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Nam JY, Tokmurzin D, Yoon SM, Ra HW, Lee JG, Lee DH, Seo MW. Carbon dioxide gasification characteristics of disposable COVID-19 masks using bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Environ Res 2023; 235:116669. [PMID: 37453506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The global demand for masks has increased significantly owing to COVID-19 and mutated viruses, resulting in a massive amount of mask waste of approximately 490,000 tons per month. Mask waste recycling is challenging because of the composition of multicomponent polymers and iron, which puts them at risk of viral infection. Conventional treatment methods also cause environmental pollution. Gasification is an effective method for processing multicomponent plastics and obtaining syngas for various applications. This study investigated the carbon dioxide gasification and tar removal characteristics of an activated carbon bed using a 1-kg/h laboratory-scale bubble fluidized bed gasifier. The syngas composition was analyzed as 10.52 vol% of hydrogen, 6.18 vol% of carbon monoxide, 12.05 vol% of methane, and 14.44 vol% of hydrocarbons (C2-C3). The results of carbon dioxide gasification with activated carbon showed a tar-reduction efficiency of 49%, carbon conversion efficiency of 45.16%, and cold gas efficiency of 88.92%. This study provides basic data on mask waste carbon dioxide gasification using greenhouse gases as useful product gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Nam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Yoon
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Ra
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Goo Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Nam JY, Lee TR, Tokmurzin D, Park SJ, Ra HW, Yoon SJ, Mun TY, Yoon SM, Moon JH, Lee JG, Lee DH, Seo MW. Hydrogen-rich gas production from disposable COVID-19 mask by steam gasification. Fuel (Lond) 2023; 331:125720. [PMID: 36033729 PMCID: PMC9399138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the demand for masks has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in 490,201 tons of waste masks disposed of per month. Since masks are used in places with a high risk of virus infection, waste masks retain the risk of virus contamination. In this study, a 1 kg/h lab-scale (diameter: 0.114 m, height: 1 m) bubbling fluidized bed gasifier was used for steam gasification (temperature: 800 °C, steam/carbon (S/C) ratio: 1.5) of waste masks. The use of a downstream reactor with activated carbon (AC) for tar cracking and the enhancement of hydrogen production was examined. Steam gasification with AC produces syngas with H2, CO, CH4, and CO2 content of 38.89, 6.40, 21.69, and 7.34 vol%, respectively. The lower heating value of the product gas was 29.66 MJ/Nm3 and the cold gas efficiency was 74.55 %. This study showed that steam gasification can be used for the utilization of waste masks and the production of hydrogen-rich gas for further applications.
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Key Words
- AC, Activated Carbon
- Activated carbon
- BFB, Bubbling fluidized bed
- CCE, Carbon conversion efficiency
- CGE, Cold gas efficiency
- DTG, Derivative thermos-gravimetry
- Disposable COVID-19 mask
- FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- Fluidized bed
- GC, Gas chromatography
- GCMS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- HMI, Human machine interface
- IPA, Isopropyl alcohol
- LHV, Lower Heating Value
- MFC, Mass flow controller
- MSW, Municipal solid waste
- NDIR, Non-Dispersive Infrared Spectroscopy
- PP, Polypropylene
- PPE, Personal protective equipment
- PU, Polyurethane
- RPM, revolutions per minute
- Steam gasification
- TCD, Thermal conductivity detector
- Tar
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Nam
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryeon Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Ra
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Mun
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Yoon
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Moon
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Goo Lee
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangangu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seo JY, Tokmurzin D, Lee D, Lee SH, Seo MW, Park YK. Production of biochar from crop residues and its application for biofuel production processes - An overview. Bioresour Technol 2022; 361:127740. [PMID: 35934249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable carbon-neutral society is imperative for future generations, and biochars and biofuels are inevitable choice to achieve this goal. Crop residues (CR) such as sugarcane bagasse, corn stover, and rice husk are promising sustainable resources as a feedstock for biochars and biofuels. Extensive research has been conducted on CR-based biochar production not only in environmental remediation areas but also in application for biofuel production. Here, the distribution and resource potential of major crop residues are presented. The production of CR-biochar and its applications in biofuel production processes, focusing on the latest research are discussed. Finally, the challenges and areas of opportunity for future research in terms of CR supply, CR-biochar production, and CR-biochar utilization for biofuel production are proposed. Compared with other literature reviews, this study can serve as a guide for the establishment of sustainable, economical, commercial CR-based biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yoon Seo
- National Climate Technology Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Clean Fuel Research Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - See Hoon Lee
- Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Seo MW, Lee SH, Nam H, Lee D, Tokmurzin D, Wang S, Park YK. Recent advances of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery. Bioresour Technol 2022; 343:126109. [PMID: 34637907 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising renewable resources and can replace fossil fuels via various biorefinery processes. Through this study, we addressed and analyzed recent advances in the thermochemical conversion of various lignocellulosic biomasses. We summarized the operation conditions and results related to each thermochemical conversion processes such as pyrolysis (torrefaction), hydrothermal treatment, gasification and combustion. This review indicates that using thermochemical conversion processes in biorefineries is techno-economically feasible, easy, and effective compared with biological processes. The challenges experienced in thermochemical conversion processes are also presented in this study for better understanding the future of thermochemical conversion processes for biorefinery. With the aid of artificial intelligence and machine learning, we can reduce time-consumption and experimental work for bio-oil production and syngas production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Won Seo
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - See Hoon Lee
- Department of Mineral Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Bakeje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Nam
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseo-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Wang
- Climate Change Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abylkhani B, Aiymbetov B, Yagofarova A, Tokmurzin D, Venetis C, Poulopoulos S, Sarbassov Y, Inglezakis VJ. Seasonal characterisation of municipal solid waste from Astana city, Kazakhstan: Composition and thermal properties of combustible fraction. Waste Manag Res 2019; 37:1271-1281. [PMID: 31603397 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19875503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the results of a seasonal municipal solid waste composition campaign, that took place over the period of September 2017 to June 2018 in the capital city of Kazakhstan, Astana. Four sampling campaigns were conducted in order to identify the seasonal variation of municipal solid waste composition, recyclables and energy potential materials, such as combustible fraction, useful for the evaluation of waste-to-energy potential. The combustible fraction was analysed for thermal fuel properties, such as proximate and elemental analyses and gross calorific value. The results over the four different seasons showed that the average recyclable fraction of municipal solid waste on a wet basis of 33.3 wt.% and combustibles fraction was 8.3 wt.%. The largest fraction was the organics (47.2 wt.%), followed by plastic (15.4 wt.%) and paper (12.5 wt.%). Small seasonal variations were observed for organics, paper, plastic and glass fractions. The highest values were found in summer for the organic waste, in spring for paper and plastic and autumn for glass. The recyclables fraction showed an absolute seasonal variation of 5.7% with a peak in the winter season (35.4%) and the combustibles fraction showed a seasonal variation between 8.3 wt.% to 9.4 wt.%. Finally, the average calorific value of the combustible fraction was estimated to be 21.6 MJ kg-1 on a dry basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bexultan Abylkhani
- Green Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Berik Aiymbetov
- Green Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Almira Yagofarova
- Green Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Diyar Tokmurzin
- Green Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Christos Venetis
- Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Czurda und Partner mbH, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stavros Poulopoulos
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Sarbassov
- Green Energy and Environment Laboratory, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Vassilis J Inglezakis
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
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Tokmurzin D, Adair D. Development of Euler-Lagrangian Simulation of a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor for Coal Gasification. Eurasian Chem Tech J 2019. [DOI: 10.18321/ectj789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics (CPFD) model based on the Multiphase Particle in Cell (MP-PIC) approach is used for Shubarkol coal gasification simulation in an atmospheric circulating fluidized bed reactor. The simulation is developed on a basis of experimental data available from a biomass gasification process. The cross-section diameter of the reactor riser is 200 mm and the height is 6500 mm. The Euler-Lagrangian simulation is validated using experimental data available in the literature and also compared with an Euler-Euler simulation. The gasification reactions kinetics model is improved, and homogenous and heterogeneous chemistry are described by reduced-chemistry, with the reaction rates solved numerically using volume-averaged chemistry. The simulations reveal gas composition, temperature, and pressure interdependencies along the height of the reactor. The product gas composition compares well with the experiment and the temperature profile demonstrate good consistency with the experiment. The developed model is used for a case study of Shubarkol coal gasification in the circulating fluidized bed reactor.
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