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Fischer T, Klinger A, von Smolinski D, Orzekowsky-Schroeder R, Nitzsche F, Bölke T, Vogel A, Hüttmann G, Gebert A. High-resolution imaging of living gut mucosa: lymphocyte clusters beneath intestinal M cells are highly dynamic structures. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:539-546. [PMID: 31970486 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the Peyer's patches of the small intestine, specialized epithelial cells, the membranous (M) cells, sample antigenic matter from the gut lumen and bring it into contact with cells of the immune system, which are then capable of initiating specific immune reactions. Using autofluorescence 2-photon (A2P) microscopy, we imaged living intestinal mucosa at a 0.5-μm resolution. We identified individual M cells without the aid of a marker and in vivo analyzed their sampling function over hours. Time-lapse recordings revealed that lymphocytes associated with M cells display a remarkable degree of motility with average speed rates of 8.2 μm/min, to form new M cell-associated lymphocyte clusters within less than 15 min. The lymphocytes drastically deform the M cells' cytoplasm and laterally move from one lymphocyte cluster to the next. This implies that the micro-compartment beneath M cells is a highly efficient container to bring potentially harmful antigens into contact with large numbers of immunocompetent cells. Our setup opens a new window for high-resolution 3D imaging of functional processes occurring in lymphoid and mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Fischer
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Antje Klinger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Falk Nitzsche
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Bölke
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alfred Vogel
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Gebert
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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2
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Brandstätter O, Schanz O, Vorac J, König J, Mori T, Maruyama T, Korkowski M, Haarmann-Stemmann T, von Smolinski D, Schultze JL, Abel J, Esser C, Takeyama H, Weighardt H, Förster I. Balancing intestinal and systemic inflammation through cell type-specific expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26091. [PMID: 27184933 PMCID: PMC4869119 DOI: 10.1038/srep26091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As a sensor of polyaromatic chemicals the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) exerts an important role in immune regulation besides its requirement for xenobiotic metabolism. Transcriptional activation of AhR target genes is counterregulated by the AhR repressor (AhRR) but the exact function of the AhRR in vivo is currently unknown. We here show that the AhRR is predominantly expressed in immune cells of the skin and intestine, different from other AhR target genes. Whereas AhRR antagonizes the anti-inflammatory function of the AhR in the context of systemic endotoxin shock, AhR and AhRR act in concert to dampen intestinal inflammation. Specifically, AhRR contributes to the maintenance of colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes and prevents excessive IL-1β production and Th17/Tc17 differentiation. In contrast, the AhRR enhances IFN-γ-production by effector T cells in the inflamed gut. Our findings highlight the physiologic importance of cell-type specific balancing of AhR/AhRR expression in response to microbial, nutritional and other environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Brandstätter
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Schanz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Vorac
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jessica König
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Markus Korkowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Haarmann-Stemmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorthe von Smolinski
- Institut für Tierpathologie der FU Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Josef Abel
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, 2-2, Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8480, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Auf´m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Hütter J, Eriksson M, Johannssen T, Klopfleisch R, von Smolinski D, Gruber AD, Seeberger PH, Lepenies B. Role of the C-type lectin receptors MCL and DCIR in experimental colitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103281. [PMID: 25068517 PMCID: PMC4113383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Though its exact etiology is still unclear, it is proposed that an imbalance in the intestinal homeostasis leads to a disturbed interaction between commensal microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Previous studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in an overwhelming colon inflammation, and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD. In innate immunity, several pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors or C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are involved in IBD pathogenesis. Myeloid CLRs are mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells and bind to glycan structures present on self or foreign antigens. The Macrophage-restricted C-type lectin (MCL) and the Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) are two poorly characterized members of the CLR family. In this study, we investigated the role of MCL and DCIR in the pathogenesis of murine colitis. Both CLRs bound to intestinal microbiota to a different extent. They modulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by antigen-presenting cells upon stimulation with heat-killed microbiota and impacted subsequent T cell responses. To analyze whether MCL and DCIR contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) murine colitis model was employed. MCL−/− as well as DCIR−/− mice exhibited only a slightly increased severity of disease compared to wild-type mice indicating a limited role for MCL and DCIR in the regulation of intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hütter
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Eriksson
