24.6% at CSS-1 to 38.6% at CSS-2 (p < 0.001). Prevalence fell to 8.8% at CSS-3 (p < 0.001). A transient increase was also seen in prevalence of carriage of azithromycin resistant (AzmR) strains from 8.9% at CSS-1 to 34.1% (p < 0.001) in CSS-2 and down to 7.3% (p = 0.417) in CSS-3. A similar trend was observed for prevalence of carriage of macrolide-inducible-clindamycin resistant (iMLSB) strains. In CSS-3, prevalence of carriage of resistant strains was higher in the 3 × treatment arm than in the 1 × treatment (AzmR 7.3% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.010; iMLSB 5.8% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Macrolide resistance was attributed to the presence of msr and erm genes. Conclusions Three annual rounds of MDA with azithromycin were associated with a short-term increase in both the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. aureus and prevalence of carriage of AzmR and iMLSBS. aureus. Trial registration This study was ancillary to the Partnership for the Rapid Elimination of Trachoma, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00792922, registration date November 17, 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrima Bojang
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - James Jafali
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Hart
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Emma M Harding-Esch
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ansumana Sillah
- National Eye Health Programe, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kanifing, The Gambia
| | - David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anna Roca
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia. .,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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30
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Macleod C, Yalen C, Butcher R, Mudaliar U, Natutusau K, Rainima-Qaniuci M, Haffenden C, Watson C, Cocks N, Cikamatana L, Roberts CH, Marks M, Rafai E, Mabey DCW, Kama M, Solomon AW. Eyelash Epilation in the Absence of Trichiasis: Results of a Population-Based Prevalence Survey in the Western Division of Fiji. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005277. [PMID: 28114364 PMCID: PMC5256864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO definition of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) is "at least one eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of recent epilation of in-turned eyelashes", reflecting the fact that epilation is used as a self-management tool for TT. In Fiji's Western Division, a high TT prevalence (8.7% in those aged ≥15 years) was reported in a 2012 survey, yet a 2013 survey found no TT and Fijian ophthalmologists rarely see TT cases. Local anecdote suggests that eyelash epilation is a common behaviour, even in the absence of trichiasis. Epilators may have been identified as TT cases in previous surveys. METHODS We used a preliminary focus group to design an interview questionnaire, and subsequently conducted a population-based prevalence survey to estimate the prevalence of epilation in the absence of trichiasis, and factors associated with this behaviour, in the Western Division of Fiji. RESULTS We sampled 695 individuals aged ≥15 years from a total of 457 households in 23 villages. 125 participants (18%) reported epilating their eyelashes at least once within the past year. Photographs were obtained of the eyes of 121/125 (97%) individuals who epilated, and subsequent analysis by an experienced trachoma grader found no cases of trachomatous conjunctival scarring or trichiasis. The age- and sex- adjusted prevalence of epilation in those aged ≥15 years was 8.6% (95% CI 5.7-11.3%). iTaukei ethnicity, female gender, and a higher frequency of drinking kava root were independently associated with epilation. CONCLUSION Epilation occurs in this population in the absence of trichiasis, with sufficient frequency to have markedly inflated previous estimates of local TT prevalence. Individuals with epilated eyelashes should be confirmed as having epilated in-turned eyelashes in an eye with scarring of the conjunctiva before being counted as cases of TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Macleod
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Chelsea Yalen
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umesh Mudaliar
- Ophthalmology Department, Lautoka Hospital, Lautoka, Fiji
| | | | | | - Chris Haffenden
- Department of the History of Science and Ideas, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Conall Watson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Cocks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Cikamatana
- Ophthalmology Department, Lautoka Hospital, Lautoka, Fiji
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Chrissy H. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rafai
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Kama
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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Migchelsen SJ, Martin DL, Southisombath K, Turyaguma P, Heggen A, Rubangakene PP, Joof H, Makalo P, Cooley G, Gwyn S, Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Courtright P, Willis R, Alexander NDE, Mabey DCW, Roberts CH. Defining Seropositivity Thresholds for Use in Trachoma Elimination Studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005230. [PMID: 28099433 PMCID: PMC5242428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts are underway to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem by 2020. Programmatic guidelines are based on clinical signs that correlate poorly with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in post-treatment and low-endemicity settings. Age-specific seroprevalence of anti Ct Pgp3 antibodies has been proposed as an alternative indicator of the need for intervention. To standardise the use of these tools, it is necessary to develop an analytical approach that performs reproducibly both within and between studies. Methodology Dried blood spots were collected in 2014 from children aged 1–9 years in Laos (n = 952) and Uganda (n = 2700) and from people aged 1–90 years in The Gambia (n = 1868). Anti-Pgp3 antibodies were detected by ELISA. A number of visual and statistical analytical approaches for defining serological status were compared. Principal Findings Seroprevalence was estimated at 11.3% (Laos), 13.4% (Uganda) and 29.3% (The Gambia) by visual inspection of the inflection point. The expectation-maximisation algorithm estimated seroprevalence at 10.4% (Laos), 24.3% (Uganda) and 29.3% (The Gambia). Finite mixture model estimates were 15.6% (Laos), 17.1% (Uganda) and 26.2% (The Gambia). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using a threshold calibrated against external reference specimens estimated the seroprevalence at 6.7% (Laos), 6.8% (Uganda) and 20.9% (The Gambia) when the threshold was set to optimise Youden’s J index. The ROC curve analysis was found to estimate seroprevalence at lower levels than estimates based on thresholds established using internal reference data. Thresholds defined using internal reference threshold methods did not vary substantially between population samples. Conclusions Internally calibrated approaches to threshold specification are reproducible and consistent and thus have advantages over methods that require external calibrators. We propose that future serological analyses in trachoma use a finite mixture model or expectation-maximisation algorithm as a means of setting the threshold for ELISA data. This will facilitate standardisation and harmonisation between studies and eliminate the need to establish and maintain a global calibration standard. Trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Individuals who have previously been infected with Ct carry specific antibodies in their blood. Recent studies have suggested that these antibodies may be a good way to estimate the intensity of transmission of this bacterium in a population. Among people who do have antibodies (seropositives) there is variation in the amount that is detectable in their blood. Some people have such low levels that differentiating them from those who don’t have antibodies (seronegatives) is challenging. We used a new test for Ct antibodies on blood specimens from three countries. Our test worked extremely well, giving reproducible results when we tested the same samples multiple times. We compared four different methods for setting the position of the threshold line between seronegatives and seropositives. The estimated transmission intensity in each country varied depending on the threshold method used, but two methods that used statistical modelling algorithms to define the two groups performed consistently across all three countries’ samples. We recommend that future studies should consider adopting the statistical modelling approaches, as they are objective tests that require no reference material and allow for standardisation between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Migchelsen
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana L. Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Patrick Turyaguma
- Trachoma Control Programme, Ugandan Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anne Heggen
- NTD Support Centre, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Hassan Joof
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gwyn
- IHRC, Inc., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Courtright
- Kilimanjaro Centre for Community Ophthalmology, University Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rebecca Willis
- International Trachoma Initiative, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neal D. E. Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy h. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Butcher RMR, Sokana O, Jack K, Macleod CK, Marks M, Kalae E, Sui L, Russell C, Tutill HJ, Williams RJ, Breuer J, Willis R, Le Mesurier RT, Mabey DCW, Solomon AW, Roberts CH. Correction: Low Prevalence of Conjunctival Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in a Treatment-Naïve Trachoma-Endemic Region of the Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005051. [PMID: 27695076 PMCID: PMC5047450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004863.].
