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Bronstein J, Carvey P, Chen H, Cory-Slechta D, DiMonte D, Duda J, English P, Goldman S, Grate S, Hansen J, Hoppin J, Jewell S, Kamel F, Koroshetz W, Langston JW, Logroscino G, Nelson L, Ravina B, Rocca W, Ross GW, Schettler T, Schwarzschild M, Scott B, Seegal R, Singleton A, Steenland K, Tanner CM, Van Den Eeden S, Weisskopf M. Meeting report: consensus statement-Parkinson's disease and the environment: collaborative on health and the environment and Parkinson's Action Network (CHE PAN) conference 26-28 June 2007. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:117-121. [PMID: 19165397 PMCID: PMC2627854 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. People with PD, their families, scientists, health care providers, and the general public are increasingly interested in identifying environmental contributors to PD risk. METHODS In June 2007, a multidisciplinary group of experts gathered in Sunnyvale, California, USA, to assess what is known about the contribution of environmental factors to PD. RESULTS We describe the conclusions around which they came to consensus with respect to environmental contributors to PD risk. We conclude with a brief summary of research needs. CONCLUSIONS PD is a complex disorder, and multiple different pathogenic pathways and mechanisms can ultimately lead to PD. Within the individual there are many determinants of PD risk, and within populations, the causes of PD are heterogeneous. Although rare recognized genetic mutations are sufficient to cause PD, these account for < 10% of PD in the U.S. population, and incomplete penetrance suggests that environmental factors may be involved. Indeed, interplay among environmental factors and genetic makeup likely influences the risk of developing PD. There is a need for further understanding of how risk factors interact, and studying PD is likely to increase understanding of other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Carvey
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah Cory-Slechta
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Donato DiMonte
- The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - John Duda
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul English
- California Department of Health Services, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Samuel Goldman
- The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Stephen Grate
- U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Johnni Hansen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Hoppin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Jewell
- The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Freya Kamel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Walter Koroshetz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James W. Langston
- The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | - Lorene Nelson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bernard Ravina
- University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - George W. Ross
- Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Bill Scott
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Seegal
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Caroline M. Tanner
- The Parkinson’s Institute and Clinical Center, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | | | - Marc Weisskopf
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bellomo G, Mirabelli F, DiMonte D, Richelmi P, Thor H, Orrenius C, Orrenius S. Formation and reduction of glutathione-protein mixed disulfides during oxidative stress. A study with isolated hepatocytes and menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone). Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:1313-20. [PMID: 3593416 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of isolated rat hepatocytes with menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) resulted in a dose-dependent depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH), most of which was oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Menadione metabolism was also associated with a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of glutathione reductase, impairing the regeneration of GSH from GSSG produced during menadione-induced oxidative stress. Inhibition of glutathione reductase by pretreatment of hepatocytes with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) greatly potentiated both GSH depletion and GSSG formation during the metabolism of low concentrations of menadione. Concomitant with GSH oxidation, mixed disulfides between glutathione and protein thiols were formed. The amount of mixed disulfides produced and the kinetics of their formation were dependent on both the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio and the activity of glutathione reductase. The mixed disulfides were mainly recovered in the cytosolic fraction and, to a lesser extent, in the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions. The removal of glutathione from protein mixed disulfides formed in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress was dependent on GSH and/or cysteine and appeared to occur predominantly via a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism. However, incubation of the microsomal fraction from menadione-treated hepatocytes with purified glutathione reductase in the presence of NADPH also resulted in the reduction of a significant portion of the glutathione-protein mixed disulfides present in this fraction. Our results suggest that the formation of glutathione-protein mixed disulfides occurs as a result of increased GSSG formation and inhibition of glutathione reductase activity during menadione metabolism in hepatocytes.
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