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Porges E, Jenner D, Taylor AW, Harrison JS, De Grazia A, Hailes AR, Wright KM, Whelan AO, Norville IH, Prior JL, Mahajan S, Rowland CA, Newman TA, Evans ND. Antibiotic-Loaded Polymersomes for Clearance of Intracellular Burkholderia thailandensis. ACS Nano 2021; 15:19284-19297. [PMID: 34739227 PMCID: PMC7612142 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis caused by the facultative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei is difficult to treat due to poor intracellular bioavailability of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. In the absence of novel compounds, polymersome (PM) encapsulation may increase the efficacy of existing antibiotics and reduce antibiotic resistance by promoting targeted, infection-specific intracellular uptake. In this study, we developed PMs composed of widely available poly(ethylene oxide)-polycaprolactone block copolymers and demonstrated their delivery to intracellular B. thailandensis infection using multispectral imaging flow cytometry (IFC) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Antibiotics were tightly sequestered in PMs and did not inhibit the growth of free-living B. thailandensis. However, on uptake of antibiotic-loaded PMs by infected macrophages, IFC demonstrated PM colocalization with intracellular B. thailandensis and a significant inhibition of their growth. We conclude that PMs are a viable approach for the targeted antibiotic treatment of persistent intracellular Burkholderia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Porges
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam W. Taylor
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - James S.P. Harrison
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio De Grazia
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alethia R. Hailes
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley M. Wright
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adam O. Whelan
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel H. Norville
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joann L. Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A. Rowland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A. Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D. Evans
- Bioengineering Sciences Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Bone and Joint Research Group, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, SO16 6YD,United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is the most common emergency surgical operation. Recently Same day discharge after uncomplicated LA has been more popular. Our study has sought to assess the safety of same day discharge and creating a pathway for day case appendicectomy.
Inclusion Criteria
Pre-operative: No signs of sepsis. CT proven or clinically suspected mild appendicitis (WCC<15, CRP<150) Intra-operative: Mild appendicitis, No perforation, No Gangrene, No free pus. Post-operative: Pain is controlled with oral analgesia. Patient is tolerating oral intake. No need for post-operative antibiotics according to WSES Jerusalem Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of acute appendicitis 2016. Social circumstances do allow safe discharge.
Method
A prospective case series study was undertaken at a large district general hospital over a 9-month period. 27 patients were included in the study, age range (10-78) years. 74% had ASA 1. 8 patients underwent day case LA & were sent home on oral antibiotics the day before the operation and asked to come back the following morning. 22 patients did not require any post op antibiotics. 5 patients received 1 dose of IV antibiotics post-operative. The 30-day morbidity/ mortality were zero. There were no readmissions during this time and patient satisfaction was high.
Conclusions
Same day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomy is safe and valid. Day case appendectomy should be considered for appropriate patients. Both approaches will decrease patients’ risk of hospital acquired infection and also decrease the burden on the NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gumaa
- Maidstone & Tunbridge wells NHS foundation trust, Hastings, United Kingdom
| | - S Shrestha
- East Sussex NHS Foundation trust, Hastings, United Kingdom
| | - D Jenner
- East Sussex NHS Foundation trust, Hastings, United Kingdom
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Bates M, Watts S, Doughty H, Woolley T, Miles A, Barry L, Jenner D, Sedman A, Purcell R, Kirkman E. Effect of parachute delivery on red blood cell (RBC) and plasma quality measures of blood for transfusion. Transfusion 2021; 61 Suppl 1:S223-S233. [PMID: 34269457 PMCID: PMC9290599 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Parachute airdrop offers a rapid transfusion supply option for humanitarian aid and military support. However, its impact on longer‐term RBC survival is undocumented. This study aimed to determine post‐drop quality of RBCs in concentrates (RCC), and both RBCs and plasma in whole blood (WB) during subsequent storage. Study design and methods Twenty‐two units of leucodepleted RCC in saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol (SAGM) and 22 units of nonclinical issue WB were randomly allocated for air transportation, parachute drop, and subsequent storage (parachute), or simply storage under identical conventional conditions (4 ± 2°C) (control). All blood products were 6–8 days post‐donation. Parachute units were packed into Credo Cubes, (Series 4, 16 L) inside a PeliCase (Peli 0350) and rigged as parachute delivery packs. Packs underwent a 4‐h tactical flight (C130 aircraft), then parachuted from 250 to 400 ft before ground recovery. The units were sampled aseptically before and after airdrop at weekly intervals. A range of assays quantified the RBC storage lesion and coagulation parameters. Results Blood units were maintained at 2–6°C and recovered intact after recorded ground impacts of 341–1038 m s−2. All units showed a classical RBC storage lesion and increased RBC microparticles during 42 days of storage. Fibrinogen and clotting factors decreased in WB during storage. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed between Control and Parachute groups. Air transportation and parachute delivery onto land did not adversely affect, or shorten, the shelf life of fresh RBCs or WB. Discussion Appropriately packaged aerial delivery by parachute can be successfully used for blood supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bates