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Butcher RMR, Sokana O, Jack K, Macleod CK, Marks ME, Kalae E, Sui L, Russell C, Tutill HJ, Williams RJ, Breuer J, Willis R, Le Mesurier RT, Mabey DCW, Solomon AW, Roberts CH. Low Prevalence of Conjunctival Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in a Treatment-Naïve Trachoma-Endemic Region of the Solomon Islands. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004863. [PMID: 27603015 PMCID: PMC5014345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma is endemic in several Pacific Island states. Recent surveys across the Solomon Islands indicated that whilst trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) was present at levels warranting intervention, the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) was low. We set out to determine the relationship between chlamydial infection and trachoma in this population. METHODS We conducted a population-based trachoma prevalence survey of 3674 individuals from two Solomon Islands provinces. Participants were examined for clinical signs of trachoma. Conjunctival swabs were collected from all children aged 1-9 years. We tested swabs for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) DNA using droplet digital PCR. Chlamydial DNA from positive swabs was enriched and sequenced for use in phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS We observed a moderate prevalence of TF in children aged 1-9 years (n = 296/1135, 26.1%) but low prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) (n = 2/1135, 0.2%) and current Ct infection (n = 13/1002, 1.3%) in children aged 1-9 years, and TT in those aged 15+ years (n = 2/2061, 0.1%). Ten of 13 (76.9%) cases of infection were in persons with TF or TI (p = 0.0005). Sequence analysis of the Ct-positive samples yielded 5/13 (38%) complete (>95% coverage of reference) genome sequences, and 8/13 complete plasmid sequences. Complete sequences all aligned most closely to ocular serovar reference strains. DISCUSSION The low prevalence of TT, TI and Ct infection that we observed are incongruent with the high proportion of children exhibiting signs of TF. TF is present at levels that apparently warrant intervention, but the scarcity of other signs of trachoma indicates the phenotype is mild and may not pose a significant public health threat. Our data suggest that, whilst conjunctival Ct infection appears to be present in the region, it is present at levels that are unlikely to be the dominant driving force for TF in the population. This could be one reason for the low prevalence of TT observed during the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. R. Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sokana
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Kelvin Jack
- Eye Department, Solomon Islands Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Colin K. Macleod
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E. Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Kalae
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Lata, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands
| | - Leslie Sui
- Primary Care Department, Lata Hospital, Lata, Santa Cruz, Solomon Islands
| | | | - Helena J. Tutill
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel J. Williams
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Willis
- Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Le Mesurier
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy h. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Goncalves A, Makalo P, Joof H, Burr S, Ramadhani A, Massae P, Malisa A, Mtuy T, Derrick T, Last AR, Nabicassa M, Cassama E, Houghton J, Palmer CD, Pickering H, Burton MJ, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Goodier MR, Holland MJ, Roberts CH. Differential frequency of NKG2C/KLRC2 deletion in distinct African populations and susceptibility to Trachoma: a new method for imputation of KLRC2 genotypes from SNP genotyping data. Hum Genet 2016; 135:939-51. [PMID: 27312142 PMCID: PMC4947484 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
NKG2C is an activating receptor that is preferentially expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. The gene encoding NKG2C (killer cell lectin-like receptor C2, KLRC2) is present at different copy numbers in the genomes of different individuals. Deletion at the NKG2C locus was investigated in a case-control study of 1522 individuals indigenous to East- and West-Africa and the association with the ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and its sequelae was explored. The frequency of homozygous KLRC2 deletion was 13.7 % in Gambians and 4.7 % in Tanzanians. A significantly higher frequency of the deletion allele was found in West-Africans from the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau (36.2 % p = 2.105 × 10(-8), 26.8 % p = 0.050; respectively) in comparison to East-African Tanzanians where the frequency of the deletion is comparable to other human populations (20.9 %). We found no evidence for an association between the numbers of KLRC2 gene copies and the clinical manifestations of trachoma (follicular trachoma or conjunctival scarring). A new method for imputation of KLRC2 genotypes from single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in 2621 individuals from the Gambia further confirmed these results. Our data suggest that NKG2C does not play a major role in trachomatous disease. We found that the deletion allele is present at different frequencies in different populations but the reason behind these differences is currently not understood. The new method offers the potential to use SNP arrays from genome wide association studies to study the frequency of KLRC2 deletion in other populations and its association with other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Goncalves
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Pateh Makalo
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Hassan Joof
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Sarah Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Aiweda Malisa
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tara Mtuy
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Anna R Last
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Meno Nabicassa
- Programa Nacional de Saude de Visao, Ministerio de Saude Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Eunice Cassama
- Programa Nacional de Saude de Visao, Ministerio de Saude Publica, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Joanna Houghton
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christine D Palmer
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Harry Pickering
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Macleod CK, Butcher R, Mudaliar U, Natutusau K, Pavluck AL, Willis R, Alexander N, Mabey DCW, Cikamatana L, Kama M, Rafai E, Roberts CH, Solomon AW. Low Prevalence of Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Active Trachoma in the Western Division of Fiji. