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Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Barcia Aguilar C, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Gaínza-Lein M, Glauser T, Goldstein J, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Lai YC, McDonough T, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny E, Payne E, Peariso K, Piantino J, Ostendorf A, Sands TT, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T. Association of guideline publication and delays to treatment in pediatric status epilepticus. Neurology 2020; 95:e1222-e1235. [PMID: 32611646 PMCID: PMC7538224 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether publication of evidence on delays in time to treatment shortens time to treatment in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus (rSE), we compared time to treatment before (2011–2014) and after (2015–2019) publication of evidence of delays in treatment of rSE in the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG) as assessed by patient interviews and record review. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected dataset from June 2011 to September 2019 on pediatric patients (1 month–21 years of age) with rSE. Results We studied 328 patients (56% male) with median (25th–75th percentile [p25–p75]) age of 3.8 (1.3–9.4) years. There were no differences in the median (p25–p75) time to first benzodiazepine (BZD) (20 [5–52.5] vs 15 [5–38] minutes, p = 0.3919), time to first non-BZD antiseizure medication (68 [34.5–163.5] vs 65 [33–142] minutes, p = 0.7328), and time to first continuous infusion (186 [124.2–571] vs 160 [89.5–495] minutes, p = 0.2236). Among 157 patients with out-of-hospital onset whose time to hospital arrival was available, the proportion who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival increased after publication of evidence of delays (41 of 81 [50.6%] vs 57 of 76 [75%], p = 0.0018), and the odds ratio (OR) was also increased in multivariable logistic regression (OR 4.35 [95% confidence interval 1.96–10.3], p = 0.0005). Conclusion Publication of evidence on delays in time to treatment was not associated with improvements in time to treatment of rSE, although it was associated with an increase in the proportion of patients who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Sánchez Fernández
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Nicholas S Abend
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Marta Amengual-Gual
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Anne Anderson
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Ravindra Arya
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Cristina Barcia Aguilar
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - James Nicholas Brenton
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Jessica L Carpenter
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Kevin E Chapman
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Justice Clark
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Raquel Farias-Moeller
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - William D Gaillard
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Marina Gaínza-Lein
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Tracy Glauser
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Joshua Goldstein
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Howard P Goodkin
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Réjean M Guerriero
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Tiffani McDonough
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Mohamad A Mikati
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Lindsey A Morgan
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Edward Novotny
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Eric Payne
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Katrina Peariso
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Juan Piantino
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Adam Ostendorf
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Tristan T Sands
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Kumar Sannagowdara
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Robert C Tasker
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Dimtry Tchapyjnikov
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Alexis A Topjian
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Alejandra Vasquez
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Angus Wilfong
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Kowryn Williams
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Tobias Loddenkemper
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology (I.S.F., M.A.-G., C.B.A., J.C., M.G.-L., A.V., T.L.), Department of Neurology, and Department of Neurology (R.C.T.), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (N.S.A.), Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania; Pediatric Neurology Unit (M.A.-G.), Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain; Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.A., Y.-C.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Division of Neurology (R.A., T.G., K.P.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, OH; University of Virginia Health (J.N.B., H.P.G.), Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.F.-M., K.S.), Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; Instituto de Pediatría (M.G.-L.), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Servicio de Neuropsiquiatría Infantil (M.G.-L.), Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán, Universidad de Chile, Santiago; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.G., T.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology (R.M.G.), Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Division of Pediatric Neurology (M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Pediatrics and Neurology (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington; Center for Integrative Brain Research (L.A.M., E.N., M.S.W.), Seattle Children's Research Institute, WA; Department of Neurology (E.P.), Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Doernbercher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; Department of Neurology (A.O.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus; Division of Child Neurology and Institute for Genomic Medicine (T.T.S.), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York; Division of Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology (A.V.), Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix.
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Sánchez Fernández I, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, Anderson AE, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Gaillard WD, Glauser TA, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Helseth AR, Jackson MC, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Nayak A, Peariso K, Riviello JJ, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T. Factors associated with treatment delays in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus. Neurology 2018; 90:e1692-e1701. [PMID: 29643084 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with treatment delays in pediatric patients with convulsive refractory status epilepticus (rSE). METHODS This prospective, observational study was performed from June 2011 to March 2017 on pediatric patients (1 month to 21 years of age) with rSE. We evaluated potential factors associated with increased treatment delays in a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS We studied 219 patients (53% males) with a median (25th-75th percentiles [p25-p75]) age of 3.9 (1.2-9.5) years in whom rSE started out of hospital (141 [64.4%]) or in hospital (78 [35.6%]). The median (p25-p75) time from seizure onset to treatment was 16 (5-45) minutes to first benzodiazepine (BZD), 63 (33-146) minutes to first non-BZD antiepileptic drug (AED), and 170 (107-539) minutes to first continuous infusion. Factors associated with more delays to administration of the first BZD were intermittent rSE (hazard ratio [HR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-2.09; p = 0.0467) and out-of-hospital rSE onset (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.11-2.04; p = 0.0467). Factors associated with more delays to administration of the first non-BZD AED were intermittent rSE (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.32-2.4; p = 0.001) and out-of-hospital rSE onset (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.67-3.02; p < 0.0001). None of the studied factors were associated with a delayed administration of continuous infusion. CONCLUSION Intermittent rSE and out-of-hospital rSE onset are independently associated with longer delays to administration of the first BZD and the first non-BZD AED in pediatric rSE. These factors identify potential targets for intervention to reduce time to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sánchez Fernández
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - M Gaínza-Lein
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - N S Abend
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - A E Anderson
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - R Arya
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - J N Brenton
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - J L Carpenter
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - K E Chapman
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - J Clark
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - W D Gaillard
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - T A Glauser
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - J L Goldstein
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - H P Goodkin
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - A R Helseth
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - M C Jackson
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - K Kapur
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - Y-C Lai
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - T L McDonough
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - M A Mikati
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - A Nayak
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - K Peariso
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - J J Riviello
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - R C Tasker
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - D Tchapyjnikov
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - A A Topjian
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - M S Wainwright
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - A Wilfong
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - K Williams
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix
| | - T Loddenkemper
- From the Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology (I.S.F., M.G.-L., J.C., M.C.J., K.K., T.L.), and Division of Critical Care, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology, and Perioperative and Pain Medicine (R.C.T.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA; Department of Child Neurology (I.S.F.), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain; Facultad de Medicina (M.G.-L.), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia; Divisions of Neurology (N.S.A.) and Critical Care Medicine (A.A.T.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience (A.E.A., Y.-C.L., A.N., J.J.R.), Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Divisions of Neurology (R.A., K.P.) and Pediatric Neurology (T.A.G.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH; Department of Neurology and Pediatrics (J.N.B., H.P.G.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; Center for Neuroscience (J.L.C., W.D.G.), Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology (K.E.C.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; Department of Pediatrics (T.A.G.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program (J.L.G., M.S.W.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Pediatric Neurology (A.R.H., M.A.M., D.T.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC; Division of Child Neurology (T.L.M.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY; Barrow Neurological Institute (A.W., K.W.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; and Department of Pediatrics (A.W., K.W.), University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix.
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