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Chow NA, Muñoz JF, Gade L, Berkow EL, Li X, Welsh RM, Forsberg K, Lockhart SR, Adam R, Alanio A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Althawadi S, Araúz AB, Ben-Ami R, Bharat A, Calvo B, Desnos-Ollivier M, Escandón P, Gardam D, Gunturu R, Heath CH, Kurzai O, Martin R, Litvintseva AP, Cuomo CA. Tracing the Evolutionary History and Global Expansion of Candida auris Using Population Genomic Analyses. mBio 2020; 11:e03364-19. [PMID: 32345637 PMCID: PMC7188998 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03364-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant yeast that can spread via nosocomial transmission. An initial phylogenetic study of isolates from Japan, India, Pakistan, South Africa, and Venezuela revealed four populations (clades I, II, III, and IV) corresponding to these geographic regions. Since this description, C. auris has been reported in more than 30 additional countries. To trace this global emergence, we compared the genomes of 304 C. auris isolates from 19 countries on six continents. We found that four predominant clades persist across wide geographic locations. We observed phylogeographic mixing in most clades; clade IV, with isolates mainly from South America, demonstrated the strongest phylogeographic substructure. C. auris isolates from two clades with opposite mating types were detected contemporaneously in a single health care facility in Kenya. We estimated a Bayesian molecular clock phylogeny and dated the origin of each clade within the last 360 years; outbreak-causing clusters from clades I, III, and IV originated 36 to 38 years ago. We observed high rates of antifungal resistance in clade I, including four isolates resistant to all three major classes of antifungals. Mutations that contribute to resistance varied between the clades, with Y132F in ERG11 as the most widespread mutation associated with azole resistance and S639P in FKS1 for echinocandin resistance. Copy number variants in ERG11 predominantly appeared in clade III and were associated with fluconazole resistance. These results provide a global context for the phylogeography, population structure, and mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in C. aurisIMPORTANCE In less than a decade, C. auris has emerged in health care settings worldwide; this species is capable of colonizing skin and causing outbreaks of invasive candidiasis. In contrast to other Candida species, C. auris is unique in its ability to spread via nosocomial transmission and its high rates of drug resistance. As part of the public health response, whole-genome sequencing has played a major role in characterizing transmission dynamics and detecting new C. auris introductions. Through a global collaboration, we assessed genome evolution of isolates of C. auris from 19 countries. Here, we described estimated timing of the expansion of each C. auris clade and of fluconazole resistance, characterized discrete phylogeographic population structure of each clade, and compared genome data to sensitivity measurements to describe how antifungal resistance mechanisms vary across the population. These efforts are critical for a sustained, robust public health response that effectively utilizes molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Chow
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - José F Muñoz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lalitha Gade
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Berkow
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rory M Welsh
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaitlin Forsberg
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shawn R Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rodney Adam
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, CNRS UMR2000, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals (NRCMA), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière, Saint-Louis, Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sahar Althawadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ronen Ben-Ami
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amrita Bharat
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Belinda Calvo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Marie Desnos-Ollivier
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, CNRS UMR2000, National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals (NRCMA), Paris, France
| | - Patricia Escandón
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dianne Gardam
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine FSH Network, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Revathi Gunturu
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christopher H Heath
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine FSH Network, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
- Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ronny Martin
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections NRZMyk, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia P Litvintseva
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Tan SJ, Nure M, Gardam D, McKnight C, Boan PA, Clark BM. Contact lens associated keratitis due to Tintelnotia destructans. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019; 27:8-10. [PMID: 31879585 PMCID: PMC6920192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first case of Tintelnotia destructans associated keratitis in a contact lens wearer in Australia. Corneal scrape showed fungal elements on direct microscopy leading to a prompt diagnosis of fungal keratitis and early topical and systemic antifungal therapy. The isolate was eventually identified by ITS gene sequencing. This case highlights the importance of accurate identification and antifungal susceptibility testing for the management of fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jin Tan
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Mariyam Nure
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Dianne Gardam
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Charlotte McKnight
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fremantle Hospital and Health Service, Alma Street, Fremantle, Western Australia, 6160, Australia
| | - Peter A Boan
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Benjamin M Clark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Fremantle Hospital Group, 11, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Abstract
Candidemia is a common invasive fungal infection with a high mortality rate. We performed a retrospective audit of candidemia at a tertiary centre in Western Australia, 2005-2014. There were 167 episodes of candidemia due to 173 isolates of Candida. Candida albicans (40.5%), Candida glabrata complex (30.6%), Candida parapsilosis complex (14.4%) were the most common species causing candidemia across the study. Of the tested isolates, 17.7% (11/62) were non-susceptible to fluconazole and 13.6% (9/66) non-susceptible to caspofungin. 22.8% (8/35) C. glabrata complex were fluconazole resistant and 17.1% (6/35) were non-susceptible to caspofungin. Candida glabrata complex was more common in the latter time period, but there were no susceptibility changes over time. In our setting, the prevalence of C. glabrata complex and antifungal non-susceptibility is high, and the prevalence of C. glabrata complex is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boan
- a Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA , Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch , Australia.,b Department of Infectious Diseases , Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch , Australia
| | - Dianne Gardam
- a Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA , Fiona Stanley Hospital , Murdoch , Australia
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