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004798. [PMID: 27404379 PMCID: PMC4942140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness and is caused by ocular infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). While the majority of the global disease burden is found in sub-Saharan Africa, the Western Pacific Region has been identified as trachoma endemic. Population surveys carried out throughout Fiji have shown an abundance of both clinically active trachoma and trachomatous trichiasis in all divisions. This finding is at odds with the clinical experience of local healthcare workers who do not consider trachoma to be highly prevalent. We aimed to determine whether conjunctival infection with Ct could be detected in one administrative division of Fiji. Methods A population-based survey of 2306 individuals was conducted using the Global Trachoma Mapping Project methodology. Population prevalence of active trachoma in children and trichiasis in adults was estimated using the World Health Organization simplified grading system. Conjunctival swabs were collected from 1009 children aged 1–9 years. DNA from swabs was tested for the presence of the Ct plasmid and human endogenous control. Results The prevalence of active trachoma in 1–9 year olds was 3.4%. The age-adjusted prevalence was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.4–4.3%). The unadjusted prevalence of ocular Ct infection in 1–9 year-olds was 1.9% (19/1009), and the age-adjusted infection prevalence was 2.3% (95% CI: 0.4–2.5%). The median DNA load was 41 Ct plasmid copies per swab (min 20, first quartile 32, mean 6665, third quartile 161, max 86354). There was no association between current infection and follicular trachoma. No cases of trachomatous trichiasis were identified. Discussion The Western Division of Fiji has a low prevalence of clinical trachoma. Ocular Ct infections were observed, but they were predominantly low load infections and were not correlated with clinical signs. Our study data suggest that trachoma does not meet the WHO definition of a public health problem in this Division of Fiji, but the inconsistency with previous studies warrants further investigation. Trachoma, caused by ocular strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, represents a major global public health issue, and is the subject of an international elimination campaign. Until recently, data on trachoma in the Pacific Island states have been sparse. The most recent studies have conflicted in their estimates of trachomatous disease burden in Fiji, therefore, surveys using alternative markers (infection testing plus grading) to those already used (grading alone) are warranted to try to shed further light on trachoma epidemiology in this setting. We used an externally validated clinical assessment protocol to show that evidence of active trachoma is present at a low prevalence, and we did not find any cases of trichiasis, the sight-threatening stage of trachoma. From testing of conjunctival swabs with a validated, next-generation PCR, we also found that C. trachomatis was present at a low prevalence. Our clinical data suggest that trachoma does not meet the WHO definition of a public health problem in this Division of Fiji, but the inconsistency with previous studies warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin K. Macleod
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Sightsavers, Haywards Heath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Butcher
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umesh Mudaliar
- Ophthalmology Department, Lautoka Hospital, Lautoka, Fiji
| | | | | | - Rebecca Willis
- Taskforce for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Eric Rafai
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji
| | - Chrissy H. Roberts
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Marks M, Yin YP, Chen XS, Castro A, Causer L, Guy R, Wangnapi R, Mitjà O, Aziz A, Castro R, da Luz Martins Pereira F, Taleo F, Guinard J, Bélec L, Tun Y, Bottomley C, Ballard RC, Mabey DCW. Metaanalysis of the Performance of a Combined Treponemal and Nontreponemal Rapid Diagnostic Test for Syphilis and Yaws. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:627-633. [PMID: 27217216 PMCID: PMC4981758 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A combined treponemal and nontreponemal rapid diagnostic test was found to have good sensitivity and specificity for both syphilis and yaws. The performance of both the treponemal and nontreponemal test components was strongly associated with the rapid plasma reagin titer. Background. The human treponematoses are important causes of disease. Mother-to-child transmission of syphilis remains a major cause of stillbirth and neonatal death. There are also almost 100 000 cases of endemic treponemal disease reported annually, predominantly yaws. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) would improve access to screening for these diseases. Most RDTs cannot distinguish current and previous infection. The Dual Path Platform (DPP) Syphilis Screen & Confirm test includes both a treponemal (T1) and nontreponemal (T2) component and may improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Methods. We conducted a metaanalysis of published and unpublished evaluations of the DPP-RDT for the diagnosis of syphilis and yaws. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and overall agreement of the test compared with reference laboratory tests. Results. Nine evaluations, including 7267 tests, were included. Sensitivity was higher in patients with higher titer rapid plasma reagin (≥1:16) for both the T1 (98.2% vs 90.1%, P < .0001) and the T2 component (98.2% vs 80.6%, P < .0001). Overall agreement between the DPP test and reference serology was 85.2% (84.4%–86.1%). Agreement was highest for high-titer active infection and lowest for past infection. Conclusions. The RDT has good sensitivity and specificity of the treponemal and nontreponemal components both in cases of suspected syphilis and yaws, although the sensitivity is decreased at lower antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Yue-Ping Yin
- National Center for STD Control, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology and Hospital of Skin Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- National Center for STD Control, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Dermatology and Hospital of Skin Diseases, Nanjing, China
| | - Arnold Castro
- Laboratory Reference & Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Louise Causer
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca Guy
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Regina Wangnapi
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highland Province
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Rita Castro
- Unidade de Microbiologica Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jérôme Guinard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris.,Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes (Paris V), Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Ye Tun
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald C Ballard
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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Hu VH, Luthert PJ, Derrick T, Pullin J, Weiss HA, Massae P, Mtuy T, Makupa W, Essex D, Mabey DCW, Bailey RL, Holland MJ, Burton MJ. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Scarring Trachoma Indicates Infiltration by Natural Killer and Undefined CD45 Negative Cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004734. [PMID: 27219121 PMCID: PMC4878762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The phenotype and function of immune cells infiltrating the conjunctiva in scarring trachoma have yet to be fully characterized. We assessed tissue morphology and immunophenotype of cellular infiltrates found in trachomatous scarring compared to control participants. METHODOLOGY Clinical assessments and conjunctival biopsy samples were obtained from 34 individuals with trachomatous scarring undergoing trichiasis surgery and 33 control subjects undergoing cataract or retinal detachment surgery. Biopsy samples were fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed for assessment of the inflammatory cell infiltrate. Immunohistochemical staining of single markers on individual sections was performed to identify cells expressing CD3 (T-cells), CD4 (helper T-cells), CD8 (suppressor/cytotoxic T-cells and Natural Killer, NK, cells), NCR1 (NK cells), CD20 (B-cells), CD45 (nucleated hematopoietic cells), CD56 (NK and T-cells), CD68 (macrophages/monocytes) and CD83 (mature dendritic cells). The degree of scarring was assessed histologically using cross-polarized light to visualize collagen fibres. PRINCIPLE FINDINGS Scarring, regardless of clinical inflammation, was associated with increased inflammatory cell infiltrates on H&E and CD45 staining. Scarring was also associated with increased CD8+ and CD56+ cells, but not CD3+ cells, suggestive of a NK cell infiltrate. This was supported by the presence of NCR1+ cells. There was some increase in CD20+ cells, but no evidence for increased CD4+, CD68+ or CD83+ cells. Numerous CD45 negative cells were also seen in the population of infiltrating inflammatory cells in scarred conjunctiva. Disorganization of the normal collagen architecture was strongly associated with clinical scarring. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data point to the infiltration of immune cells with a phenotype suggestive of NK cells in conjunctival trachomatous scarring. A large proportion of CD45 negative inflammatory cells were also present. Future work should seek to understand the stimuli leading to the recruitment of these cells and their role in progressive scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H. Hu
