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Ashine T, Getachew D, Demisse M, Lobo NF, Tadesse FG. Anopheles arabiensis. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:91-92. [PMID: 37758632 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neil F Lobo
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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2
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Emiru T, Getachew D, Murphy M, Sedda L, Ejigu LA, Bulto MG, Byrne I, Demisse M, Abdo M, Chali W, Elliott A, Vickers EN, Aranda-Díaz A, Alemayehu L, Behaksera SW, Jebessa G, Dinka H, Tsegaye T, Teka H, Chibsa S, Mumba P, Girma S, Hwang J, Yoshimizu M, Sutcliffe A, Taffese HS, Bayissa GA, Zohdy S, Tongren JE, Drakeley C, Greenhouse B, Bousema T, Tadesse FG. Evidence for a role of Anopheles stephensi in the spread of drug- and diagnosis-resistant malaria in Africa. Nat Med 2023; 29:3203-3211. [PMID: 37884028 PMCID: PMC10719088 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi, an Asian malaria vector, continues to expand across Africa. The vector is now firmly established in urban settings in the Horn of Africa. Its presence in areas where malaria resurged suggested a possible role in causing malaria outbreaks. Here, using a prospective case-control design, we investigated the role of An. stephensi in transmission following a malaria outbreak in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia in April-July 2022. Screening contacts of patients with malaria and febrile controls revealed spatial clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infections around patients with malaria in strong association with the presence of An. stephensi in the household vicinity. Plasmodium sporozoites were detected in these mosquitoes. This outbreak involved clonal propagation of parasites with molecular signatures of artemisinin and diagnostic resistance. To our knowledge, this study provides the strongest evidence so far for a role of An. stephensi in driving an urban malaria outbreak in Africa, highlighting the major public health threat posed by this fast-spreading mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Emiru
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Maxwell Murphy
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Isabel Byrne
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Melat Abdo
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wakweya Chali
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron Elliott
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Neubauer Vickers
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Aranda-Díaz
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lina Alemayehu
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gutema Jebessa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hunduma Dinka
- Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Tizita Tsegaye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Teka
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sheleme Chibsa
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Mumba
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Girma
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jimee Hwang
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alice Sutcliffe
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Entomology Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jon Eric Tongren
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Malaria Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- EPPIcenter program, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Waymire E, Duddu S, Yared S, Getachew D, Dengela D, Bordenstein SR, Balkew M, Zohdy S, Irish SR, Carter TE. Wolbachia 16S rRNA haplotypes detected in wild Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:178. [PMID: 35610655 PMCID: PMC9128127 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About two out of three Ethiopians are at risk of malaria, a disease caused by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Anopheles stephensi, an invasive vector typically found in South Asia and the Middle East, was recently found to be distributed across eastern and central Ethiopia and is capable of transmitting both P. falciparum and P. vivax. The detection of this vector in the Horn of Africa (HOA) coupled with widespread insecticide resistance requires that new methods of vector control be investigated in order to control the spread of malaria. Wolbachia, a naturally occurring endosymbiotic bacterium of mosquitoes, has been identified as a potential vector control tool that can be explored for the control of malaria transmission. Wolbachia could be used to control the mosquito population through suppression or potentially decrease malaria transmission through population replacement. However, the presence of Wolbachia in wild An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia is unknown. This study aimed to identify the presence and diversity of Wolbachia in An. stephensi across eastern Ethiopia. METHODS DNA was extracted from An. stephensi collected from eastern Ethiopia in 2018 and screened for Wolbachia using a 16S targeted PCR assay, as well as multilocus strain typing (MLST) PCR assays. Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced 16S amplicons were conducted to compare with Wolbachia from countries across Africa and Asia. RESULTS Twenty out of the 184 mosquitoes screened were positive for Wolbachia, with multiple haplotypes detected. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed two superclades, representing Wolbachia supergroups A and B (bootstrap values of 81 and 72, respectively) with no significant grouping of geographic location or species. A subclade with a bootstrap value of 89 separates the Ethiopian haplotype 2 from other sequences in that superclade. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence of natural Wolbachia populations in wild An. stephensi in the HOA. They also identify the need for further research to confirm the endosymbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and An. stephensi and to investigate its utility for malaria control in the HOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sowmya Duddu
