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Courtenay LA, Barbero-García I, Martínez-Lastras S, Del Pozo S, Corral de la Calle M, Garrido A, Guerrero-Sevilla D, Hernandez-Lopez D, González-Aguilera D. Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and robust statistics for in vivo non-melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis characterisation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300400. [PMID: 38662718 PMCID: PMC11045066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most common forms of cancer in fair skinned populations is Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC), which primarily consists of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Detecting NMSC early can significantly improve treatment outcomes and reduce medical costs. Similarly, Actinic Keratosis (AK) is a common skin condition that, if left untreated, can develop into more serious conditions, such as SCC. Hyperspectral imagery is at the forefront of research to develop non-invasive techniques for the study and characterisation of skin lesions. This study aims to investigate the potential of near-infrared hyperspectral imagery in the study and identification of BCC, SCC and AK samples in comparison with healthy skin. Here we use a pushbroom hyperspectral camera with a spectral range of ≈ 900 to 1600 nm for the study of these lesions. For this purpose, an ad hoc platform was developed to facilitate image acquisition. This study employed robust statistical methods for the identification of an optimal spectral window where the different samples could be differentiated. To examine these datasets, we first tested for the homogeneity of sample distributions. Depending on these results, either traditional or robust descriptive metrics were used. This was then followed by tests concerning the homoscedasticity, and finally multivariate comparisons of sample variance. The analysis revealed that the spectral regions between 900.66-1085.38 nm, 1109.06-1208.53 nm, 1236.95-1322.21 nm, and 1383.79-1454.83 nm showed the highest differences in this regard, with <1% probability of these observations being a Type I statistical error. Our findings demonstrate that hyperspectral imagery in the near-infrared spectrum is a valuable tool for analyzing, diagnosing, and evaluating non-melanoma skin lesions, contributing significantly to skin cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A. Courtenay
- CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Université de Bordeaux, Bât B2, Pessac, 33600, France
| | - Inés Barbero-García
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, Ávila, Spain
| | - Saray Martínez-Lastras
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, Ávila, Spain
| | - Susana Del Pozo
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, Ávila, Spain
| | | | - Alonso Garrido
- Institute of Regional Development, University of Castilla la Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego Guerrero-Sevilla
- Institute of Regional Development, University of Castilla la Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
| | - David Hernandez-Lopez
- Institute of Regional Development, University of Castilla la Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego González-Aguilera
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila, Universidad de Salamanca, Ávila, Spain
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Courtenay LA, González-Aguilera D, Lagüela S, del Pozo S, Ruiz-Mendez C, Barbero-García I, Román-Curto C, Cañueto J, Santos-Durán C, Cardeñoso-Álvarez ME, Roncero-Riesco M, Hernandez-Lopez D, Guerrero-Sevilla D, Rodríguez-Gonzalvez P. Hyperspectral imaging and robust statistics in non-melanoma skin cancer analysis. Biomed Opt Express 2021; 12:5107-5127. [PMID: 34513245 PMCID: PMC8407807 DOI: 10.1364/boe.428143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-Melanoma skin cancer is one of the most frequent types of cancer. Early detection is encouraged so as to ensure the best treatment, Hyperspectral imaging is a promising technique for non-invasive inspection of skin lesions, however, the optimal wavelengths for these purposes are yet to be conclusively determined. A visible-near infrared hyperspectral camera with an ad-hoc built platform was used for image acquisition in the present study. Robust statistical techniques were used to conclude an optimal range between 573.45 and 779.88 nm to distinguish between healthy and non-healthy skin. Wavelengths between 429.16 and 520.17 nm were additionally found to be optimal for the differentiation between cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd A. Courtenay
- Department of Cartographic and Terrain
Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila,
University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50,
05003 Ávila, Spain
| | - Diego González-Aguilera
- Department of Cartographic and Terrain
Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila,
University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50,
05003 Ávila, Spain
| | - Susana Lagüela
- Department of Cartographic and Terrain
Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila,
University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50,
05003 Ávila, Spain
| | - Susana del Pozo
- Department of Cartographic and Terrain
Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila,
University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50,
05003 Ávila, Spain
| | - Camilo Ruiz-Mendez
- Department of Didactics of Mathematics and
Experimental Sciences, Faculty of
Education, Paseo de Canaleja 169, 37008, Salamanca,
Spain
| | - Inés Barbero-García
- Department of Cartographic and Terrain
Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Ávila,
University of Salamanca, Hornos Caleros 50,
05003 Ávila, Spain
| | - Concepción Román-Curto
- Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital of Spain, Paseo de San
Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de
Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca
(IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca,
Spain
| | - Javier Cañueto
- Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital of Spain, Paseo de San
Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de
Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca
(IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007 Salamanca,
Spain
- Instituto de Biología
Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC)/Centro de
Investigación del Cáncer (lab 7). Campus
Miguel de Unamuno s/n. 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Santos-Durán
- Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital of Spain, Paseo de San
Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Roncero-Riesco
- Department of Dermatology,
University Hospital of Spain, Paseo de San
Vicente 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Hernandez-Lopez
- Institute for Regional Development,
University of Castilla la Mancha, Campus
Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego Guerrero-Sevilla
- Institute for Regional Development,
University of Castilla la Mancha, Campus
Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzalvez
- Department of Mining Technology, Topography
and Structures, University of León,
Ponferrada, Léon, Spain
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