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Achary VMM, Sheri V, Manna M, Panditi V, Borphukan B, Ram B, Agarwal A, Fartyal D, Teotia D, Masakapalli SK, Agrawal PK, Reddy MK. Overexpression of improved EPSPS gene results in field level glyphosate tolerance and higher grain yield in rice. Plant Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2504-2519. [PMID: 32516520 PMCID: PMC7680544 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a popular, systemic, broad-spectrum herbicide used in modern agriculture. Being a structural analog of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), it inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) which is responsible for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and various aromatic secondary metabolites. Taking a lead from glyphosate-resistant weeds, two mutant variants of the rice EPSPS gene were developed by amino acid substitution (T173I + P177S; TIPS-OsEPSPS and G172A + T173I + P177S; GATIPS-OsEPSPS). These mutated EPSPS genes were overexpressed in rice under the control of either native EPSPS or constitutive promoters (maize ubiquitin [ZmUbi] promoter). The overexpression of TIPS-OsEPSPS under the control of the ZmUbi promoter resulted in higher tolerance to glyphosate (up to threefold of the recommended dose) without affecting the fitness and related agronomic traits of plants in both controlled and field conditions. Furthermore, such rice lines produced 17%-19% more grains compared to the wild type (WT) in the absence of glyphosate application and the phenylalanine and tryptophan contents in the transgenic seeds were found to be significantly higher in comparison with WT seeds. Our results also revealed that the native promoter guided expression of modified EPSPS genes did not significantly improve the glyphosate tolerance. The present study describing the introduction of a crop-specific TIPS mutation in class I aroA gene of rice and its overexpression have potential to substantially improve the yield and field level glyphosate tolerance in rice. This is the first report to observe that the EPSPS has role to play in improving grain yield of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Mohan Murali Achary
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vijay Sheri
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Mrinalini Manna
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Varakumar Panditi
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Bhabesh Borphukan
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Babu Ram
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Aakrati Agarwal
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Dhirendra Fartyal
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
| | | | | | - Malireddy K. Reddy
- Crop Improvement GroupInternational Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNew DelhiIndia
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Teotia D, Gaid M, Saini SS, Verma A, Yennamalli RM, Khare SP, Ambatipudi K, Mir JI, Beuerle T, Hänsch R, Roy P, Agrawal PK, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Cinnamate-CoA ligase is involved in biosynthesis of benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexin in Malus × domestica 'Golden Delicious' cell cultures. Plant J 2019; 100:1176-1192. [PMID: 31437324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus sp.) and other genera belonging to the sub-tribe Malinae of the Rosaceae family produce unique benzoic acid-derived biphenyl phytoalexins. Cell cultures of Malus domestica cv. 'Golden Delicious' accumulate two biphenyl phytoalexins, aucuparin and noraucuparin, in response to the addition of a Venturia inaequalis elicitor (VIE). In this study, we isolated and expressed a cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL)-encoding sequence from VIE-treated cell cultures of cv. 'Golden Delicious' (M. domestica CNL; MdCNL). MdCNL catalyses the conversion of cinnamic acid into cinnamoyl-CoA, which is subsequently converted to biphenyls. MdCNL failed to accept benzoic acid as a substrate. When scab-resistant (cv. 'Shireen') and moderately scab-susceptible (cv. 'Golden Delicious') apple cultivars were challenged with the V. inaequalis scab fungus, an increase in MdCNL transcript levels was observed in internodal regions. The increase in MdCNL transcript levels could conceivably correlate with the pattern of accumulation of biphenyls. The C-terminal signal in the MdCNL protein directed its N-terminal reporter fusion to peroxisomes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Thus, this report records the cloning and characterisation of a cinnamoyl-CoA-forming enzyme from apple via a series of in vivo and in vitro studies. Defining the key step of phytoalexin formation in apple provides a biotechnological tool for engineering elite cultivars with improved resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shashank S Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Aparna Verma
- Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | | | - Satyajeet P Khare
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International, Lavale, MH-412115, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190 005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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Saini SS, Teotia D, Gaid M, Sircar D. A new enzymatic activity from elicitor-treated pear cell cultures converting trans-cinnamic acid to benzaldehyde. Physiol Plant 2019; 167:64-74. [PMID: 30417393 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures of Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) are known to produce benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexins upon elicitor treatment. Although the downstream pathway for biphenyl phytoalexin biosynthesis is almost known, the upstream route of benzoic acid biosynthesis in pear has not been completely elucidated. In the present work, we report benzaldehyde synthase (BS) activity from yeast extract-treated cell suspension cultures of P. pyrifolia. BS catalyzes the in vitro conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to benzaldehyde using a non-oxidative C2 -side chain cleavage mechanism. The enzyme activity was strictly dependent on the presence of a reducing agent, dithiothreitol being preferred. C2 -side chain shortening of the cinnamic acid backbone resembled the mechanisms catalyzed by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase (HBS) activity in Vanilla planifolia and salicylaldehyde synthase (SAS) activity in tobacco and apple cell cultures. A basal BS activity was also observed in the non-elicited cell cultures. Upon yeast extract-treatment, a 13-fold increase in BS activity was observed when compared to the non-treated control cells. Moreover, feeding of the cell cultures with trans-cinnamic acid, the substrate for BS, resulted in an enhanced level of noraucuparin, a biphenyl phytoalexin. Comparable accumulation of noraucuparin was observed upon feeding of benzaldehyde, the BS product. The preferred substrate for BS was found to be trans-cinnamic acid, for which the apparent Km and Vmax values were 0.5 mM and 50.7 pkat mg-1 protein, respectively. Our observations indicate the contribution of BS to benzoic acid biosynthesis in Asian pear via the CoA-independent and non-β-oxidative route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank S Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
