Disable 2, A Versatile Tissue Matrix Multifunctional Scaffold Protein with Multifaceted Signaling: Unveiling Role in Breast Cancer for Therapeutic Revolution

The Disabled-2 (DAB2) protein, found in 80-90% of various tumors, including breast cancer, has been identified as a potential tumor suppressor protein. On the contrary, some hypothesis suggests that DAB2 is associated with the modulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway by endocytosing the Grb/Sos1 signaling complex, which produces oncogenes and chemoresistance to anticancer drugs, leading to increased tumor growth and metastasis. DAB2 has multiple functions in several disorders and is typically under-regulated in several cancers, making it a potential target for treatment of cancer therapy. The primary function of DAB2 is the modulation of transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) mediated endocytosis, which is involved in several mechanisms of cancer development, including tumor suppression through promoting apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation. In this review, we will discuss in detail the mechanisms through which DAB2 leads to breast cancer and various advancements in employing DAB2 in the treatment of breast cancer. Additionally, we outlined its role in other diseases. We propose that upregulating DAB2 could be a novel approach to the therapeutics of breast cancer.

Disabled-2, a versatile tissue matrix multifunctional scaffold protein with multifaceted signaling: Unveiling its potential in the cancer battle

A multifunctional scaffold protein termed Disabled-2 (Dab2) has recently gained attention in the scientific community and has emerged as a promising candidate in the realm of cancer research. Dab2 protein is involved in a variety of signaling pathways, due to which its significance in the pathogenesis of several carcinomas has drawn considerable attention. Dab2 is essential for controlling the advancement of cancer because it engages in essential signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathways. Dab2 can also repress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is involved in tumor progression with metastatic expansion and adds another layer of significance to its possible impact on cancer spread. Furthermore, the role of Dab2 in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis has been explored in certain investigative studies suggesting its significance. The present review examines the role of Dab2 in the pathogenesis of various cancer subtypes including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, and bladder urothelial carcinoma and also sheds some light on its potential to act as a therapeutic target and a prognostic marker in the treatment of various carcinomas. By deciphering this protein's diverse signaling, we hope to provide useful insights that may pave the way for novel therapeutic techniques and tailored treatment approaches in cancer management. Preclinical and clinical trial data on the impact of Dab2 regulation in cancer have also been included, allowing us to delineate role of Dab2 in tumor suppressor function, as well as its correlation with disease stage classification and potential therapy options. However, we observed that there is very scarce data in the form of studies on the evaluation of Dab2 role and treatment function in carcinomas, and further research into this matter could prove beneficial in the generation of novel therapeutic agents for patient-centric and tailored therapy, as well as early prognosis of carcinomas.

Harnessing three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models for pulmonary infections: State of the art and future directions

Pulmonary infections have been a leading etiology of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Upper and lower respiratory tract infections have multifactorial causes, which include bacterial, viral, and rarely, fungal infections. Moreover, the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has created havoc and imposes a huge healthcare burden. Drug and vaccine development against these pulmonary pathogens like respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, Mycobacteria, etc., requires a systematic set of tools for research and investigation. Currently, in vitro 2D cell culture models are widely used to emulate the in vivo physiologic environment. Although this approach holds a reasonable promise over pre-clinical animal models, it lacks the much-needed correlation to the in vivo tissue architecture, cellular organization, cell-to-cell interactions, downstream processes, and the biomechanical milieu. In view of these inadequacies, 3D cell culture models have recently acquired interest. Mammalian embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells may display their remarkable self-organizing abilities in 3D culture, and the resulting organoids replicate important structural and functional characteristics of organs such the kidney, lung, gut, brain, and retina. 3D models range from scaffold-free systems to scaffold-based and hybrid models as well. Upsurge in organs-on-chip models for pulmonary conditions has anticipated encouraging results. Complexity and dexterity of developing 3D culture models and the lack of standardized working procedures are a few of the setbacks, which are expected to be overcome in the coming times. Herein, we have elaborated the significance and types of 3D cell culture models for scrutinizing pulmonary infections, along with the in vitro techniques, their applications, and additional systems under investigation.

