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Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Bowolaksono A, Dwiranti A, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Permana DH, Bøgh C, Bangs MJ, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF, Syafruddin D. Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38254131 PMCID: PMC10802001 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission in malaria-endemic areas underlines the urgent need to develop innovative tools, such as spatial repellents (SR), that may circumvent this residual transmission. With limited options for effective insecticides, regular resistance monitoring is warranted for selecting and using appropriate tools. This study evaluates the pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) allele before and after implementing a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent (SR) intervention in placebo-treated clusters. METHODS This study looks at the frequency distribution of the kdr allele in Sumba Island from June 2015 to August 2018. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on female Anopheles sp. aged 3-5 days against permethrin 21.5 μg/ml, deltamethrin 12.5 μg/ml, and transfluthrin 10 μg/ml using CDC bottle assay. PCR sequencing of representative samples from adult mosquito collections and insecticide tests revealed the presence of kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the VGSC gene. RESULTS A total of 12 Anopheles species, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles. aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles vagus were analysed. Anopheles vagus and An. sundaicus predominated in the larval populations. Susceptibility assays for all insecticides identified fully susceptible phenotypes in all species examined. Anopheles increasing frequency of kdr mutant alleles during the 3 year SR deployment was observed in both SR-treated and placebo areas, a statistically significant increase occurred in each arm. However, it is unclear how significant SR is in causing the increase in mutant alleles. The L1014S, knockdown resistance east type (kdr-e) allele was detected for the first time among the mosquito samples in this study. The L1014F, knockdown resistance west type (kdr-w) allele and heteroduplex form (wild-type-mutant) were found in almost all Anopheles species examined, including An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus, An. annularis, An. flavirostris and An. sundaicus. CONCLUSION The presence of fully susceptible phenotypes over time, along with an increase in the frequency distribution of the L1014F/S mutations post-intervention, suggest drivers of resistance external to the study, including pyrethroid use in agriculture and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, this does not negate possible SR impacts that support resistance. More studies that enable the comprehension of possible SR-based drivers of resistance in mosquitoes need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Sumba, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Mimika, Indonesia
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia
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Rozi IE, Syahrani L, Permana DH, Asih PBS, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Risandi R, Zubaidah S, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Grieco JP, Baus JE, Eugenio E, Monroe A, Liu F, Achee NL, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Human behavior determinants of exposure to Anopheles vectors of malaria in Sumba, Indonesia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276783. [PMID: 36374859 PMCID: PMC9662732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria vector control interventions in Sumba, Indonesia, have not been able to eliminate malaria. Human drivers of exposure to Anopheles bites were investigated as part of a larger clinical trial evaluating the impact of a spatial repellent product on malaria incidence. Human behavioral observations (HBOs) evaluating temporal and spatial presence, sleeping behaviors, and insecticide treated net (ITN) use, were collected parallel to entomological collections-indoor and outdoor human landing catches (HLCs), and house hold surveys. Data demonstrates that mosquito access to humans, enabled by structurally open houses, is evident by the similar entomological landing rates both inside and outside households. The presence of animals inside houses was associated with increased mosquito entry-however, the number of humans present inside houses was not related to increased mosquito landing. Analyzing mosquito landing rates with human behavior data enables the spatial and temporal estimation of exposure to Anopheles bites, accounting for intervention (ITN) presence and usage. Human behavior adjusted exposure to Anopheles bites was found to be highest in the early in the evening, but continued at lower levels throughout the night. Over the night, most exposure (53%) occurred when people were indoors and not under the protection of nets (asleep or awake) followed by exposure outside (44%). Characterized gaps in protection are outdoor exposure as well as exposure indoors-when awake, and when asleep and not using ITNs. Interestingly, in the primary trial, even though there was not a significant impact of the spatial repellent on vector biting rates by themselves (16%), when factoring in human behavior, there was approximately 28% less exposure in the intervention arm than in the placebo arm. The treated arm had less human behavior adjusted bites in all spaces evaluated though there was proportionally higher exposure indoors. This analysis points to the importance of using HBOs both towards understanding gaps in protection as well as how interventions are evaluated. To mitigate ongoing transmission, understanding context specific spatial and temporal exposure based on the interactions of vectors, humans and interventions would be vital for a directed evidence-based control or elimination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H. Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji B. S. Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Anggi P. N. Hidayati
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Farahana K. Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Juan E. Baus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Evercita Eugenio
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - April Monroe
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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Permana DH, Zubaidah S, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Syafruddin D, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson JR, Hendershot AL, Burton TA, Grieco JP, Eugenio EC, Liu F, Achee NL, Lobo NF. Impact of a spatial repellent product on Anopheles and non-Anopheles mosquitoes in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2022; 21:166. [PMID: 35659231 PMCID: PMC9166507 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The East Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia, contributed to 5% of malaria cases nationally in 2020, with other mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue and filariasis also being endemic. Monitoring of spatial and temporal vector species compositions and bionomic traits is an efficient method for generating evidence towards intervention strategy optimization and meeting disease elimination goals. METHODS The impact of a spatial repellent (SR) on human biting mosquitoes was evaluated as part of a parent cluster-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, in Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. A 10-month (June 2015-March 2016) baseline study was followed by a 24-month intervention period (April 2016 to April 2018)-where half the clusters were randomly assigned either a passive transfluthrin emanator or a placebo control. RESULTS Human-landing mosquito catches documented a reduction in landing rates related to the SR. Overall, there was a 16.4% reduction (21% indoors, and 11.3% outdoors) in human biting rates (HBR) for Anopheles. For Aedes, there was a 44.3% HBR reduction indoors and a 35.6% reduction outdoors. This reduction was 38.3% indoors and 39.1% outdoors for Armigeres, and 36.0% indoors and 32.3% outdoors for Culex species. Intervention impacts on the HBRs were not significant and are attributed to large inter-household and inter cluster variation. Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis and Anopheles maculatus individually impacted the overall malaria infections hazard rate with statistically significance. Though there was SR-based protection against malaria for all Anopheles species (except Anopheles sundaicus), only five (Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles tessellatus, An. maculatus and An. sundaicus) demonstrated statistical significance. The SR numerically reduced Anopheles parity rates indoors and outdoors when compared to the placebo. CONCLUSION Evidence demonstrating that Anopheles vectors bite both indoors and outdoors indicates that currently implemented indoor-based vector control tools may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria. The documented impact of the SR intervention on Aedes, Armigeres and Culex species points to its importance in combatting other vector borne diseases. Studies to determine the impact of spatial repellents on other mosquito-borne diseases is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dendi H. Permana
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Puji B. S. Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Anggi P. N. Hidayati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Farahana K. Dewayanti
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Diponegoro 69, Jakarta Pusat, 10430 Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna R. Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Allison L. Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Timothy A. Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN USA
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Syahrani L, Permana DH, Syafruddin D, Zubaidah S, Asih PBS, Rozi IE, Hidayati APN, Kosasih S, Dewayanti FK, Rachmawati N, Risandi R, Bangs MJ, Bøgh C, Davidson J, Hendershot A, Burton T, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF. An inventory of human night-biting mosquitoes and their bionomics in Sumba, Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010316. [PMID: 35312689 PMCID: PMC8970493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are important vectors that transmit pathogens to human and other vertebrates. Each mosquito species has specific ecological requirements and bionomic traits that impact human exposure to mosquito bites, and hence disease transmission and vector control. A study of human biting mosquitoes and their bionomic characteristics was conducted in West Sumba and Southwest Sumba Districts, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province, Indonesia from May 2015 to April 2018. Biweekly human landing catches (HLC) of night biting mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors caught a total of 73,507 mosquito specimens (59.7% non-Anopheles, 40.3% Anopheles). A minimum of 22 Culicinae species belonging to four genera (Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, Mansonia), and 13 Anophelinae species were identified. Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant Culicinae species, Anopheles aconitus was the principal Anopheles species inland, while An. sundaicus was dominant closer to the coast. The overall human biting rate (HBR) was 10.548 bites per person per night (bpn) indoors and 10.551 bpn outdoors. Mosquitoes biting rates were slightly higher indoors for all genera with the exception of Anopheles, where biting rates were slightly higher outdoors. Diurnal and crepuscular Aedes and Armigeres demonstrated declining biting rates throughout the night while Culex and Anopheles biting rates peaked before midnight and then declined. Both anopheline and non-anopheline populations did not have a significant association with temperature (p = 0.3 and 0.88 respectively), or rainfall (p = 0.13 and 0.57 respectively). The point distribution of HBR and seasonal variables did not have a linear correlation. Data demonstrated similar mosquito–human interactions occurring outdoors and indoors and during early parts of the night implying both indoor and outdoor disease transmission potential in the area–pointing to the need for interventions in both spaces. Integrated vector analysis frameworks may enable better surveillance, monitoring and evaluation strategies for multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nia Rachmawati
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Jenna Davidson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Allison Hendershot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy Burton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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Syafruddin D, Lestari YE, Permana DH, Asih PBS, St. Laurent B, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Kosasih S, Shinta, Sukowati S, Hakim L, Haryanto E, Mangunwardoyo W, Bangs MJ, Lobo NF. Anopheles sundaicus complex and the presence of Anopheles epiroticus in Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008385. [PMID: 32614914 PMCID: PMC7363104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles sundaicus s.l. is an important malaria vector primarily found in coastal landscapes of western and central Indonesia. The species complex has a wide geographical distribution in South and Southeast Asia and exhibits ecological and behavioural variability over its range. Studies on understanding the distribution of different members in the complex and their bionomics related to malaria transmission might be important guiding more effective vector intervention strategies. Female An. sundaicus s.l. were collected from seven provinces, 12 locations in Indonesia representing Sumatra: North Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung, South Lampung, and Bengkulu; in Java: West Java; and the Lesser Sunda Islands: West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara provinces. Sequencing of ribosomal DNA ITS2 gene fragments and two mitochondrial DNA gene markers, COI and cytb, enabled molecular identification of morphologically indistinguishable members of the complex. Findings allowed inference on the distribution of the An. sundaicus s.l. present in Indonesia and further illustrate the phylogenetic relationships of An. epiroticus within the complex. A total of 370 An. sundaicus s.l specimens were analysed for the ITS2 fragment. The ITS2 sequence alignment revealed two consistent species-specific point mutations, a T>C transition at base 479 and a G>T transversion at base 538 that differentiated five haplotypes: TG, CG, TT, CT, and TY. The TG haplotype matched published An. epiroticus-indicative sequences from Thailand, Vietnam and peninsular Malaysia. The previously described insertion event (base 603) was observed in all identified specimens. Analysis of the COI and cytb genes revealed no consistent nucleotide variations that could definitively distinguish An. epiroticus from other members in the Sundaicus Complex. The findings indicate and support the existence of An. epiroticus in North Sumatra and Bangka-Belitung archipelago. Further studies are recommended to determine the full distributional extent of the Sundaicus complex in Indonesia and investigate the role of these species in malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Brandyce St. Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E. Rozi
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- Health Ecology Research & Development Centre, National Institute of Health, Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- Health Ecology Research & Development Centre, National Institute of Health, Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lukman Hakim
- Division of Vector Borne Disease, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Edhi Haryanto
- Division of Vector Borne Disease, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wibowo Mangunwardoyo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Freeport Medical Services, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neil F. Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
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