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Sarah Watts
- CBR Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Heidi Doughty
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,NHS Blood and Transplant, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tom Woolley
- Academic Department of Military Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrew Miles
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Liam Barry
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Andrew Sedman
- Platform Systems Division, Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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Francis WR, Ireland RE, Spear AM, Jenner D, Watts SA, Kirkman E, Pallister I. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Hematopoietic Populations in Rat Bone Marrow. Impact of Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. Cytometry A 2019; 95:1167-1177. [PMID: 31595661 PMCID: PMC6900111 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe injury and hemorrhagic shock (HS) result in multiple changes to hematopoietic differentiation, which contribute to the development of immunosuppression and multiple organ failure (MOF). Understanding the changes that take place during the acute injury phase may help predict which patients will develop MOF and provide potential targets for therapy. Obtaining bone marrow from humans during the acute injury phase is difficult so published data are largely derived from peripheral blood samples, which infer bone marrow changes that reflect the sustained inflammatory response. This preliminary and opportunistic study investigated leucopoietic changes in rat bone marrow 6 h following traumatic injury and HS. Terminally anesthetized male Porton Wistar rats were allocated randomly to receive a sham operation (cannulation with no injury) or femoral fracture and HS. Bone marrow cells were flushed from rat femurs and immunophenotypically stained with specific antibody panels for lymphoid (CD45R, CD127, CD90, and IgM) or myeloid (CD11b, CD45, and RP-1) lineages. Subsequently, cell populations were fluorescence-activated cell sorted for morphological assessment. Stage-specific cell populations were identified using a limited number of antibodies, and leucopoietic changes were determined 6 h following trauma and HS. Myeloid subpopulations could be identified by varying levels CD11b expression, CD45, and RP-1. Trauma and HS resulted in a significant reduction in total CD11b + myeloid cells including both immature (RP-1(-)) and mature (RP-1+) granulocytes. Multiple B-cell lymphoid subsets were identified. The total percentage of CD90+ subsets remained unchanged following trauma and HS, but there was a reduction in the numbers of maturing CD90(-) cells suggesting movement into the periphery. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Ireland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Abigail M Spear
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Sarah A Watts
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Emrys Kirkman
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, England, UK
| | - Ian Pallister
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, Wales, UK.,Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, Wales, UK
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Janeczek AA, Scarpa E, Horrocks MH, Tare RS, Rowland CA, Jenner D, Newman TA, Oreffo RO, Lee SF, Evans ND. PEGylated liposomes associate with Wnt3A protein and expand putative stem cells in human bone marrow populations. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:845-863. [PMID: 28351228 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To fabricate PEGylated liposomes which preserve the activity of hydrophobic Wnt3A protein, and to demonstrate their efficacy in promoting expansion of osteoprogenitors from human bone marrow. METHODS PEGylated liposomes composed of several synthetic lipids were tested for their ability to preserve Wnt3A activity in reporter and differentiation assays. Single-molecule microspectroscopy was used to test for direct association of protein with liposomes. RESULTS Labeled Wnt3A protein directly associated with all tested liposome preparations. However, Wnt3A activity was preserved or enhanced in PEGylated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) liposomes but not in PEGylated 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes. PEGylated Wnt3A liposomes associated with skeletal stem cell populations in human bone marrow and promoted osteogenesis. CONCLUSION Active Wnt protein-containing PEGylated liposomes may have utility for systemic administration for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Janeczek
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mathew H Horrocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rahul S Tare
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Caroline A Rowland
- Microbiology Group, Chemical, Biological & Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Microbiology Group, Chemical, Biological & Radiological Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Tracey A Newman
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Building 85, Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard Oc Oreffo
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven F Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Bone & Joint Research Group & Institute for Life Sciences, Institute for Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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6