Combating relapsed and refractory Mantle cell lymphoma with novel therapeutic armamentarium: Recent advances and clinical prospects

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), accounting for 5% of all cases. Due to its virulence factor, it is an incurable disease and keeps relapsing despite an intensive treatment regimen. Advancements in research and drug discovery have shifted the treatment strategy from conventional chemotherapy to targeted agents and immunotherapies. The establishment of the role of Bruton tyrosine kinase led to the development of ibrutinib, a first-generation BTK inhibitor, and its successors. A conditioning regimen based immunotherapeutic agent like ibritumumob, has also demonstrated a viable response with a favorable toxicity profile. Brexucabtagene Autoleucel, the only approved CAR T-cell therapy, has proven advantageous for relapsed/refractory MCL in both children and adults. This article reviews certain therapies that could help update the current approach and summarizes a few miscellaneous agents, which, seldom studied in trials, could alleviate the regression observed in traditional therapies. DATA AVAILABILITY: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Validation of a platinum bioelectrode model for preclinical electrical and biological performance evaluation. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2023;2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083526 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

High throughput testing of clinically representative Pt electrodes requires an inexpensive, efficient method of production. The aim of this study was to develop a facile platinum (Pt) model electrode (PME) and assess its production process, stability, and reproducibility. In this study a new model electrode was developed using representative substrates and dimensions as state-of-the-art electrode arrays used for neural stimulation. It was found that the PME is a highly reproducible robust system with similar electrochemical performance but with lower variability than other neural prosthetic arrays.Clinical Relevance- As an estimate these novel model electrodes cost 300 times less than a cochlear implant, can be manufactured in a tenth of the time and with a less than 10% failure rate. It is expected that model electrodes with low variability of electrical properties will significantly improve preclinical validation testing of electrochemical stimulation, surface modifications, and coatings.

Molecular cloning of MIS, a myeloid inhibitory siglec, that binds protein-tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2

We describe the molecular cloning and characterization of a novel myeloid inhibitory siglec, MIS, that belongs to the family of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. A full-length MIS cDNA was obtained from murine bone marrow cells. MIS is predicted to contain an extracellular region comprising three immunoglobulin-like domains (V-set amino-terminal domain followed by two C-set domains), a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-like sequences. The closest relative of MIS in the siglec family is human siglec 8. Extracellular regions of these two siglecs share 47% identity at the amino acid level. Southern blot analysis suggests the presence of one MIS gene. MIS is expressed in the spleen, liver, heart, kidney, lung and testis tissues. Several isoforms of MIS protein exist due to the alternative splicing. In a human promonocyte cell line, MIS was able to bind Src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases, SHP-1 and SHP-2. This binding was mediated by the membrane-proximal ITIM of MIS. Moreover, MIS exerted an inhibitory effect on FcgammaRI receptor-induced calcium mobilization. These data suggest that MIS can play an inhibitory role through its ITIM sequences.

A protocol for administration of electroconvulsive therapy in elderly patients with fractures

INTRODUCTION

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an important treatment for depressive illness in the elderly.

METHOD

We describe a brief protocol, divided into three phases, for the administration of ECT to elderly patients with fractures.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we suggest that elderly patients with fractures should not be denied this potentially life saving treatment. Used with caution ECT is both safe and effective in patients with fractures. (Int J Psych Clin Pract 2000; 4:101-104).

A study of the role of osteotomy in unstable intertrochanteric fractures

Osteotomy has been used in treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures in an attempt to increase the stability of the fracture fragments. We have assessed this stability in a randomised prospective study on 138 patients, all having been fixed by dynamic hip screen, comparing anatomical reduction with medialisation osteotomy. The groups were similar in terms of age, gender and fracture configuration. There was no difference in final results in both groups except that operation time was longer in osteotomy group and the blood loss was more. We found no clear benefit from osteotomy and therefore recommend anatomical reduction and fixation by a sliding hip screw in most cases. Rarely, a fracture configuration which does not allow anatomical reduction may benefit from an osteotomy.

Septilin and geriforte in allergic and vasomotor rhinitis

Our study comprised 50 patients of allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. Seventeen patients gave history of stress and strain hence they were given Geriforte in addition to Septilin. The results of therapy were judged on following criteria: i) Symptomatic improvement. ii) Appearance of nasal mucosa before and after the therapy. Thirty-nine patients (78%) were cured 100% as they had total relief from symptoms along with change of nasal mucosa from bluish to pink. Eight patients (16%) had about 75% improvement and 3 patients (6%) had only 50% improvement. These patients were advised to continue the therapy for a longer time (6-8 weeks). Of these, 4 patients showed further improvement. In our opinion, Septilin has proved very useful in cases of allergic and vasomotor rhinitis. The patients who have history of stress and strain may also need Geriforte in addition to Septilin.