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Devadhasan JP, Summers AJ, Gu J, Smith S, Thomas B, Fattahi A, Helton J, Pandit SG, Gates-Hollingsworth M, Hau D, Pflughoeft KJ, Montgomery DC, Atta S, Vo-Dinh T, AuCoin D, Zenhausern F. Point-of-care vertical flow immunoassay system for ultra-sensitive multiplex biothreat-agent detection in biological fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114796. [PMID: 36257115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents simple, fast, and sensitive detection of multiple biothreat agents by paper-based vertical flow colorimetric sandwich immunoassay for detection of Yersinia pestis (LcrV and F1) and Francisella tularensis (lipopolysaccharide; LPS) antigens using a vertical flow immunoassay (VFI) prototype with portable syringe pump and a new membrane holder. The capture antibody (cAb) printing onto nitrocellulose membrane and gold-labelled detection antibody (dAb) were optimized to enhance the assay sensitivity and specificity. Even though the paper pore size was relaxed from previous 0.1 μm to the current 0.45 μm for serum samples, detection limits as low as 0.050 ng/mL for LcrV and F1, and 0.100 ng/mL for FtLPS have been achieved in buffer and similarly in diluted serum (with LcrV and F1 LODs remained the same and LPS LOD reduced to 0.250 ng/mL). These were 40, 80, and 50X (20X for LPS in serum) better than those from lateral flow configuration. Furthermore, the comparison of multiplex format demonstrated low cross-reactivity and equal sensitivity to that of the singleplex assay. The optimized VFI platform thus provides a portable and rapid on-site monitoring system for multiplex biothreat detection with the potential for high sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and multiplexing capability, supporting its utility in remote and resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Pramila Devadhasan
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Alexander Jarrett Summers
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Jian Gu
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Stanley Smith
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Baiju Thomas
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Ali Fattahi
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - James Helton
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sujata G Pandit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Derrick Hau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kathryn J Pflughoeft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Douglas C Montgomery
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Supriya Atta
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0281, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0281, USA
| | - David AuCoin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona, College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson AZ, 85721-0020, USA.
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Summers AJ, Devadhasan JP, Gu J, Montgomery DC, Fischer B, Gates-Hollingsworth MA, Pflughoeft KJ, Vo-Dinh T, AuCoin DP, Zenhausern F. Optimization of an Antibody Microarray Printing Process Using a Designed Experiment. ACS Omega 2022; 7:32262-32271. [PMID: 36120062 PMCID: PMC9476517 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody microarrays have proven useful in immunoassay-based point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases. Noncontact piezoelectric inkjet printing has advantages to print antibody microarrays on nitrocellulose substrates for this application due to its compatibility with sensitive solutions and substrates, simple droplet control, and potential for high-capacity printing. However, there remain real-world challenges in printing such microarrays, which motivated this study. The effects of three concentrations of capture antibody (cAb) reagents and nozzle hydrostatic pressures were chosen to investigate three responses: the number of printed membrane disks, dispensing performance, and microarray quality. Printing conditions were found to be most ideal with 5 mg/mL cAb and a nozzle hydrostatic pressure near zero, which produced 130 membrane disks in a single print versus the 10 membrane disks per print before optimization. These results serve to inform efficient printing of antibody microarrays on nitrocellulose membranes for rapid immunoassay-based detection of infectious diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Summers
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Jasmine P. Devadhasan
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Jian Gu
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, The University
of Arizona, College of Medicine, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United
States
| | - Douglas C. Montgomery
- School
of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1004, United States
| | - Brittany Fischer
- School
of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1004, United States
| | | | - Kathryn J. Pflughoeft
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0705, United States
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick
Institute for Photonics, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and
Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0281, United States
| | - David P. AuCoin
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557-0705, United States
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center
for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
- Department
of Basic Medical Sciences, The University
of Arizona, College of Medicine, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United
States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University
of Arizona, College of Engineering, 1127 E James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United
States
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Maciejewski R, Montgomery DC. Visualization for Data Science: Adding Credibility, Legitimacy, and Saliency. Big Data 2016; 4:73-74. [PMID: 27441711 DOI: 10.1089/big.2016.29007.vis] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Maciejewski
- School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University
| | - Douglas C Montgomery
- School of Computing, Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering, Arizona State University
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Abstract
Changes in reversible protein acetylation mediate many key aspects of genomic regulation and enzyme function. The catalysts for this posttranslational modification, lysine acetyltransferases (KATs), have been difficult targets for characterization due to their complex architecture and challenging reconstitution. To address this challenge, here we describe methods to profile endogenous KAT activities using activity-based probes. This method facilitates the targeted analysis of several cellular KATs and can be used to study their interactions with many different types of ligands, including acyl-CoA metabolites. This competitive activity-based capture approach provides a method to assess the selectivity of ligands for different KAT families in complex proteomic settings, and thus has the potential to offer substantial insights into the regulation of cellular KAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Montgomery
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - J L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States.