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | | | | | - Dereje Dengela
- PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Abt Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Meshesha Balkew
- PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Abt Associates, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Seth R. Irish
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
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Carter TE, Yared S, Getachew D, Spear J, Choi SH, Samake JN, Mumba P, Dengela D, Yohannes G, Chibsa S, Murphy M, Dissanayake G, Flately C, Lopez K, Janies D, Zohdy S, Irish SR, Balkew M. Genetic diversity of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia provides insight into patterns of spread. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:602. [PMID: 34895319 PMCID: PMC8665610 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa (HOA) raises concerns about the impact of this mosquito on malaria transmission in the region. Analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity and population structure can provide insight into the history of the mosquito in the HOA to improve predictions of future spread. We investigated the genetic diversity of An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia, where detection suggests a range expansion into this region, in order to understand the history of this invasive population. METHODS We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B gene (CytB) in 187 An. stephensi collected from 10 sites in Ethiopia in 2018. Population genetic, phylogenetic, and minimum spanning network analyses were conducted for Ethiopian sequences. Molecular identification of blood meal sources was also performed using universal vertebrate CytB sequencing. RESULTS Six An. stephensi COI-CytB haplotypes were observed, with the highest number of haplotypes in the northeastern sites (Semera, Bati, and Gewana towns) relative to the southeastern sites (Kebridehar, Godey, and Degehabur) in eastern Ethiopia. We observed population differentiation, with the highest differentiation between the northeastern sites compared to central sites (Erer Gota, Dire Dawa, and Awash Sebat Kilo) and the southeastern sites. Phylogenetic and network analysis revealed that the HOA An. stephensi are more genetically similar to An. stephensi from southern Asia than from the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, molecular blood meal analysis revealed evidence of feeding on cows, goats, dogs, and humans, as well as evidence of multiple (mixed) blood meals. CONCLUSION We show that An. stephensi is genetically diverse in Ethiopia and with evidence of geographical structure. Variation in the level of diversity supports the hypothesis for a more recent introduction of An. stephensi into southeastern Ethiopia relative to the northeastern region. We also find evidence that supports the hypothesis that HOA An. stephensi populations originate from South Asia rather than the Arabian Peninsula. The evidence of both zoophagic and anthropophagic feeding support the need for additional investigation into the potential for livestock movement to play a role in vector spread in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar E Carter
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | | | - Joseph Spear
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Sae Hee Choi
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | | | - Peter Mumba
- USAID, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Dengela
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gedeon Yohannes
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sheleme Chibsa
- U.S President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) Program, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew Murphy
- USAID, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, Malaria Division, 2100 Crystal Drive| 10082B, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Flately
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karen Lopez
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Balkew M, Mumba P, Yohannes G, Abiy E, Getachew D, Yared S, Worku A, Gebresilassie A, Tadesse FG, Gadisa E, Esayas E, Ashine T, Ejeta D, Dugassa S, Yohannes M, Lemma W, Yewhalaw D, Chibsa S, Teka H, Murphy M, Yoshimizu M, Dengela D, Zohdy S, Irish S. Correction to: An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018-2020. Malar J 2021; 20:331. [PMID: 34320989 PMCID: PMC8320088 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Mumba
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gedeon Yohannes
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Abiy
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sheleme Chibsa
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Teka
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matt Murphy
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,US President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dereje Dengela
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Entomology Branch Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth Irish
