1
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Sparks SM, Spearing PK, Diaz CJ, Cowan DJ, Jayawickreme C, Chen G, Rimele TJ, Generaux C, Harston LT, Roller SG. Identification of potent, nonabsorbable agonists of the calcium-sensing receptor for GI-specific administration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4673-4677. [PMID: 28916340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of gastrointestinal nutrient sensing pathways provides a promising a new approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases including diabetes and obesity. The calcium-sensing receptor has been identified as a key receptor involved in mineral and amino acid nutrient sensing and thus is an attractive target for modulation in the intestine. Herein we describe the optimization of gastrointestinally restricted calcium-sensing receptor agonists starting from a 3-aminopyrrolidine-containing template leading to the identification of GI-restricted agonist 19 (GSK3004774).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Sparks
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Paul K Spearing
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Caroline J Diaz
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - David J Cowan
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Channa Jayawickreme
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Grace Chen
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Thomas J Rimele
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Lindsey T Harston
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Shane G Roller
- Enteroendocrine Discovery Performance Unit and Platform Technologies and Science, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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2
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Becherer JD, Boros EE, Carpenter TY, Cowan DJ, Deaton DN, Haffner CD, Jeune MR, Kaldor IW, Poole JC, Preugschat F, Rheault TR, Schulte CA, Shearer BG, Shearer TW, Shewchuk LM, Smalley TL, Stewart EL, Stuart JD, Ulrich JC. Discovery of 4-Amino-8-quinoline Carboxamides as Novel, Submicromolar Inhibitors of NAD-Hydrolyzing Enzyme CD38. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7021-56. [PMID: 26267483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the micromolar 8-quinoline carboxamide high-throughput screening hit 1a, a systematic exploration of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the 4-, 6-, and 8-substituents of the quinoline ring resulted in the identification of approximately 10-100-fold more potent human CD38 inhibitors. Several of these molecules also exhibited pharmacokinetic parameters suitable for in vivo animal studies, including low clearances and decent oral bioavailability. Two of these CD38 inhibitors, 1ah and 1ai, were shown to elevate NAD tissue levels in liver and muscle in a diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mouse model. These inhibitor tool compounds will enable further biological studies of the CD38 enzyme as well as the investigation of the therapeutic implications of NAD enhancement in disease models of abnormally low NAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Becherer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eric E Boros
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tiffany Y Carpenter
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David J Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - David N Deaton
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Curt D Haffner
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Michael R Jeune
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Istvan W Kaldor
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J Chuck Poole
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Frank Preugschat
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Tara R Rheault
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Christie A Schulte
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Barry G Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Todd W Shearer
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Lisa M Shewchuk
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Terrence L Smalley
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Eugene L Stewart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - J Darren Stuart
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John C Ulrich
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development , 5 Moore Drive, P.O. Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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3
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Cowan DJ, Collins JL, Mitchell MB, Ray JA, Sutton PW, Sarjeant AA, Boros EE. Enzymatic- and Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of a Benzothiazepinylphosphonate Bile Acid Transporter Inhibitor. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12726-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Cowan
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jon L. Collins
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Mark B. Mitchell
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John A. Ray
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Peter W. Sutton
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy A. Sarjeant
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric E. Boros
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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4
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Wu Y, Aquino CJ, Cowan DJ, Anderson DL, Ambroso JL, Bishop MJ, Boros EE, Chen L, Cunningham A, Dobbins RL, Feldman PL, Harston LT, Kaldor IW, Klein R, Liang X, McIntyre MS, Merrill CL, Patterson KM, Prescott JS, Ray JS, Roller SG, Yao X, Young A, Yuen J, Collins JL. Discovery of a highly potent, nonabsorbable apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor (GSK2330672) for treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5094-114. [PMID: 23678871 DOI: 10.1021/jm400459m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) transports bile salts from the lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the liver via the portal vein. Multiple pharmaceutical companies have exploited the physiological link between ASBT and hepatic cholesterol metabolism, which led to the clinical investigation of ASBT inhibitors as lipid-lowering agents. While modest lipid effects were demonstrated, the potential utility of ASBT inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes has been relatively unexplored. We initiated a lead optimization effort that focused on the identification of a potent, nonabsorbable ASBT inhibitor starting from the first-generation inhibitor 264W94 (1). Extensive SAR studies culminated in the discovery of GSK2330672 (56) as a highly potent, nonabsorbable ASBT inhibitor which lowers glucose in an animal model of type 2 diabetes and shows excellent developability properties for evaluating the potential therapeutic utility of a nonabsorbable ASBT inhibitor for treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wu
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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5