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Rodgers DJ, Matthaeus WH, Mitchell TB, Montgomery DC. Similarity decay of enstrophy in an electron fluid. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:234501. [PMID: 21231470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.234501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A similarity decay law is proposed for enstrophy of a one-signed-vorticity fluid in a circular free-slip domain. It excludes the metastable equilibrium enstrophy which cannot drive turbulence, and approaches Batchelor's t(-2) law for strong turbulence. Measurements of the decay of a turbulent electron fluid agree well with the predictions of the decay law for a variety of initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Rodgers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Shinde SM, Orozco C, Brengues M, Lenigk R, Montgomery DC, Zenhausern F. Optimization of a Microfluidic Mixing Process for Gene Expression-Based Bio-dosimetry. Qual Eng 2010; 23:59-70. [PMID: 21822355 PMCID: PMC3150107 DOI: 10.1080/08982112.2010.529482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades advances in radiation imaging and radiation therapy have led to a dramatic increase in the number of people exposed to radiation. Consequently, there is a clear need for personalized biodosimetry diagnostics in order to monitor the dose of radiation received and adapt it to each patient depending on their sensitivity to radiation exposure (Hall E.J. and Brenner D. J., 2008). Similarly, after a large-scale radiological event such as a dirty bomb attack, there will be a major need to assess, within a few days the radiation doses received by tens of thousands of individuals. Current high throughput devices can handle only a few hundred individuals per day. Hence there is a great need for a very fast self-contained non-invasive biodosimetric device based on a rapid blood test.This paper presents a case study where regression methods and designed experiments are used to arrive at the optimal settings for various factors that impact the kinetics in a biodosimetric device. We use ridge regression to initially identify a set of potentially important variables in the mixing process which is one of the critical sub systems of the device. This was followed by a series of designed experiments to arrive at the optimal setting of the significant microfluidic cartridge and piezoelectric disk (PZT) (D. Sadler, F. Zenhausern, U.S. Patent 6,986,601; Lee, S. Y., Ko, B., Yang, W., 2005) related factors. This statistical approach has been utilized to study the microfluidic mixing to mix water and dye mixtures of 70 μl volume. The outcome of the statistical design, experimentation and analysis was then exploited for optimizing the design, fabrication and assembly of the microfluidic devices. As a result of the experiments that were performed, the system was fine tuned and the mixing time was reduced from 5.5 minutes to 2 minutes.
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Rodgers DJ, Servidio S, Matthaeus WH, Montgomery DC, Mitchell TB, Aziz T. Hydrodynamic relaxation of an electron plasma to a near-maximum entropy state. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:244501. [PMID: 19659012 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.244501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical relaxation of a pure electron plasma in a Malmberg-Penning trap is studied, comparing experiments, numerical simulations and statistical theories of weakly dissipative two-dimensional (2D) turbulence. Simulations confirm that the dynamics are approximated well by a 2D hydrodynamic model. Statistical analysis favors a theoretical picture of relaxation to a near-maximum entropy state with constrained energy, circulation, and angular momentum. This provides evidence that 2D electron fluid relaxation in a turbulent regime is governed by principles of maximum entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Rodgers
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Bisgaard S, Doganaksoy N, Fisher N, Gunter B, Hahn G, Keller-McNulty S, Kettenring J, Meeker WQ, Montgomery DC, Wu CFJ. The Future of Industrial Statistics: A Panel Discussion. Technometrics 2008. [DOI: 10.1198/004017008000000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hauck DJ, Runger GC, Montgomery DC. Multivariate statistical process monitoring and diagnosis with grouped regression‐adjusted variables. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/03610919908813551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mininni PD, Pouquet AG, Montgomery DC. Small-scale structures in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 97:244503. [PMID: 17280293 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.244503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate using direct numerical simulations with grids up to 1536(3) points, the rate at which small scales develop in a decaying three-dimensional MHD flow both for deterministic and random initial conditions. Parallel current and vorticity sheets form at the same spatial locations, and further destabilize and fold or roll up after an initial exponential phase. At high Reynolds numbers, a self-similar evolution of the current and vorticity maxima is found, in which they grow as a cubic power of time; the flow then reaches a finite dissipation rate independent of the Reynolds number.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Mininni
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA