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Jenner D, Ducker C, Clark G, Prior J, Rowland CA. Using multispectral imaging flow cytometry to assess an in vitro intracellular Burkholderia thailandensis infection model. Cytometry A 2016; 89:328-37. [PMID: 26841315 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro models to understand the interaction of bacteria with host cells is well established. In vitro bacterial infection models are often used to quantify intracellular bacterial load by lysing cell populations and subsequently enumerating the bacteria. Modern established techniques employ the use of fluorescence technologies such as flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and/or confocal microscopy. However, these techniques often lack either the quantification of large data sets (microscopy) or use of gross fluorescence signal which lacks the visual confirmation that can provide additional confidence in data sets. Multispectral imaging flow cytometry (MIFC) is a novel emerging field of technology. This technology captures a bright field and fluorescence image of cells in a flow using a charged coupled device camera. It allows the analysis of tens of thousands of single cell images, making it an extremely powerful technology. Here MIFC was used as an alternative method of analyzing intracellular bacterial infection using Burkholderia thailandensis E555 as a model organism. It has been demonstrated that the data produced using traditional enumeration is comparable to data analyzed using MIFC. It has also been shown that by using MIFC it is possible to generate other data on the dynamics of the infection model rather than viable counts alone. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to inhibit the uptake of bacteria into mammalian cells and identify differences between treated and untreated cell populations. The authors believe this to be the first use of MIFC to analyze a Burkholderia bacterial species during intracellular infection. © 2016 Crown copyright. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Jenner
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Ducker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Kent, Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Clark
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Rowland
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Department, Porton down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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7
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Janeczek AA, Tare RS, Scarpa E, Moreno-Jimenez I, Rowland CA, Jenner D, Newman TA, Oreffo ROC, Evans ND. Transient Canonical Wnt Stimulation Enriches Human Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell Isolates for Osteoprogenitors. Stem Cells 2015; 34:418-30. [PMID: 26573091 PMCID: PMC4981914 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway is an attractive anabolic therapeutic strategy for bone. Emerging data suggest that activation of the Wnt signaling pathway promotes bone mineral accrual in osteoporotic patients. The effect of Wnt stimulation in fracture healing is less clear as Wnt signaling has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on osteogenesis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that transient Wnt stimulation promotes the expansion and osteogenesis of a Wnt‐responsive stem cell population present in human bone marrow. Bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) were isolated from patients undergoing hip arthroplasty and exposed to Wnt3A protein. The effect of Wnt pathway stimulation was determined by measuring the frequency of stem cells within the BMMNC populations by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and colony forming unit fibroblast (CFU‐F) assays, before determining their osteogenic capacity in in vitro differentiation experiments. We found that putative skeletal stem cells in BMMNC isolates exhibited elevated Wnt pathway activity compared with the population as whole. Wnt stimulation resulted in an increase in the frequency of skeletal stem cells marked by the STRO‐1bright/Glycophorin A− phenotype. Osteogenesis was elevated in stromal cell populations arising from BMMNCs transiently stimulated by Wnt3A protein, but sustained stimulation inhibited osteogenesis in a concentration‐dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Wnt stimulation could be used as a therapeutic approach by transient targeting of stem cell populations during early fracture healing, but that inappropriate stimulation may prevent osteogenesis. Stem Cells2016;34:418–430
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Janeczek
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul S Tare
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ines Moreno-Jimenez
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline A Rowland
- Microbiology group, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Jenner
- Microbiology group, Chemical, Biological and Radiological Division, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A Newman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O C Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Institute for Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Hashim Z, Green M, Chung PH, Suhling K, Protti A, Phinikaridou A, Botnar R, Khanbeigi RA, Thanou M, Dailey LA, Commander NJ, Rowland C, Scott J, Jenner D. Gd-containing conjugated polymer nanoparticles: bimodal nanoparticles for fluorescence and MRI imaging. Nanoscale 2014; 6:8376-8386. [PMID: 24941427 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous bifunctional semiconductor polymer nanoparticles (SPNs), approximately 30 nm in diameter (as measured from electron microscopy), were synthesised using hydrophobic conjugated polymers, amphiphilic phospholipids and a gadolinium-containing lipid. Their fluorescence quantum yields and extinction coefficients were determined, and their MRI T₁-weighted relaxation times in water were measured. The bimodal nanoparticles were readily taken up by HeLa and murine macrophage-like J774 cells as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and were found to be MRI-active, generating a linear relationship between T₁-weighted relaxation rates and gadolinium concentrations The synthesis is relatively simple, and can easily result in milligrams of materials, although we fully expect scale-up to the gram level to be easily realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Hashim
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.