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Johannssen
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Achim D. Gruber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Potsdam, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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4
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Pastille E, Bardini K, Fleissner D, Adamczyk A, Frede A, Wadwa M, von Smolinski D, Kasper S, Sparwasser T, Gruber AD, Schuler M, Sakaguchi S, Roers A, Müller W, Hansen W, Buer J, Westendorf AM. Transient ablation of regulatory T cells improves antitumor immunity in colitis-associated colon cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4258-69. [PMID: 24906621 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are supportive to cancer development in most tissues, but their role in colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg in a mouse model of CAC and in patients with colon cancer. These Treg were increased strongly in number in a mouse model of CAC and in the peripheral blood of patients with colon cancer, exhibiting an activated phenotype as defined by elevated expression of GARP, CD103, CTLA-4, and IL10, along with an increased suppressive effect on the proliferation and Th1 cytokine expression of CD4(+)CD25(-) responder T cells ex vivo. Transient ablation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg during tumor development in the CAC model suppressed tumor outgrowth and distribution, accompanied by an increased number of CD8(+)IFNγ/granzyme B-producing effector T cells. Conversely, inactivation of IL10 in Treg did not elevate the antitumor response but instead further boosted tumor development. Our results establish a tumor-promoting function for Treg during CAC formation, but they also suggest that a selective, transient ablation of Treg can evoke antitumor responses, with implications for immunotherapeutic interventions in patients with CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pastille
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bardini
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Fleissner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Adamczyk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annika Frede
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Munisch Wadwa
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kasper
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schuler
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Eriksson M, Johannssen T, von Smolinski D, Gruber AD, Seeberger PH, Lepenies B. The C-Type Lectin Receptor SIGNR3 Binds to Fungi Present in Commensal Microbiota and Influences Immune Regulation in Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:196. [PMID: 23882266 PMCID: PMC3712271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of acute and chronic inflammation of the gut. An important factor contributing to pathogenesis is a dysregulated mucosal immunity against commensal bacteria and fungi. Host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) sense commensals in the gut and are involved in maintaining the balance between controlled responses to pathogens and overwhelming innate immune activation. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are PRRs recognizing glycan structures on pathogens and self-antigens. Here we examined the role of the murine CLR specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing non-integrin homolog-related 3 (SIGNR3) in the recognition of commensals and its involvement in intestinal immunity. SIGNR3 is the closest murine homolog of the human dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) receptor recognizing similar carbohydrate ligands such as terminal fucose or high-mannose glycans. We discovered that SIGNR3 recognizes fungi present in the commensal microbiota. To analyze whether this interaction impacts the intestinal immunity against microbiota, the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model was employed. SIGNR3−/− mice exhibited an increased weight loss associated with more severe colitis symptoms compared to wild-type control mice. The increased inflammation in SIGNR3−/− mice was accompanied by a higher level of TNF-α in colon. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that SIGNR3 recognizes intestinal fungi and has an immune regulatory role in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Eriksson
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany ; Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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6
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Telieps T, Ewald F, Gereke M, Annemann M, Rauter Y, Schuster M, Ueffing N, von Smolinski D, Gruber AD, Bruder D, Schmitz I. Cellular-FLIP, Raji isoform (c-FLIP R) modulates cell death induction upon T-cell activation and infection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1499-510. [PMID: 23505065 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis caused by an imbalance of pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expression can lead to cancer, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases. Cellular-FLIP (c-FLIP) proteins inhibit apoptosis directly at the death-inducing signaling complex of death receptors, such as CD95, and have been linked to apoptosis regulation during immune responses. While the isoforms c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS are well characterized, the function of c-FLIPR remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the induction of endogenous murine c-FLIPR in activated lymphocytes for the first time. To analyze c-FLIPR function in vivo, we generated transgenic mice expressing murine c-FLIPR specifically in hematopoietic cells. As expected, lymphocytes from c-FLIPR transgenic mice were protected against CD95-induced apoptosis in vitro. In the steady state, transgenic mice had normal cell numbers and unaltered frequencies of B cells and T-cell subsets in lymphoid organs. However, when challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, c-FLIPR transgenic mice showed less liver necrosis and better bacterial clearance compared with infected wild-type mice. We conclude that c-FLIPR expression in hematopoietic cells supports an efficient immune response against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Telieps