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Kowalski SM, Geoffrey Vining G, Montgomery DC, Borror CM. Modifying a central composite design to model the process mean and variance when there are hard-to-change factors. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2006.00556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ponty Y, Mininni PD, Montgomery DC, Pinton JF, Politano H, Pouquet A. Numerical study of dynamo action at low magnetic Prandtl numbers. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:164502. [PMID: 15904232 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.164502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a three-pronged numerical approach to the dynamo problem at low magnetic Prandtl numbers P(M). The difficulty of resolving a large range of scales is circumvented by combining direct numerical simulations, a Lagrangian-averaged model and large-eddy simulations. The flow is generated by the Taylor-Green forcing; it combines a well defined structure at large scales and turbulent fluctuations at small scales. Our main findings are (i) dynamos are observed from P(M)=1 down to P(M)=10(-2), (ii) the critical magnetic Reynolds number increases sharply with P(M)(-1) as turbulence sets in and then it saturates, and (iii) in the linear growth phase, unstable magnetic modes move to smaller scales as P(M) is decreased. Then the dynamo grows at large scales and modifies the turbulent velocity fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ponty
- CNRS UMR6202, Laboratoire Cassiopée, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, BP 4229, Nice Cedex 04, France
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Anderson-Cook CM, Goldfarb HB, Borror CM, Montgomery DC, Canter KG, Twist JN. Mixture and mixture-process variable experiments for pharmaceutical applications. Pharm Stat 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pst.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Levi TS, Montgomery DC. Velocity field distributions due to ideal line vortices. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:056311. [PMID: 11415010 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.056311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate numerically the velocity field distributions produced by a bounded, two-dimensional fluid model consisting of a collection of parallel ideal line vortices. We sample at many spatial points inside a rigid circular boundary. We focus on "nearest-neighbor" contributions that result from vortices that fall (randomly) very close to the spatial points where the velocity is being sampled. We confirm that these events lead to a non-Gaussian high-velocity "tail" on an otherwise Gaussian distribution function for the Eulerian velocity field. We also investigate the behavior of distributions that do not have equilibrium mean-field probability distributions that are uniform inside the circle, but instead correspond to both higher and lower mean-field energies than those associated with the uniform vorticity distribution. We find substantial differences between these and the uniform case.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Levi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3528, USA
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Wisnowski JW, Montgomery DC, Simpson JR. A Comparative analysis of multiple outlier detection procedures in the linear regression model. Comput Stat Data Anal 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9473(00)00042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kirmani SNUA, Montgomery DC, Runger GC, Hubele NF. Engineering Statistics. AM STAT 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/2685597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
In the 1950s, D'yakov and Kontorovich predicted that under certain conditions perturbed shock waves in nonideal gases can become unstable by emitting undamped sound and entropy-vortex waves. For the last 45 years, though, little progress has been made in the identification and numerical modeling of physical conditions for which this phenomenon might occur. Using a van der Waals equation of state, we present for the first time a dynamical simulation of a D'yakov-Kontorovich instability. The two-dimensional emission pattern of acoustic waves appearing in the simulation agrees with the prediction of a linearized theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- JW Bates
- Applied Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Lin DKJ, Box GEP, Draper NR, Myers RH, Montgomery DC, Khuri AI, Cornell JA. Empirical Model Building and Response Surface. J Am Stat Assoc 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/2669641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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LH, Keats JB, Montgomery DC. Statistical Applications in Process Control. J Am Stat Assoc 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/2965753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gunst RF, Myers RH, Montgomery DC. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments. Technometrics 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/1270613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Castillo ED, Grayson JM, Montgomery DC, Runger GC. A review of statistical process control techniques for short run manufacturing systems. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/03610929608831866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sauter RM, Montgomery DC. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. Technometrics 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1269251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chen C, Montgomery DC, Jonson LA, Gardiner JS. Forecasting and Time Series Analysis (2nd ed.). J Am Stat Assoc 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/2290487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chua M, Montgomery DC. A Multivariate Quality Control Scheme. Int J Qual & Reliability Mgmt 1991. [DOI: 10.1108/eum0000000001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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