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Tamsyn Derrick
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Pullin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tara Mtuy
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - David Essex
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Mohammed A, Zewudie Z, Callahan K, Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Kuper H, Polack S, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. Impact of Trichiasis Surgery on Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004627. [PMID: 27078493 PMCID: PMC4831752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachomatous trichiasis significantly reduces vision and health related quality of life (QoL). Although trichiasis surgery is widely performed to treat trichiasis, there is little data on the effect of surgery on QoL. We measured the impact of trichiasis surgery on vision and health related QoL in a longitudinal study from Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings We recruited 1000 adult participants with trichiasis (cases) and 200 comparison participants, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age (+/- two years), sex and location. Vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured using the WHO/PBD-VF20 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires respectively, at enrolment and 12 months after enrolment. All trichiasis cases received free standard trichiasis surgery immediately after enrolment. The mean difference in QoL scores between enrolment and follow-up for cases and comparison participants, and the difference-in-differences by baseline trichiasis status was analysed using random effects linear regression, the later adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status. At 12-months follow-up, data was collected from 980 (98%) and 198 (98%) trichiasis cases and comparison participants respectively. At this follow-up visit, VRQoL and HRQoL scores of trichiasis cases improved substantially in all subscales and domains by 19.1–42.0 points (p<0.0001) and 4.7–17.2 points (p<0.0001), respectively. In contrast, among the comparison participants, there was no evidence of improvement in VRQoL and HRQoL domain scores during follow-up. The improvement in VRQoL and HRQoL in cases was independent of the presence of visual acuity improvement at 12 months. Conclusions/Significance Trichiasis surgery substantially improves both VRQoL and HRQoL regardless of visual acuity change. Unprecedented effort is needed to scale-up trichiasis surgical programmes not only to prevent the risk of sight loss but also to improve overall wellbeing and health perception of affected individuals. We previously reported that Trachomatous Trichiasis (TT) has a profound impact on vision and heath related quality of life (QoL), even when vision is not impaired. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends corrective eyelid surgery for trichiasis to reduce the risk of vision loss. However, trichiasis surgery may also improve overall wellbeing. There is very limited evidence on the long-term impact of trichiasis surgery on QoL. We measured vision and health-related quality of life of 1000 TT patients before and one year after receiving TT surgery and compared the QoL scores of these with the baseline and 1 year follow-up QoL score of 200 matched individuals who have never had trichiasis or trichiasis surgery. We found strong evidence that surgery substantially improves both vision and heath related QoL of TT case, even when there is no improvement in vision; while there was no evidence of improvement in the QoL of the trichiasis free participants. The results provide clear evidence that the benefit of trichiasis surgery goes beyond preventing the risk of blindness and improves the overall wellbeing and health perception of affected individuals, indicating the need to provide prompt surgical intervention for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Callahan
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Rajak
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Derrick T, Last AR, Burr SE, Roberts CH, Nabicassa M, Cassama E, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Burton MJ, Holland MJ. Inverse relationship between microRNA-155 and -184 expression with increasing conjunctival inflammation during ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:60. [PMID: 26842862 PMCID: PMC4739388 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma, a preventable blinding eye disease, is initiated by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). We previously showed that microRNAs (miR) -147b and miR-1285 were up-regulated in inflammatory trachomatous scarring. During the initial stage of disease, follicular trachoma with current Ct infection, the differential expression of miR has not yet been investigated. METHODS Conjunctival samples were collected from 163 children aged 1-9 years old living in a trachoma-endemic region of Guinea Bissau, West Africa. Small RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was carried out on samples from five children with follicular trachoma and current Ct infection and five children with healthy conjunctivae and no Ct infection. Small RNAseq was also carried out on human epithelial cell lines infected with ocular Ct strains A2497 and isogenic plasmid-free A2497 in vitro. Results were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 163 clinical samples. RESULTS Differential expression of RNAseq data identified 12 miR with changes in relative expression during follicular trachoma, of which 9 were confirmed as differentially expressed by qPCR (miR-155, miR-150, miR-142, miR-181b, miR-181a, miR-342, miR-132, miR-4728 and miR-184). MiR-155 and miR-184 expression had a direct relationship with the degree of clinical inflammation. MiR-155 was up-regulated (OR = 2.533 ((95 % CI = 1.291-4.971); P = 0.0069) and miR-184 was down-regulated (OR = 0.416 ((95 % CI = 0.300-0.578); P = 1.61*10(-7)) as the severity of clinical inflammation increased. Differential miR expression was not detected in HEp-2 or HCjE epithelial cells 48 h post infection with Ct in vitro. HCjE cells, a conjunctival epithelial cell line, had a markedly different miR background expression compared to HEp-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS In follicular trachoma, expression of miR-155 and miR-184 is correlated with the severity of inflammation. This likely reflects host regulation of the immune response and a prolonged period of wound healing following the clearance of Ct. Prolonged healing may be associated with subsequent development of scarring trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsyn Derrick
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna R Last
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah E Burr
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
- Disease Control and Elimination Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia.