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Madauss KP, Burkhart WA, Consler TG, Cowan DJ, Gottschalk WK, Miller AB, Short SA, Tran TB, Williams SP. The human ACC2 CT-domain C-terminus is required for full functionality and has a novel twist. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2009; 65:449-61. [PMID: 19390150 PMCID: PMC2725780 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909008014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) may prevent lipid-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, making the enzyme an attractive pharmaceutical target. Although the enzyme is highly conserved amongst animals, only the yeast enzyme structure is available for rational drug design. The use of biophysical assays has permitted the identification of a specific C-terminal truncation of the 826-residue human ACC2 carboxyl transferase (CT) domain that is both functionally competent to bind inhibitors and crystallizes in their presence. This C-terminal truncation led to the determination of the human ACC2 CT domain-CP-640186 complex crystal structure, which revealed distinctions from the yeast-enzyme complex. The human ACC2 CT-domain C-terminus is comprised of three intertwined alpha-helices that extend outwards from the enzyme on the opposite side to the ligand-binding site. Differences in the observed inhibitor conformation between the yeast and human structures are caused by differing residues in the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Madauss
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William A. Burkhart
- Department of Biochemical Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thomas G. Consler
- Department of Biochemical Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David J. Cowan
- Department of Chemistry in the Center for Excellence in Metabolic Pathways Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - William K. Gottschalk
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy and Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Aaron B. Miller
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Steven A. Short
- Department of Biochemical Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Thuy B. Tran
- Department of Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27515, USA
| | - Shawn P. Williams
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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6
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Lambert MH, Blackburn RK, Seaton TD, Kassel DB, Kinder DS, Leesnitzer MA, Bickett DM, Warner JR, Andersen MW, Badiang JG, Cowan DJ, Gaul MD, Petrov KG, Rabinowitz MH, Wiethe RW, Becherer JD, McDougald DL, Musso DL, Andrews RC, Moss ML. Substrate specificity and novel selective inhibitors of TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) from two-dimensional substrate mapping. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2005; 8:327-39. [PMID: 16101009 DOI: 10.2174/1386207054020840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic analysis of the P1' and P2' substrate specificity of TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) using a peptide library and a novel analytical method, and we use the substrate specificity information to design novel reverse hydroxamate inhibitors. Initial truncation studies, using the amino acid sequence around the cleavage site in precursor-TNF-alpha, showed that good turnover was obtained with the peptide DNP-LAQAVRSS-NH2. Based on this result, 1000 different peptide substrates of the form Biotin-LAQA-P1'-P2'-SSK(DNP)-NH2 were prepared, with 50 different natural and unnatural amino acids at P1' in combination with 20 different amino acids at P2'. The peptides were pooled, treated with purified microsomal TACE, and the reaction mixtures were passed over a streptavidin affinity column to remove unreacted substrate and the N-terminal biotinylated product. C-terminal cleavage products not binding to streptavidin were subjected to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis where individual products were identified and semiquantitated. 25 of the substrates were resynthesized as discrete peptides and assayed with recombinant TACE. The experiments show that recombinant TACE prefers lipophilic amino acids at the P1' position, such as phenylglycine, homophenylalanine, leucine and valine. At the P2' position, TACE can accommodate basic amino acids, such as arginine and lysine, as well as certain non-basic amino acids such as citrulline, methionine sulfoxide and threonine. These substrate preferences were used in the design of novel reverse hydroxamate TACE inhibitors with phenethyl and 5-methyl-thiophene-methyl side-chains at P1', and threonine and nitro-arginine at P2'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millard H Lambert
- Department of Computational Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, 5 Moore Drive, RTP, NC 27709, USA.
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7
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Boros EE, Cowan DJ, Cox RF, Mebrahtu MM, Rabinowitz MH, Thompson JB, Wolfe LA. Hantzsch Synthesis of Pyrazolo[1‘,2‘:1,2]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines: Partial Agonists of the Calcitonin Receptor. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5331-4. [PMID: 15960543 DOI: 10.1021/jo050370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule calcitonin receptor agonists are of potential utility in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Bicycloeneamine 1 was a useful intermediate in the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine calcitonin receptor partial agonists 2a-f. Dihydropyridines 10a-c were conveniently prepared by reaction of 1 with Knoevenagel adducts 9a-c, or in the case of 10d, by a three component reaction with 1, beta-ketoester 7b, and aldehyde 8c. Oxidation of 10a-d to pyridines 11a-d and subsequent amide formation afforded the title compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Boros
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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8
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Rabinowitz MH, Andrews RC, Becherer JD, Bickett DM, Bubacz DG, Conway JG, Cowan DJ, Gaul M, Glennon K, Lambert MH, Leesnitzer MA, McDougald DL, Moss ML, Musso DL, Rizzolio MC. Design of selective and soluble inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). J Med Chem 2001; 44:4252-67. [PMID: 11708926 DOI: 10.1021/jm0102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A program to improve upon the in vitro, in vivo, and physicochemical properties of N-hydroxyformamide TACE inhibitor GW 3333 (1) is described. Using the primary structure of pro-TNF-alpha, along with a homology model of the catalytic domain of TACE based on the X-ray diffraction coordinates of adamalysin, we synthesized N-hydroxyformamide TACE inhibitors containing a P2' arginine side chain. Introduction of nitro and sulfonyl electron-withdrawing groups covalently bound to the P2' guanidine moiety rendered the inhibitors electronically neutral at cellular pH and led to potent inhibition of TNF-alpha release from stimulated macrophages. Inhibitors containing these arginine mimetics were found to have increased solubility in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) relative to 1, allowing for the incorporation of lipophilic P1' side chains which had the effect of retaining potent TACE inhibition, but reducing potency against matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) thus increasing overall selectivity against MMP1, MMP3, and MMP9. Selected compounds showed good to excellent in vivo TNF inhibition when administered via subcutaneous injection. One inhibitor, 28a, with roughly 10x selectivity over MMP1 and MMP3 and high solubility in SGF, was evaluated in the rat zymosan-induced pleuisy model of inflammation and found to inhibit zymosan-stimulated pleural TNF-alpha elevation by 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Rabinowitz
