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D’Arca D, Severi L, Ferrari S, Dozza L, Marverti G, Magni F, Chinello C, Pagani L, Tagliazucchi L, Villani M, d’Addese G, Piga I, Conteduca V, Rossi L, Gurioli G, De Giorgi U, Losi L, Costi MP. Serum Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Protein Set Identification in Response to FOLFOX-4 in Drug-Resistant Ovarian Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020412. [PMID: 36672361 PMCID: PMC9856519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynecological malignancy. Drug resistance rapidly occurs, and different therapeutic approaches are needed. So far, no biomarkers have been discovered to predict early response to therapies in the case of multi-treated ovarian cancer patients. The aim of our investigation was to identify a protein panel and the molecular pathways involved in chemotherapy response through a combination of studying proteomics and network enrichment analysis by considering a subset of samples from a clinical setting. Differential mass spectrometry studies were performed on 14 serum samples from patients with heavily pretreated platinum-resistant ovarian cancer who received the FOLFOX-4 regimen as a salvage therapy. The serum was analyzed at baseline time (T0) before FOLFOX-4 treatment, and before the second cycle of treatment (T1), with the aim of understanding if it was possible, after a first treatment cycle, to detect significant proteome changes that could be associated with patients responses to therapy. A total of 291 shared expressed proteins was identified and 12 proteins were finally selected between patients who attained partial response or no-response to chemotherapy when both response to therapy and time dependence (T0, T1) were considered in the statistical analysis. The protein panel included APOL1, GSN, GFI1, LCATL, MNA, LYVE1, ROR1, SHBG, SOD3, TEC, VPS18, and ZNF573. Using a bioinformatics network enrichment approach and metanalysis study, relationships between serum and cellular proteins were identified. An analysis of protein networks was conducted and identified at least three biological processes with functional and therapeutic significance in ovarian cancer, including lipoproteins metabolic process, structural component modulation in relation to cellular apoptosis and autophagy, and cellular oxidative stress response. Five proteins were almost independent from the network (LYVE1, ROR1, TEC, GFI1, and ZNF573). All proteins were associated with response to drug-resistant ovarian cancer resistant and were mechanistically connected to the pathways associated with cancer arrest. These results can be the basis for extending a biomarker discovery process to a clinical trial, as an early predictive tool of chemo-response to FOLFOX-4 of heavily treated ovarian cancer patients and for supporting the oncologist to continue or to interrupt the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Leda Severi
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Dozza
- Seràgnoli Institute of Hematology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, S. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Clizia Chinello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Lisa Pagani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tagliazucchi
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM) Doctorate School, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Villani
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca d’Addese
- Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, Modena and Reggio Emilia University, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Isabella Piga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Vincenza Conteduca
- IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Lorena Rossi
- IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gurioli
- IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Ugo De Giorgi
- IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (M.P.C.)
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Lauriola A, Davalli P, Marverti G, Caporali A, Mai S, D’Arca D. Telomere Dysfunction Is Associated with Altered DNA Organization in Trichoplein/Tchp/Mitostatin (TpMs) Depleted Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071602. [PMID: 35884905 PMCID: PMC9312488 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we highlighted a novel role for the protein Trichoplein/TCHP/Mitostatin (TpMs), both as mitotic checkpoint regulator and guardian of chromosomal stability. TpMs-depleted cells show numerical and structural chromosome alterations that lead to genomic instability. This condition is a major driving force in malignant transformation as it allows for the cells acquiring new functional capabilities to proliferate and disseminate. Here, the effect of TpMs depletion was investigated in different TpMs-depleted cell lines by means of 3D imaging and 3D Structured illumination Microscopy. We show that TpMs depletion causes alterations in the 3D architecture of telomeres in colon cancer HCT116 cells. These findings are consistent with chromosome alterations that lead to genomic instability. Furthermore, TpMs depletion changes the spatial arrangement of chromosomes and other nuclear components. Modified nuclear architecture and organization potentially induce variations that precede the onset of genomic instability and are considered as markers of malignant transformation. Our present observations connect the tumor suppression ability of TpMs with its novel functions in maintaining the proper chromosomal segregation as well as the proper telomere and nuclear architecture. Further investigations will investigate the connection between alterations in telomeres and nuclear architecture with the progression of human tumors with the aim of developing personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lauriola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Pierpaola Davalli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
| | - Andrea Caporali
- The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH10 4AH, UK;
| | - Sabine Mai
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.D.); Tel.: +1-204-272-3174 (S.M.); +39-059-205-5610 (D.D.)