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Entomology Branch Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Balkew M, Mumba P, Yohannes G, Abiy E, Getachew D, Yared S, Worku A, Gebresilassie A, Tadesse FG, Gadisa E, Esayas E, Ashine T, Ejeta D, Dugassa S, Yohannes M, Lemma W, Yewhalaw D, Chibsa S, Teka H, Murphy M, Yoshimizu M, Dengela D, Zohdy S, Irish S. An update on the distribution, bionomics, and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia, 2018-2020. Malar J 2021; 20:263. [PMID: 34107943 PMCID: PMC8189708 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03801-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi, an invasive malaria vector, was first detected in Africa nearly 10 years ago. After the initial finding in Djibouti, it has subsequently been found in Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. To better inform policies and vector control decisions, it is important to understand the distribution, bionomics, insecticide susceptibility, and transmission potential of An. stephensi. These aspects were studied as part of routine entomological monitoring in Ethiopia between 2018 and 2020. METHODS Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing collections, pyrethrum spray catches, CDC light traps, animal-baited tent traps, resting boxes, and manual aspiration from animal shelters. Larvae were collected using hand-held dippers. The source of blood in blood-fed mosquitoes and the presence of sporozoites was assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Insecticide susceptibility was assessed for pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. RESULTS Adult An. stephensi were collected with aspiration, black resting boxes, and animal-baited traps collecting the highest numbers of mosquitoes. Although sampling efforts were geographically widespread, An. stephensi larvae were collected in urban and rural sites in eastern Ethiopia, but An. stephensi larvae were not found in western Ethiopian sites. Blood-meal analysis revealed a high proportion of blood meals that were taken from goats, and only a small proportion from humans. Plasmodium vivax was detected in wild-collected An. stephensi. High levels of insecticide resistance were detected to pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide increased susceptibility to pyrethroids. Larvae were found to be susceptible to temephos. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the bionomics, insecticide susceptibility and distribution of An. stephensi will improve the quality of a national response in Ethiopia and provide additional information on populations of this invasive species in Africa. Further work is needed to understand the role that An. stephensi will have in Plasmodium transmission and malaria case incidence. While additional data are being collected, national programmes can use the available data to formulate and operationalize national strategies against the threat of An. stephensi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Mumba
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gedeon Yohannes
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Abiy
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sheleme Chibsa
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hiwot Teka
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matt Murphy
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Yoshimizu
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,US President's Malaria Initiative, USAID, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dereje Dengela
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Entomology Branch Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth Irish
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Entomology Branch Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Balkew M, Mumba P, Dengela D, Yohannes G, Getachew D, Yared S, Chibsa S, Murphy M, George K, Lopez K, Janies D, Choi SH, Spear J, Irish SR, Carter TE. Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:35. [PMID: 31959237 PMCID: PMC6971998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia and other regions in the Horn of Africa has raised concerns about its potential impact on malaria transmission. We report here the findings of a survey for this species in eastern Ethiopia using both morphological and molecular methods for species identification. Methods Adult and larval/pupal collections were conducted at ten sites in eastern Ethiopia and Anopheles specimens were identified using standard morphological keys and genetic analysis. Results In total, 2231 morphologically identified An. stephensi were collected. A molecular approach incorporating both PCR endpoint assay and sequencing of portions of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) loci confirmed the identity of the An. stephensi in most cases (119/124 of the morphologically identified An. stephensi confirmed molecularly). Additionally, we observed Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae at many of the An. stephensi larval habitats. Conclusions Our findings show that An. stephensi is widely distributed in eastern Ethiopia and highlight the need for further surveillance in the southern, western and northern parts of the country and throughout the Horn of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Peter Mumba
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Dengela
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Project, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Gedeon Yohannes
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Sheleme Chibsa
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew Murphy
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kristen George
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, Malaria Division, USAID, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Karen Lopez
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Janies
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Seth R Irish