| | - Chrissy H Roberts
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Meno Nabicassa
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, Bissau, Guinea Bissau.
| | - Eunice Cassama
- Programa Nacional de Saúde de Visão, Ministério de Saúde Publica, Bissau, Guinea Bissau.
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - David C W Mabey
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin J Holland
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Zewudie Z, Kello AB, Roberts CH, Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Callahan K, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. Posterior lamellar versus bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2016; 4:e175-84. [PMID: 26774708 PMCID: PMC5075282 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(15)00299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eyelid surgery is done to correct trachomatous trichiasis to prevent blindness. However, recurrent trichiasis is frequent. Two procedures are recommended by WHO and are in routine practice: bilamellar tarsal rotation (BLTR) and posterior lamellar tarsal rotation (PLTR). This study was done to identify which procedure gives the better results. METHODS A randomised, controlled, single masked clinical trial was done in Ethiopia. Participants had upper lid trachomatous trichiasis with one or more eyelashes touching the eye or evidence of epilation, in association with tarsal conjunctival scarring. Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, recurrent trichiasis after previous surgery, hypertension, and pregnancy. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either BLTR or PLTR surgery, stratified by surgeon. The sequences were computer-generated by an independent statistician. Surgery was done in a community setting following WHO guidelines. Participants were examined at 6 months and 12 months by assessors masked to allocation. The primary outcome was the cumulative proportion of individuals who developed recurrent trichiasis by 12 months. Primary analyses were by modified intention to treat. The intervention effect was estimated by logistic regression, controlled for surgeon as a fixed effect in the model. The trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (number PACTR201401000743135). FINDINGS 1000 participants with trichiasis were recruited, randomly assigned, and treated (501 in the BLTR group and 499 in the PLTR group) between Feb 13, 2014, and May 31, 2014. Eight participants were not seen at either 6 month or 12 month follow-up visits and were excluded from the analysis: three from the PLTR group and five from the BLTR group. The follow-up rate at 12 months was 98%. Cumulative recurrent trichiasis by 12 months was more frequent in the BLTR group than in the PLTR group (110/496 [22%] vs 63/496 [13%]; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1·96 [95% CI 1·40-2·75]; p=0·0001), with a risk difference of 9·50% (95% CI 4·79-14·16). INTERPRETATION PLTR surgery was superior to BLTR surgery for management of trachomatous trichiasis, and could be the preferred procedure for the programmatic management of trachomatous trichiasis. FUNDING The Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK,The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robin L Bailey
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Saul N Rajak
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Helen A Weiss
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Burton
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK,Correspondence to: Dr Matthew J Burton, International Centre for Eye Health, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UKCorrespondence to: Dr Matthew J BurtonInternational Centre for Eye HealthFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineKeppel StreetLondonWC1E 7HTUK
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W. Solomon
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana L. Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alexei Mikhailov
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca M. Flueckiger
- International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Lihir Medical Centre—International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kingsley Asiedu
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Jannin
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Engels
- World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Zewudie Z, Gebeyehu W, Callahan K, Emerson PM, Kuper H, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Polack S, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. The Impact of Trachomatous Trichiasis on Quality of Life: A Case Control Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004254. [PMID: 26598937 PMCID: PMC4657886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachomatous trichiasis is thought to have a profound effect on quality of life (QoL), however, there is little research in this area. We measured vision and health-related QoL in a case-control study in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings We recruited 1000 adult trichiasis cases and 200 trichiasis-free controls, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age (+/- two years), sex and location. Vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were measured using the WHO/PBD-VF20 and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. Comparisons were made using linear regression adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Trichiasis cases had substantially lower VRQoL than controls on all subscales (overall eyesight, visual symptom, general functioning and psychosocial, p<0.0001), even in the sub-group with normal vision (p<0.0001). Lower VRQoL scores in cases were associated with longer trichiasis duration, central corneal opacity, visual impairment and poor contrast sensitivity. Trichiasis cases had lower HRQoL in all domains (Physical-health, Psychological, Social, Environment, p<0.0001), lower overall QoL (mean, 34.5 v 64.6; p<0.0001) and overall health satisfaction (mean, 38.2 v 71.7; p<0.0001). This association persisted in a sub-group analysis of cases and controls with normal vision. Not having a marriage partner (p<0.0001), visual impairment (p = 0.0068), daily labouring (p<0.0001), presence of other health problems (p = 0.0018) and low self-rated wealth (p<0.0001) were independently associated with lower overall QoL scores in cases. Among cases, trichiasis caused 596 (59%) to feel embarrassed, 913 (91.3%) to worry they may lose their remaining eyesight and 681 (68.1%) to have sleep disturbance. Conclusions/Significance Trachomatous trichiasis substantially reduces vision and health related QoL and is disabling, even without visual impairment. Prompt trichiasis intervention is needed both to prevent vision loss and to alleviate physical and psychological suffering, social exclusion and improve overall well-being. Implementation of the full SAFE strategy is needed to prevent the development of trachomatous trichiasis. There is clear evidence that visual impairment generally reduces quality of life. However, relatively little is known about the impact that trachomatous trichiasis (TT) has on the lives of affected people with and without the presence of visual impairment. We measured the impact of TT on vision and health-related quality of life in 1000 people with TT using standard WHO quantitative tools and compared these with 200 trichiasis-free controls, matched to every fifth trichiasis case on age, sex and location. We found TT cases had lower vision and health related quality of life than controls regardless of visual impairment and other health problems suggesting the burden of TT goes beyond visual loss. The results provide solid data for advocacy and encourage programme leaders and funders to secure resources to promote trichiasis intervention. Trichiasis causes considerable physical and psychosocial trauma including sleep disturbance, low self-esteem and possibly a less stable marriage regardless of visual impairment. These suggest that, timely treatment is needed not only to prevent visual loss but also alleviate physical and psychological suffering and social exclusion of TT patients, thereby improving their physical and psychological health, general functioning and social relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Callahan