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (P.D.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (D.D.); Tel.: +1-204-272-3174 (S.M.); +39-059-205-5610 (D.D.)
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Marverti G, Gozzi G, Lauriola A, Ponterini G, Belluti S, Imbriano C, Costi MP, D’Arca D. The 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligand Enhances the Antiproliferative Activity of DNA-Intercalating Thiourea-Pd(II) and -Pt(II) Complexes Against Cisplatin-Sensitive and -Resistant Human Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6122. [PMID: 31817267 PMCID: PMC6969938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, often because of the frequent insurgence of chemoresistance to the drugs currently used. Thus, new therapeutical agents are needed. We tested the toxicity of 16 new DNA-intercalating agents to cisplatin (cDDP)-sensitive human ovarian carcinoma cell lines and their resistant counterparts. The compounds were the complexes of Pt(II) or Pd(II) with bipyridyl (bipy) and phenanthrolyl (phen) and with four different thiourea ancillary ligands. Within each of the four series of complexes characterized by the same thiourea ligand, the Pd(phen) drugs invariably showed the highest anti-proliferative efficacy. This paralleled both a higher intracellular drug accumulation and a more efficient DNA intercalation than all the other metal-bidentate ligand combinations. The consequent inhibition of topoisomerase II activity led to the greatest inhibition of DNA metabolism, evidenced by the inhibition of the expression of the folate cycle enzymes and a marked perturbation of cell-cycle distribution in both cell lines. These findings indicate that the particular interaction of Pd(II) with phenanthroline confers the best pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that make this class of DNA intercalators remarkable inhibitors, even of the resistant cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Gaia Gozzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Lauriola
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.)
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.); (C.I.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Silvia Belluti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.); (C.I.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.); (C.I.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.P.); (S.B.); (C.I.); (M.P.C.)
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.G.); (A.L.)
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Saxena P, Severi L, Santucci M, Taddia L, Ferrari S, Luciani R, Marverti G, Marraccini C, Tondi D, Mor M, Scalvini L, Vitiello S, Losi L, Fonda S, Pacifico S, Guerrini R, D’Arca D, Ponterini G, Costi MP. Conformational Propensity and Biological Studies of Proline Mutated LR Peptides Inhibiting Human Thymidylate Synthase and Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7374-7380. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Saxena
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Leda Severi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Santucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Taddia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosaria Luciani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Donatella Tondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Vitiello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Pathological Anatomy, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Fonda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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5
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Genovese F, Gualandi A, Taddia L, Marverti G, Pirondi S, Marraccini C, Perco P, Pelà M, Guerrini R, Amoroso MR, Esposito F, Martello A, Ponterini G, D’Arca D, Costi MP. Correction to “Mass Spectrometric/Bioinformatic Identification of a Protein Subset That Characterizes the Cellular Activity of Anticancer Peptides”. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:3944. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Sacchetti F, Marraccini C, D’Arca D, Pelà M, Pinetti D, Maretti E, Hanuskova M, Iannuccelli V, Costi MP, Leo E. Enhanced anti-hyperproliferative activity of human thymidylate synthase inhibitor peptide by solid lipid nanoparticle delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:346-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Genovese F, Gualandi A, Taddia L, Marverti G, Pirondi S, Marraccini C, Perco P, Pelà M, Guerrini R, Amoroso MR, Esposito F, Martello A, Ponterini G, D’Arca D, Costi MP. Mass Spectrometric/Bioinformatic Identification of a Protein Subset That Characterizes the Cellular Activity of Anticancer Peptides. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5250-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500510v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Genovese
- C.I.G.S., University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via
G. Campi 213/A, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gualandi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Laura Taddia
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirondi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Paul Perco
- Emergentec biodevelopment GmbH, Gersthofer Straße 29-31, Wien 1180, Austria
| | - Michela Pelà
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara 44100, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amoroso
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Andrea Martello
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department
of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe
Campi 183, Modena 41125, Italy
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Pelà M, Saxena P, Luciani R, Santucci M, Ferrari S, Marverti G, Marraccini C, Martello A, Pirondi S, Genovese F, Salvadori S, D’Arca D, Ponterini G, Costi MP, Guerrini R. Optimization of Peptides That Target Human Thymidylate Synthase to Inhibit Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1355-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401574p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pelà
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Puneet Saxena
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosaria Luciani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Matteo Santucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Martello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Filippo Genovese
- C.I.G.S. (Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico D’Arca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA (Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate), via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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