- US President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Getachew D, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Tekie H. Species composition, blood meal hosts and Plasmodium infection rates of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ghibe River Basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:257. [PMID: 31122286 PMCID: PMC6533711 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control interventions using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are commonly practiced tools for the control of malaria in Ethiopia. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these control interventions, and understand the prevailing malaria vectors, their incrimination in disease transmission, and their resting and feeding behavior, we set out to identify the Anopheles species, their blood meal sources, and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) in Ghibe and Darge within the Ghibe River basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Methods Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were sampled both indoors and outdoors from January 2015 to October 2016 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps, pyrethrum spray catch (PSC), artificial pit shelters and mouth aspirators. Mosquito species were morphologically identified, and their blood meal sources and malaria sporozoite rates were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results In total, 13 species of Anopheles mosquitoes were identified, among which Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was the predominant species: 87.9 and 67.7% in Ghibe and Darge, respectively. The mean density of An. gambiae (s.l.) collected per night using CDC light traps was 1.8 and 0.7 outdoors and indoors, respectively, in Ghibe, and 0.125 and 0.07 indoors and outdoors, respectively, in Darge. Anopheles mosquito abundance was higher in houses near the river than in houses far from the river in both study sites. Among Anopheles mosquitoes sampled using CDC light trap catches, 67.6% were unfed and the indoor and outdoor human blood indices of An. gambiae (s.l.) were 58.4 and 15.8%, respectively in Ghibe, while in Darge, they were 57.1 and 50%, respectively. Sporozoite rates were 0.07% for P. vivax and 0.07% for P. falciparum in Ghibe and zero in Darge. In Ghibe, the overall EIRs for P. falciparum and P. vivax were zero and 8.4 infective bites/person/year, respectively, in 2015, while zero and 5.4 infective bites/person/year for P. vivax and P. falciparum, respectively, in 2016. No Plasmodium-positive Anopheles mosquitoes were identified from Darge. Conclusions Anopheles gambiae (s.l.), the principal vector of malaria in Ethiopia was the most abundant species both indoors and outdoors, fed both on human and cattle blood and occurred at higher frequencies near rivers. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) that were circumsporozoite-positive for Plasmodium species were collected from Ghibe, but not Darge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene Getachew
- Department of Biology, Dire Dawa University, P. O. Box 1362, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Abt Associates, PMI VectorLink Ethiopia Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Tekie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Getachew D, Balkew M, Gebre-Michael T. Evaluation of Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra: Phytolaccaceae) as a Larvicide Against Anopheles arabiensis, the Principal Vector of Malaria in Ethiopia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2016; 32:124-129. [PMID: 27280350 DOI: 10.2987/moco-32-02-124-129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria control methods rely mostly on adult mosquito control using insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying with insecticides. Plants such as endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) can potentially be used for the control of mosquito larvae as a supplement to adult control methods. Following the discovery of endod, a molluscicide plant, more than 5 decades ago in Ethiopia, subsequent studies have shown that its potency can further be increased by simple procedures such as aging endod berry powder in water. This study was conducted to evaluate the killing effect of fresh and aged endod solution against 4th-stage larvae of Anopheles arabiensis. Laboratory-reared An. arabiensis larvae exposed to different concentrations of endod preparation using distilled or spring water had 50% lethal concentration (LC(50)) = 49.6 ppm and 90% lethal concentration (LC(90)) = 234 ppm for fresh and LC(50) = 36.4 ppm and LC(90) = 115.7 ppm for the aged endod solution in distilled water against the laboratory population. Against field-collected larvae of the same species, aged preparations in habitat water resulted in higher LC(50) (472.7 ppm) and LC(90) (691 ppm) values, with only a slight improvement over fresh preparations in habitat water (LC(50) = 456.2 ppm; LC(90) = 896.1 ppm). In general, although aged preparations of endod required lower concentrations than fresh to kill at least 90% of the larvae, these concentrations were much higher (12-70×) than that required for schistosome-transmitting snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene Getachew
- 1 Department of Biology, Dire Dawa University, PO Box 1362, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- 3 Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- 2 Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- 2 Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Getachew D, Almaw G, Terefe G. Occurrence and fertility rates of hydatid cysts in sheep and goats slaughtered at Modjo Luna Export Slaughter House, Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4314/evj.v16i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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