- Laboratory of Systems-Oriented Immunology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Pieper R, Kröger S, Richter JF, Wang J, Martin L, Bindelle J, Htoo JK, von Smolinski D, Vahjen W, Zentek J, Van Kessel AG. Fermentable fiber ameliorates fermentable protein-induced changes in microbial ecology, but not the mucosal response, in the colon of piglets. J Nutr 2012; 142:661-7. [PMID: 22357743 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary inclusion of fermentable carbohydrates (fCHO) is reported to reduce large intestinal formation of putatively toxic metabolites derived from fermentable proteins (fCP). However, the influence of diets high in fCP concentration on epithelial response and interaction with fCHO is still unclear. Thirty-two weaned piglets were fed 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design with low fCP/low fCHO [14.5% crude protein (CP)/14.5% total dietary fiber (TDF)]; low fCP/high fCHO (14.8% CP/16.6% TDF); high fCP low fCHO (19.8% CP/14.5% TDF); and high fCP/high fCHO (20.1% CP/18.0% TDF) as dietary treatments. After 21-23 d, pigs were killed and colon digesta and tissue samples analyzed for indices of microbial ecology, tissue expression of genes for cell turnover, cytokines, mucus genes (MUC), and oxidative stress indices. Pig performance was unaffected by diet. fCP increased (P < 0.05) cell counts of clostridia in the Clostridium leptum group and total short and branched chain fatty acids, ammonia, putrescine, histamine, and spermidine concentrations, whereas high fCHO increased (P < 0.05) cell counts of clostridia in the C. leptum and C. coccoides groups, shifted the acetate to propionate ratio toward acetate (P < 0.05), and reduced ammonia and putrescine (P < 0.05). High dietary fCP increased (P < 0.05) expression of PCNA, IL1β, IL10, TGFβ, MUC1, MUC2, and MUC20, irrespective of fCHO concentration. The ratio of glutathione:glutathione disulfide was reduced (P < 0.05) by fCP and the expression of glutathione transferase was reduced by fCHO (P < 0.05). In conclusion, fermentable fiber ameliorates fermentable protein-induced changes in most measures of luminal microbial ecology but not the mucosal response in the large intestine of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Borcherding F, Nitschke M, Hundorfean G, Rupp J, von Smolinski D, Bieber K, van Kooten C, Lehnert H, Fellermann K, Büning J. The CD40-CD40L pathway contributes to the proinflammatory function of intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Pathol 2010; 176:1816-27. [PMID: 20133813 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are involved in the outbalanced immune responses toward luminal antigens. However, the signals responsible for this proinflammatory capacity of IECs in IBD remain unclear. The CD40/CD40L interaction activates various pathways in immune and nonimmune cells related to inflammation and was shown to be critical for the development of IBD. Here we demonstrate CD40 expression within IECs during active IBD. Endoscopically obtained biopsies taken from Crohn's disease (n = 112) and ulcerative colitis patients (n = 67) consistently showed immunofluorescence staining for CD40 in IECs of inflamed ileal or colonic mucosa. In noninvolved mucosa during active disease, tissue obtained during Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis in remission and biopsies from healthy controls (n = 38) IECs almost entirely lacked CD40 staining. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis using different intestinal epithelial cell lines (HT29, SW480, and T84) showed IFN-gamma to effectively induce CD40 in IECs. Cells were virtually unresponsive to LPS or whole E. coli regarding CD40 expression. In addition, a moderate induction of CD40 was found in response to TNF-alpha, which exerted synergistical effects with IFN-gamma. CD40 ligation by CD40L-transfected murine fibroblasts or soluble CD40L increased the secretion of IL-8 in IFN-gamma pretreated HT29 cells. Our findings provide evidence for the epithelial expression and modulation of CD40 in IBD-affected mucosa and indicate its involvement in the proinflammatory function of IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Borcherding
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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9
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Büning J, von Smolinski D, Tafazzoli K, Zimmer KP, Strobel S, Apostolaki M, Kollias G, Heath JK, Ludwig D, Gebert A. Multivesicular bodies in intestinal epithelial cells: responsible for MHC class II-restricted antigen processing and origin of exosomes. Immunology 2009; 125:510-21. [PMID: 18710406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal conditions intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitutively stimulate regulatory CD4(+) T cells. However, in Crohn's disease (CD), this major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigen presentation results in stimulation of proinflammatory CD4(+) T cells. We hypothesized that these alternative functions might be mediated by differential sorting and processing of antigens into distinct MHC II-enriched compartments (MIICs). Accordingly, we analysed the endocytic pathways of lumenally applied ovalbumin (OVA) in IECs of the jejunum and ileum of wild-type (WT) and TNFDeltaARE/WT mice that develop a CD-resembling ileitis. Using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found that messenger RNA levels of interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-17 and interleukin-10 were significantly up-regulated in the inflamed ileum of TNFDeltaARE/WT mice, confirming CD-like inflammation. Fluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of MHC II and invariant chain throughout the late endocytic compartments, with most molecules concentrated in the multivesicular bodies (MVB). OVA was targeted into MVB and, in contrast to other MIICs, accumulated in these structures within 120 min of exposure. The IEC-specific A33 antigen localized to internal vesicles of MVB and A33/class II-bearing exosomes were identified in intercellular spaces. Remarkably, the expression pattern of MHC II/invariant chain molecules and the trafficking of OVA were independent of mucosal inflammation and the specific region in the small intestine. MVB seem to be principally responsible for class II-associated antigen processing in IECs and to constitute the origin of MHC II-loaded exosomes. The distinctive functions of IECs in antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells might arise as a result of differential processing within the MVB identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Büning