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Rajak
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Habtamu E, Wondie T, Aweke S, Tadesse Z, Zerihun M, Zewdie Z, Callahan K, Emerson PM, Kuper H, Bailey RL, Mabey DCW, Rajak SN, Polack S, Weiss HA, Burton MJ. Trachoma and Relative Poverty: A Case-Control Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004228. [PMID: 26600211 PMCID: PMC4657919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trachoma is widely considered a disease of poverty. Although there are many epidemiological studies linking trachoma to factors normally associated with poverty, formal quantitative data linking trachoma to household economic poverty within endemic communities is very limited. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two hundred people with trachomatous trichiasis were recruited through community-based screening in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. These were individually matched by age and gender to 200 controls without trichiasis, selected randomly from the same sub-village as the case. Household economic poverty was measured through (a) A broad set of asset-based wealth indicators and relative household economic poverty determined by principal component analysis (PCA, (b) Self-rated wealth, and (c) Peer-rated wealth. Activity participation data were collected using a modified 'Stylised Activity List' developed for the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Survey. Trichiasis cases were more likely to belong to poorer households by all measures: asset-based analysis (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 2.06-3.78; p<0.0001), self-rated wealth (OR, 4.41, 95%CI, 2.75-7.07; p<0.0001) and peer-rated wealth (OR, 8.22, 95% CI, 4.59-14.72; p<0.0001). Cases had less access to latrines (57% v 76.5%, p = <0.0001) and higher person-to-room density (4.0 v 3.31; P = 0.0204) than the controls. Compared to controls, cases were significantly less likely to participate in economically productive activities regardless of visual impairment and other health problems, more likely to report difficulty in performing activities and more likely to receive assistance in performing productive activities. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated a strong association between trachomatous trichiasis and relative poverty, suggesting a bidirectional causative relationship possibly may exist between poverty and trachoma. Implementation of the full SAFE strategy in the context of general improvements might lead to a virtuous cycle of improving health and wealth. Trachoma is a good proxy of inequality within communities and it could be used to target and evaluate interventions for health and poverty alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Callahan
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Rajak
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Polack
- International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Marks M, Mitjà O, Vestergaard LS, Pillay A, Knauf S, Chen CY, Bassat Q, Martin DL, Fegan D, Taleo F, Kool J, Lukehart S, Emerson PM, Solomon AW, Ye T, Ballard RC, Mabey DCW, Asiedu KB. Challenges and key research questions for yaws eradication. Lancet Infect Dis 2015; 15:1220-1225. [PMID: 26362174 PMCID: PMC4668588 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Yaws is endemic in west Africa, southeast Asia, and the Pacific region. To eradicate yaws by 2020, WHO has launched a campaign of mass treatment with azithromycin. Progress has been made towards achievement of this ambitious goal, including the validation of point-of-care and molecular diagnostic tests and piloting of the strategy in several countries, including Ghana, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea. Gaps in knowledge need to be addressed to allow refinement of the eradication strategy. Studies exploring determinants of the spatial distribution of yaws are needed to help with the completion of baseline mapping. The finding that Haemophilus ducreyi causes lesions similar to yaws is particularly important and further work is needed to assess the effect of azithromycin on these lesions. The integration of diagnostic tests into different stages of the eradication campaign needs investigation. Finally, studies must be done to inform the optimum mass-treatment strategy for sustainable interruption of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Newcrest Mining, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lasse S Vestergaard
- Division for Communicable Diseases, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines
| | - Allan Pillay
- Molecular Diagnostics and Typing Laboratory, Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sascha Knauf
- German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Pathology Unit, Working Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Yen Chen
- Molecular Diagnostics and Typing Laboratory, Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Fegan
- World Health Organization Consultant, Springhill, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jacob Kool
- World Health Organization, Vanuatu Country Office, Port Vila, Vanuatu
| | - Sheila Lukehart
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tun Ye
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ronald C Ballard
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kingsley B Asiedu
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Habtamu E, Rajak SN, Tadesse Z, Wondie T, Zerihun M, Guadie B, Gebre T, Kello AB, Callahan K, Mabey DCW, Khaw PT, Gilbert CE, Weiss HA, Emerson PM, Burton MJ. Epilation for minor trachomatous trichiasis: four-year results of a randomised controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003558. [PMID: 25768796 PMCID: PMC4358978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the four-year outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity. Methodology/ Principal Findings 1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated epilation using high quality epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at four-years after randomisation. At two-years all epilation arm participants were offered free surgery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from epilation and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1% of the surgery arm participants had recurrent TT; 189/572 (33%) of the epilation arm had received surgery, while 383 (67%) declined surgery and had continued epilating (“epilation-only”). Among the epilation-only group, 207 (54.1%) fully controlled their TT, 166 (43.3%) had minor TT and 10 (2.6%) had major TT (>5 lashes). There were no differences between participants in the epilation-only, epilation-to-surgery and surgery arm participants in changes in visual acuity and corneal opacity between baseline and four-years. Conclusions/ Significance Most minor TT participants randomised to the epilation arm continued epilating and controlled their TT. Change in vision and corneal opacity was comparable between surgery and epilation-only participants. This suggests that good quality epilation with regular follow-up is a reasonable second-line alternative to surgery for minor TT for individuals who either decline surgery or do not have immediate access to surgical treatment. Trachoma causes visual impairment through the effect of in-turned eyelashes (trichiasis) on the surface of the eye. Epilation is a common traditional practice of intermittent plucking of lashes touching the eye, however, its long-term effectiveness in preventing visual impairment is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of epilation versus eyelid surgery (the main treatment option) in 1300 people with mild trichiasis in Ethiopia. We defined mild trichiasis as fewer than six lashes touching the eye. We have previously reported results to two years and have now re-assessed these individuals at four years. Overall, we found no difference between the epilation and surgery groups in terms of change in vision and corneal opacity between baseline and four years. Most mild trichiasis participants randomised to the epilation arm continued epilating and controlled their trichiasis. This suggests that good quality epilation is a reasonable second-line alternative to surgery for mild trichiasis for individuals who either decline surgery or do not have immediate access to surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmael Habtamu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Carter Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Saul N. Rajak