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9
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Jenner D, Hill A, Greenacre J, Enock K. Developing the public health intelligence workforce in the UK. Public Health 2010; 124:248-52. [PMID: 20400162 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent UK health policies have consistently stressed the importance of basing local action on evidence and local intelligence. A suitably skilled workforce is required to achieve this. In recent years, a new cadre of skilled public health intelligence practitioners has emerged in the UK. This paper describes some of the steps taken by public health observatories and other organizations to grow and train this new workforce, and looks ahead to future developments building on the progress to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jenner
- East Midlands Public Health Observatory, Mansfield NG19 8RL, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled chest wall disease due to breast cancer is a highly morbid condition causing pain, ulceration, malodour and the need for frequent dressings. Aggressive surgical approaches are rarely justified because most patients will succumb to metastatic breast cancer within a short period. A highly selected group of patients with minimal or no evidence of metastatic disease and good performance status may benefit from radical chest wall surgery. Omental transposition flaps are ideal for reconstructing extensive surgical defects following chest wall surgery. METHODS A retrospective review was carried out of 61 female patients treated consecutively between 1980 and 1995. The surgical technique is described herein. RESULTS All patients were symptomatic preoperatively. Symptoms included ulceration (80%), pain (44%) and malodour (40%). Twenty-nine patients had uncontrolled local recurrence following initial treatment for locally advanced breast cancer and 32 patients developed uncontrolled recurrence after treatment for operable breast cancer by mastectomy or conservation surgery. Median survival following chest wall surgery was 21 months and the median local recurrence-free interval was 20 months. Morbidity was -limited. There were no cases of major flap loss. Twenty-nine patients (48%) had no further local disease. Eighteen patients (30%) developed soft-tissue recurrence at the edge of the omental flap or in surrounding skin and 14 (23%) developed recurrence beneath the flap. CONCLUSION In a highly selected group of patients with symptomatic uncontrolled chest wall recurrence who are fit and have an expectation of at least moderate-term survival, radical chest wall surgery and omental flap transposition offers excellent palliation and local control in the majority of patients
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Henderson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery St Vincent's Hospital, Plastic Surgery Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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12
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Dix BR, Robbins P, Soong R, Jenner D, House AK, Iacopetta BJ. The common molecular genetic alterations in Dukes' B and C colorectal carcinomas are not short-term prognostic indicators of survival. Int J Cancer 1994; 59:747-51. [PMID: 7989112 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910590606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Our study was undertaken to determine the prognostic significance of several common genetic alterations observed in colorectal carcinomas. We have previously analysed loss of heterozygosity of the MCC, APC, p53 and DCC tumour suppressor gene loci as well as p53 gene mutations and protein over-expression in a series of 100 Dukes' stage B and C colorectal tumours obtained at surgery. To extend our observations of alterations that may occur in these tumours, mutations to the c-Ki-ras oncogene and APC tumour suppressor gene were detected by PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Short-term follow-up revealed no significant association between overall patient survival and any single, or combination of, genetic alteration(s). Surprisingly, patients whose tumours showed evidence of p53 protein over-expression/accumulation by immunocytochemistry (ICC) had a significantly better prognosis (p = 0.039) than those whose tumours had no p53 ICC reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Dix
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Nedlands
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13
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Heath P, Elvin P, Jenner D, Gammack A, Morten J, Markham A. Localisation of a cDNA clone for human cytokeratin 18 to chromosome 17p11-p12 by in situ hybridisation. Hum Genet 1990; 85:669-70. [PMID: 1699878 DOI: 10.1007/bf00193596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Heath
- ICI Diagnostics, Northwich, Cheshire, UK
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14