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Sarkate A, Saini SS, Gaid M, Teotia D, Mir JI, Agrawal PK, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of a biphenyl phytoalexin-specific O-methyltransferase from apple cell suspension cultures. Planta 2019; 249:677-691. [PMID: 30357505 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the cloning and functional characterization of a biphenyl phytoalexin biosynthetic gene, 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl O-methyltransferase from elicitor-treated cell cultures of scab resistant apple cultivar 'Florina'. Apples belong to the subtribe Malinae of the Rosaceae family. Biphenyls and dibenzofurans are the specialized phytoalexins of Malinae, of which aucuparin is the most widely distributed biphenyl. The precursor of aucuparin, 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl, is a benzoate-derived polyketide, which is formed by the sequential condensation of three molecules of malonyl-CoA and one molecule of benzoyl-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by biphenyl synthase (BIS). This 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl then undergoes sequential 5-O-methylation, 4-hydroxylation, and finally 3-O-methylation to form aucuparin. A cDNA encoding O-methyltransferase (OMT) was isolated and functionally characterized from the cell cultures of scab-resistant apple cultivar 'Florina' (Malus domestica cultivar 'Florina'; MdOMT) after treatment with elicitor prepared from the apple scab causing fungus Venturia inaequalis. MdOMT catalyzed the regiospecific O-methylation of 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl at the 5-position to form 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl. The enzyme showed absolute substrate preference for 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl. The elicitor-treated apple cell cultures showed transient increases in the MdOMT (GenBank ID MF740747) and MdBIS3 (GenBank ID JQ390523) transcript levels followed by the accumulation of biphenyls (aucuparin and noraucuparin) and dibenzofuran (eriobofuran) phytoalexins. MdOMT fused with N- and C-terminal yellow fluorescent protein showed cytoplasmic localization in the epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In scab inoculated greenhouse-grown 'Florina' plants, the expression of MdOMT was transiently induced in the stem followed by the accumulation of biphenyl phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Sarkate
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shashank Sagar Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | | | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Sarkate A, Saini SS, Teotia D, Gaid M, Mir JI, Roy P, Agrawal PK, Sircar D. Comparative metabolomics of scab-resistant and susceptible apple cell cultures in response to scab fungus elicitor treatment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17844. [PMID: 30552373 PMCID: PMC6294756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apple scab disease caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis is a devastating disease that seriously affects quality and yield of apples. In order to understand the mechanisms involved in scab resistance, we performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics analysis of the cell culture of scab resistant cultivar 'Florina' and scab susceptible cultivar 'Vista Bella' both prior -to and -following treatment with V. inaequalis elicitor (VIE). A total 21 metabolites were identified to be altered significantly in 'Florina' cell cultures upon VIE-treatment. Among 21 metabolites, formation of three new specialized metabolites aucuparin, noraucuparin and eriobofuran were observed only in resistant cultivar 'Florina' after the elicitor treatment. The score plots of principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited clear discrimination between untreated and VIE-treated samples. The alteration in metabolite levels correlated well with the changes in the transcript levels of selected secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes. Aucuparin, noraucuparin and eriobofuran isolated from the 'Florina' cultures showed significant inhibitory effect on the conidial germination of V. inaequalis. The results expand our understanding of the metabolic basis of scab-resistance in apple and therefore are of interest in apple breeding programs to fortify scab resistance potential of commercially grown apple cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Sarkate
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shashank Sagar Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH) Srinagar, 190 005, J&K, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | | | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Saini SS, Teotia D, Gaid M, Thakur A, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase-driven phytoalexin biosynthesis in elicitor-treated Pyrus pyrifolia cell cultures. J Plant Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28647601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrus pyrifolia (Asian pear) cell cultures respond to yeast extract (YE) treatment by accumulating benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexins, namely, noraucuparin and aucuparin. Biphenyl phytoalexins are defense-marker metabolites of the sub-tribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. The substrates for biphenyl biosynthesis are benzoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which combine in the presence of biphenyl synthase (BIS) to produce 3,5-dihydroxybiphneyl. In the non-β-oxidative pathway, benzoyl-CoA is directly derived from benzoic acid in a reaction catalyzed by benzoate-CoA ligase (BZL). Although the core β-oxidative pathway of benzoic acid biosynthesis is well-understood, the complete cascade of enzymes and genes involved in the non-β-oxidative pathway at the molecular level is poorly understood. In this study, we report the detection of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (BD) activity in YE-treated cell cultures of P. pyrifolia. BD catalyzes the conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. BD and BIS activities were coordinately induced by elicitor treatment, suggesting their involvement in biphenyl metabolism. Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity preceded the increases in BD and BIS activities. Benzaldehyde was the preferred substrate for BD (Km=52.0μM), with NAD+ being the preferred co-factor (Km=64μM). Our observations indicate the contribution of BD towards biphenyl phytoalexin biosynthesis in the Asian pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Sagar Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anirudh Thakur
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Teotia D, Saini SS, Gaid M, Beuerle T, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Development and Validation of a New HPLC Method for the Determination of Biphenyl and Dibenzofuran Phytoalexins in Rosaceae. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:918-22. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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