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Teshome Gebre
- International Trachoma Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kelly Callahan
- The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T. Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E. Gilbert
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M. Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Burton
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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46
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Martin DL, Bid R, Sandi F, Goodhew EB, Massae PA, Lasway A, Philippin H, Makupa W, Molina S, Holland MJ, Mabey DCW, Drakeley C, Lammie PJ, Solomon AW. Serology for trachoma surveillance after cessation of mass drug administration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003555. [PMID: 25714363 PMCID: PMC4340913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Yearly azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) plays a central role in efforts to eliminate blinding trachoma as a public health problem. Programmatic decision-making is currently based on the prevalence of the clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation-follicular” (TF) in children. We sought to test alternative tools for trachoma surveillance based on serology in the 12-year cohort of Kahe Mpya, Rombo District, Tanzania, where ocular chlamydial infection was eliminated with azithromycin MDA by 2005. Methodology and Principal Findings The present study was a community-based cross-sectional survey in Kahe Mpya. Of 989 residents, 571 people aged 6 months to 87 years were enrolled: 58% of the total population and 73% of 1–9 year olds, the key WHO indicator age group. Participants were examined for TF, had conjunctival swabs collected for nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)-based detection of Ct, and blood collected for analysis of antibodies to the Ct antigens pgp3 and CT694 by multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Seroconversion rate was used to estimate changes in the force of infection in a reversible catalytic model. No conjunctival swabs tested positive for Ct infection by NAAT. Among 1–9 year olds, TF prevalence was 6.5%, whereas only 3.5% were seropositive. Force of infection modelling indicated a 10-fold decrease in seroconversion rate at a time corresponding to MDA commencement. Without baseline serological data, the inferences we can make about antibody status before MDA and the longevity of the antibody response are limited, though our use of catalytic modelling overcomes some of these limitations. Conclusions/Significance Serologic tests support NAAT findings of very low to zero prevalence of ocular Ct in this community and have potential to provide objective measures of transmission and useful surveillance tools for trachoma elimination programs. Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. The infectious agent, Chlamydia trachomatis, can be treated with a single oral dose of azithromycin. Donated drug is a cornerstone of programs dedicated to the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. Azithromycin is given to the entire district for 3–5 years when 10% or more of 1–9 year-olds in the district have signs of a defined follicular conjunctivitis in one or both eyes. However, follicles can be difficult to reliably diagnose and can be caused by other pathogens, especially in settings with low trachoma prevalence. More sensitive and specific ways to assess communities for trachoma transmission at program endpoints are needed. Herein we examined antibody responses in children living in a community in Tanzania born after stopping drug treatment 10 years previously. Low antibody levels (3.5% in 1–9 year-olds) reflected the lack of ocular chlamydial infection in these children. We also modelled the data to show that changes in age-specific antibody prevalence occurred when the mass drug treatment stopped. These data suggest that the age-specific prevalence of antibody responses may be of use to programs seeking to demonstrate the impact of interventions against trachoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Martin
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rhiannon Bid
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Sandi
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania; The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - E Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patrick A Massae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Heiko Philippin
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - William Makupa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Sandra Molina
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C W Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Ghinai R, El-Duah P, Chi KH, Pillay A, Solomon AW, Bailey RL, Agana N, Mabey DCW, Chen CY, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Marks M. A cross-sectional study of 'yaws' in districts of Ghana which have previously undertaken azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003496. [PMID: 25632942 PMCID: PMC4310597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaws, caused by Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue, is reportedly endemic in Ghana. Mass distribution of azithromycin is now the cornerstone of the WHO yaws eradication campaign. Mass distribution of azithromycin at a lower target dose was previously undertaken in two regions of Ghana for the control of trachoma. Ongoing reporting of yaws raises the possibility that resistance may have emerged in T. pallidum pertenue, or that alternative infections may be responsible for some of the reported cases. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in thirty communities in two districts of Ghana where MDA for trachoma had previously been conducted. Children aged 5–17 years with ulcerative lesions compatible with yaws were enrolled. Samples for treponemal serology and lesion PCR were collected from all children. 90 children with 98 lesions were enrolled. Syphilis serology was negative in all of them. PCR for T. pallidum ssp pertenue was negative in all children, but Haemophilus ducreyi DNA was detected in 9 lesions. In these communities, previously treated for trachoma, we found no evidence of ongoing transmission of yaws. H. ducreyi was associated with a proportion of skin lesions, but the majority of lesions remain unexplained. Integration of diagnostic testing into both pre and post-MDA surveillance systems is required to better inform yaws control programmes. Yaws is a chronic bacterial infection of the skin and bones that is endemic in Ghana. Since 2012, mass distribution of the antibiotic azithromycin has become the cornerstone of the WHO yaws eradication campaign. Accurate surveillance data are necessary to guide decisions about where MDA is required. Many national surveillance systems report only clinical cases without laboratory confirmation, which may lead to misdiagnosis. Mass distribution of azithromycin, at a lower dose than is used for yaws, is also used in the control of the eye disease trachoma. Between 2001 and 2008, two regions of Ghana undertook distribution of azithromycin to eliminate trachoma. These regions still report cases of yaws, and it is unclear if these are due to drug resistant yaws or other causes. We conducted a survey of patients with skin ulcers that looked like yaws in one of these regions of Ghana. Blood tests for yaws were negative in all the individuals examined and molecular testing of the ulcers did not show evidence of yaws caused by drug resistant Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue. Our data suggest that previous treatment for trachoma may have also treated yaws in these districts. These findings highlight the need for yaws control programmes to integrate diagnostic testing into surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Ghinai