- GlaxoSmithKline, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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9
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Musso DL, Andersen MW, Andrews RC, Austin R, Beaudet EJ, Becherer JD, Bubacz DG, Bickett DM, Chan JH, Conway JG, Cowan DJ, Gaul MD, Glennon KC, Hedeen KM, Lambert MH, Leesnitzer MA, McDougald DL, Mitchell JL, Moss ML, Rabinowitz MH, Rizzolio MC, Schaller LT, Stanford JB, Tippin T, Warner JR, Whitesell LG, Wiethe RW. N-hydroxyformamide peptidomimetics as TACE/matrix metalloprotease inhibitors: oral activity via P1' isobutyl substitution. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2147-51. [PMID: 11514157 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
N-Hydroxyformamide-class metalloprotease inhibitors were designed and synthesized, which have potent broad-spectrum activity versus matrix metalloproteases and TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). Compound 13c possesses good oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics in the rat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Musso
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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10
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Willson TM, Cobb JE, Cowan DJ, Wiethe RW, Correa ID, Prakash SR, Beck KD, Moore LB, Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM. The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem 1996; 39:665-8. [PMID: 8576907 DOI: 10.1021/jm950395a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T M Willson
- Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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11
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Brackeen MF, Cowan DJ, Stafford JA, Schoenen FJ, Veal JM, Domanico PL, Rose D, Strickland AB, Verghese M, Feldman PL. Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained analogues of 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)imidazolidin-2-one (Ro 20-1724) as potent inhibitors of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. J Med Chem 1995; 38:4848-54. [PMID: 7490734 DOI: 10.1021/jm00024a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) inhibitors is described. The PDE IV inhibitor 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)imidazolidin-2-one (Ro 20-1724, 2) was used as a template from which to design a set of rigid oxazolidinones, imidazolidinones, and pyrrolizidinones that mimic Ro 20-1724 but differ in the orientation of the carbonyl group. The endo isomer of each of these heterocycles was more potent than the exo isomer in an enzyme inhibition assay and a cellular assay, which measured TNF alpha secretion from activated human peripheral blood monocytes (HPBM). Imidazolidinone 4a inhibited human PDE IV with a Ki of 27 nM and TNF alpha secretion from HPBM with an IC50 of 290 nM. By comparison, Ro 20-1724 is significantly less active in these assays with activities of 1930 and 1800nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Brackeen
- Glaxo Wellcome Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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12
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Feldman PL, Brackeen MF, Cowan DJ, Marron BE, Schoenen FJ, Stafford JA, Suh EM, Domanico PL, Rose D, Leesnitzer MA. Phosphodiesterase type IV inhibition. Structure-activity relationships of 1,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines. J Med Chem 1995; 38:1505-10. [PMID: 7739009 DOI: 10.1021/jm00009a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines 2 and their activities as type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are described. Various groups were appended to the nitrogen of the pyrrolidine nucleus to enable structure-activity relationships to be assessed. Groups which render the pyrrolidine nitrogen of 2 nonbasic yielded potent PDE-IV inhibitors. Analogs of amides, carbamates, and ureas of 2 were synthesized to determine the effects that substitution on these functional groups had on PDE-IV inhibitor potency. The structural requirements for PDE-IV inhibitor potency differed among the three classes. A representative amide, carbamate, and urea (2c,d,h) were shown to be > 50-fold selective for inhibiting PDE-IV versus representative PDEs from families I-III and V. Furthermore, these same three inhibitors demonstrated potent functional activity (IC50 < 1 microM) by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) release from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated purified human peripheral blood monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages. These compounds were also tested orally in LPS-injected mice and demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of serum TNF-alpha levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Feldman
- Glaxo Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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13
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Cowan DJ. Acceptance by American Dental Association. Br Dent J 1988; 164:170. [PMID: 3163482 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4806390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Cowan DJ. Dentistry: what the future holds. Probe (Lond) 1988; 29:269. [PMID: 3164858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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16
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17
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Cowan DJ. Hazard of UV-cured composites? Br Dent J 1983; 154:128. [PMID: 6573168 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4805017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Cowan DJ. Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament by the Method of Kenneth Jones (1963). Proc R Soc Med 1965; 58:336-338. [PMID: 19994401 PMCID: PMC1898488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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19
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Cowan DJ. ? Osteoclastoma of Phalanx. Proc R Soc Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576305601014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Cowan DJ. Fracture of Compression Screw in Non-Union of Fracture of the Femoral Neck. Proc R Soc Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576305601015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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