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Riley J, Butler R, Ogilvie D, Finniear R, Jenner D, Powell S, Anand R, Smith JC, Markham AF. A novel, rapid method for the isolation of terminal sequences from yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:2887-90. [PMID: 2161516 PMCID: PMC330815 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.10.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent development of yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors has provided a system for cloning fragments that are over ten times larger than those that can be cloned in more established systems. We have developed a method for the rapid isolation of terminal sequences from YAC clones. The YAC clone is digested with a range of restriction enzymes, a common linker is ligated to the DNA fragments and terminal sequences are amplified using a vector specific primer and a linker specific primer. Sequence data derived from these terminal specific products can be used to design primers for a further round of screening to isolate overlapping clones. The method also provides a convenient method of generating Sequence Tagged Sites for the mapping of complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riley
- ICI Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology Department, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- G Slynn
- ICI Diagnostics, Rudheath, Northwich, Cheshire, UK
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16
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Smith JC, Newton CR, Alves A, Anwar R, Jenner D, Markham AF. Highly polymorphic minisatellite DNA probes. Further evaluation for individual identification and paternity testing. J Forensic Sci Soc 1990; 30:3-18. [PMID: 2319228 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and reproducible protocols have been developed for the routine DNA fingerprinting of individuals using the highly polymorphic minisatellite DNA probes 33.15 and 33.6. Comparison of DNA fingerprinting from 50 individuals has generated further data on the level of band sharing in the DNA fingerprints of unrelated individuals, as well as the number of bands scorable in individuals. These results are consistent with previous studies. The occurrence of mutant bands in offspring has been examined in over 100 families. Further support is presented for the Mendelian inheritance of minisatellite loci and for lack of significant allelism and linkage between different variable DNA fragments detected in a human DNA fingerprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- ICI Diagnostics, Northwich, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Smith JC, Anwar R, Riley J, Jenner D, Markham AF, Jeffreys AJ. Highly polymorphic minisatellite sequences: allele frequencies and mutation rates for five locus-specific probes in a Caucasian population. J Forensic Sci Soc 1990; 30:19-32. [PMID: 2319227 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-7368(90)73298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Six human minisatellite sequences (MS1, MS8, MS29, MS31, MS43, g3) have been subcloned into a stable host/vector system. Allele frequencies at the hypervariable loci detected by five of these probes were determined in a Caucasian population (200 individuals). Mendelian inheritance has been demonstrated in 5 large multi-generation pedigrees. The mutation rate has been determined in 59 families. The highest mutation rate was observed with MS1, as might be predicted from the observed high heterozygosity and in agreement with previous direct measurement of germ line mutation rates. The data presented on allele frequencies and mutation rates provide preliminary data supporting the use of these probes in paternity analysis and forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- ICI Diagnostics, Northwich, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J Riley
- ICI Diagnostics, Rudheath, Northwich, Cheshire, UK
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19
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Abstract
Autonomic function was investigated in patients with congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy and compared with that in controls. Heart-rate and blood-pressure were recorded during physiological and pharmacological interventions and plasma noradrenaline concentration was measured at rest and when the physiological interventions produced a peak response. The results indicate that even at an early (pre-failure) stage of the disease parasympathetic function is impaired but no significant increase in sympathetic activity occurs at this stage.
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20
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Abstract
Husband-wife correlations for catecholamine excretion rates are presented. Highly significant positive correlations are found in adrenaline excretion in samples collected in the early morning and at around noon, and in noon noradrenaline excretion.
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21
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Millington D, Jenner D, Griffiths K. 30. Steroid hormone assays of human tumour tissue by high resolution mass fragmentography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(74)90175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Millington DS, Jones T, Jenner D, Griffiths K. Proceedings: Measurement of endogenous steroid levels in human breast tumours by mass fragmentography. J Endocrinol 1974; 61:LIV-LV. [PMID: 4835920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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