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip El-Duah
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kai-Hua Chi
- Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Allan Pillay
- Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L. Bailey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nsiire Agana
- Public Health Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - David C. W. Mabey
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Yen Chen
- Laboratory Reference and Research Branch, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and Tuberculosis Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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48
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Burr SE, Hart J, Edwards T, Harding-Esch EM, Holland MJ, Mabey DCW, Sillah A, Bailey RL. Anthropometric indices of Gambian children after one or three annual rounds of mass drug administration with azithromycin for trachoma control. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1176. [PMID: 25407464 PMCID: PMC4251859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin, carried out for the control of blinding trachoma, has been linked to reduced mortality in children. While the mechanism behind this reduction is unclear, it may be due, in part, to improved nutritional status via a potential reduction in the community burden of infectious disease. To determine whether MDA with azithromycin improves anthropometric indices at the community level, we measured the heights and weights of children aged 1 to 4 years in communities where one (single MDA arm) or three annual rounds (annual MDA arm) of azithromycin had been distributed. Methods Data collection took place three years after treatment in the single MDA arm and one year after the final round of treatment in the annual MDA arm. Mean height-for-age, weight-for-age and weight-for-height z scores were compared between treatment arms. Results No significant differences in mean height-for-age, weight-for-age or weight-for-height z scores were found between the annual MDA and single MDA arms, nor was there a significant reduction in prevalence of stunting, wasting or underweight between arms. Conclusions Our data do not provide evidence that community MDA with azithromycin improved anthropometric outcomes of children in The Gambia. This may suggest reductions in mortality associated with azithromycin MDA are due to a mechanism other than improved nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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49
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Burr SE, Milne S, Jafali J, Bojang E, Rajasekhar M, Hart J, Harding-Esch EM, Holland MJ, Mabey DCW, Sillah A, Bailey RL, Roca A. Mass administration of azithromycin and Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage: cross-sectional surveys in the Gambia. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92:490-8. [PMID: 25110374 DOI: 10.2471/blt.13.133462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of repeated mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin in the Gambia on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and on the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. METHODS This study involved villages that participated in a cluster randomized trial comparing the effect of one versus three azithromycin MDA rounds on the prevalence of trachoma. Only villages in which most children received 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine were included. Three cross-sectional surveys were performed in two villages that received three annual MDA rounds: the first immediately before the third MDA round and the second and third, 1 and 6 months, respectively, after the third MDA round. The third survey also covered six villages that had received one MDA round 30 months previously. Pneumococcal carriage was assessed using nasopharyngeal swabs and azithromycin resistance was detected using the Etest. FINDINGS The prevalence of pneumococcal carriage decreased from 43.4% to 19.2% between the first and second surveys (P < 0.001) but rebounded by the third survey (45.8%; P = 0.591). Being a carrier at the first survey was a risk factor for being a carrier at the second (odds ratio: 3.71; P < 0.001). At the third survey, the prevalence of carriage was similar after one and three MDA rounds (50.3% versus 45.8%, respectively; P = 0.170), as was the prevalence of azithromycin resistance (0.3% versus 0.9%, respectively; P = 0.340). CONCLUSION Three azithromycin MDA rounds did not increase the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of azithromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains compared with one round.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Burr
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Sally Milne
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, England
| | - James Jafali
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Ebrima Bojang
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Megha Rajasekhar
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - John Hart
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | | | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Ansumana Sillah
- National Eye Health Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Kanifing, Gambia
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Anna Roca
- Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, Banjul, Gambia
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50
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Mabey DCW, Hu V, Bailey RL, Burton MJ, Holland MJ. Towards a safe and effective chlamydial vaccine: lessons from the eye. Vaccine 2014; 32:1572-8. [PMID: 24606636 PMCID: PMC3991328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As well as being the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection, Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the leading infectious cause of blindness. The pathogenesis of ocular chlamydial infection (trachoma) is similar to that of genital infection. In the 1960s the efficacy of Ct vaccines against ocular infection was evaluated in major field trials in Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, The Gambia, India and Ethiopia. These trials showed that it was possible to induce short term immunity to ocular infection, and to reduce the incidence of inflammatory trachoma, by parenteral immunisation with killed or live whole organism vaccines. In one study, it was also shown that the incidence of scarring sequelae was reduced in vaccinated children. Detailed studies in non-human primates conducted at this time suggested that vaccination could lead to more severe inflammatory disease on subsequent challenge. Since that time there have been many studies on the immunological correlates of protective immunity and immunopathology in ocular Ct infection in humans and non-human primates, and on host genetic polymorphisms associated with protection from adverse sequelae. These have provided important information to guide the development and evaluation of a human Ct vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C W Mabey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
| | - Victor Hu
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Robin L Bailey
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Burton
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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