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de Faria LV, Villafuerte LM, do Nascimento SFL, de Sá IC, Peixoto DA, Ribeiro RSDA, Nossol E, Lima TDM, Semaan FS, Pacheco WF, Dornellas RM. 3D-printed electrodes using graphite/carbon nitride/polylactic acid composite material: A greener platform for detection of amaranth dye in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 442:138497. [PMID: 38271904 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The production of sustainable materials with properties aimed at the additive manufacturing of electrochemical sensors has gained prestige in the scientific scenario. Here, a novel lab-made composite material using graphite (G) and carbon nitride (C3N4) embedded into polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer is proposed to produce 3D-printed electrodes. PLA offers printability and mechanical stability in this composition, while G and C3N4 provide electrical properties and electrocatalytic sites, respectively. Characterizations by Raman and infrared spectroscopies and Energy Dispersive X-rays indicated that the G/C3N4/PLA composite was successfully obtained, while electron microscopy images revealed non-homogeneous rough surfaces. Better electrochemical properties were achieved when the G/C3N4/PLA proportion (35:5:60) was used. As a proof of concept, amaranth (AMR), a synthetic dye, was selected as an analyte, and a fast method using square wave voltammetry was developed. Utilizing the 3D-printed G/C3N4/PLA electrode, a more comprehensive linear range (0.2 to 4.2 μmol/L), a 5-fold increase in sensitivity (9.83 μmol-1 L μA), and better limits of detection (LOD = 0.06 μmol/L) and quantification (LOQ = 0.18 μmol/L) were achieved compared to the G/PLA electrode. Samples of jelly, popsicles, isotonic drinks, and food flavoring samples were analyzed, and similar results to those obtained by UV-vis spectrometry confirmed the method's reliability. Therefore, the described sensor is a simple, cost-effective alternative for assessing AMR in routine food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas V de Faria
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luana M Villafuerte
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Suéllen F L do Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Igor C de Sá
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Diego A Peixoto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Ruan S de A Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Edson Nossol
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38408-100 Uberlândia-MG, Brazil
| | - Thiago de M Lima
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Semaan
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Pacheco
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Dornellas
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, 24020-141 Niterói-RJ, Brazil.
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