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
Rapid contact- and contamination-free procurement of histologic material for proteomic and genomic analysis can be achieved by laser microdissection of the sample of interest followed by laser-induced transport (laser pressure catapulting). The dynamics of laser microdissection and laser pressure catapulting of histologic samples of 80 mum diameter was investigated by means of time-resolved photography. The working mechanism of microdissection was found to be plasma-mediated ablation initiated by linear absorption. Catapulting was driven by plasma formation when tightly focused pulses were used, and by photothermal ablation at the bottom of the sample when defocused pulses producing laser spot diameters larger than 35 microm were used. With focused pulses, driving pressures of several hundred MPa accelerated the specimen to initial velocities of 100-300 m/s before they were rapidly slowed down by air friction. When the laser spot was increased to a size comparable to or larger than the sample diameter, both driving pressure and flight velocity decreased considerably. Based on a characterization of the thermal and optical properties of the histologic specimens and supporting materials used, we calculated the evolution of the heat distribution in the sample. Selected catapulted samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy or analyzed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We found that catapulting of dissected samples results in little collateral damage when the laser pulses are either tightly focused or when the laser spot size is comparable to the specimen size. By contrast, moderate defocusing with spot sizes up to one-third of the specimen diameter may involve significant heat and ultraviolet exposure. Potential side effects are maximal when samples are catapulted directly from a glass slide without a supporting polymer foil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Vogel
- Institute of Biomedical Optics and Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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von Smolinski D, Blessenohl M, Neubauer C, Kalies K, Gebert A. Validation of a novel ultra-short immunolabeling method for high-quality mRNA preservation in laser microdissection and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Diagn 2006; 8:246-53. [PMID: 16645212 PMCID: PMC1867592 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2006.050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser microdissection allows isolation of tiny samples from tissue sections for analysis of gene expression by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although immunohistochemical labeling is often required to identify target structures, it drastically degrades mRNA so that shortened protocols are needed. Here, we present a novel method that allows fluorescence double labeling to be performed in only one incubation of 5 minutes. Fab fragments directly coupled to fluorochromes are linked to primary antibodies before these complexes are applied to sections. We quantified the influences of fixatives, labeling solutions, and incubation time on the mRNA yield and compared our method with previously proposed protocols. While tissue components, ie, vimentin and Ki67 antigen, were sufficiently stained after only 5 minutes of incubation, the new method produced a minute loss of mRNA that did not significantly differ from that of untreated sections. In contrast, incubation times of 15 and 30 minutes reduced the mRNA yield by 99.8 to 99.9%. Furthermore, incubation periods longer than 5 minutes critically affected the ratio between the target and housekeeping genes tested by factors of up to 10.6. In conclusion, the novel method described here reduces mRNA loss and potential ratio shifts to a level that does not significantly differ from that of unlabeled samples.
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von Smolinski D, Leverkoehne I, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Gruber AD. Impact of formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding on the ratio between mRNA copy numbers of differently expressed genes. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124:177-88. [PMID: 16049695 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that specific mRNA sequences can be successfully detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Here, we test the hypothesis that gene expression levels can be accurately quantified in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues by determining the ratio between the copy number of the mRNA molecule of interest and the mRNA copy number of a so-called housekeeping gene. The mRNA copy numbers of the variably expressed multiple drug resistance gene (MDR)-1 and four housekeeping genes (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, beta-actin, and elongation factor-1a) were quantified by real-time-quantitative RT-PCR before and after formalin-fixation and paraffin-embedding of 576 tissue samples (heart, kidney, spleen, liver) from three beagle dogs. The results indicate that fixation and embedding drastically altered the ratios between the different mRNA copy numbers and that the relative expression levels of MDR-1 per any of the housekeeping genes were artificially increased or decreased up to more than tenfold. It would thus appear questionable to normalize quantitative expression data from fixed and embedded tissues by using housekeeping genes as reference. In contrast, tissue autolysis of up to 24 h and long-term storage of embedded tissues of up to 20 years had no additional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe von Smolinski
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Str. 15, 14163, Berlin
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