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Baldo C, Lopes DS, Faquim-Mauro EL, Jacysyn JF, Niland S, Eble JA, Clissa PB, Moura-da-Silva AM. Jararhagin disruption of endothelial cell anchorage is enhanced in collagen enriched matrices. Toxicon 2015; 108:240-8. [PMID: 26528579 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is one of the most striking effects of bites by viper snakes resulting in fast bleeding and ischemia in affected tissues. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are responsible for hemorrhagic activity, but the mechanisms involved in SVMP-induced hemorrhage are not entirely understood and the study of such mechanisms greatly depends on in vivo experiments. In vivo, hemorrhagic SVMPs accumulate on basement membrane (BM) of venules and capillary vessels allowing the hydrolysis of collagen IV with consequent weakness and rupture of capillary walls. These effects are not reproducible in vitro with conventional endothelial cell cultures. In this study we used two-dimension (2D) or three-dimension (3D) cultures of HUVECs on matrigel and observed the same characteristics as in ex vivo experiments: only the hemorrhagic toxin was able to localize on surfaces or internalize endothelial cells in 2D cultures or in the surface of tubules formed on 3D cultures. The contribution of matrigel, fibronectin and collagen matrices in jararhagin-induced endothelial cell damage was then analyzed. Collagen and matrigel substrates enhanced the endothelial cell damage induced by jararhagin allowing toxin binding to focal adhesions, disruption of stress fibers, detachment and apoptosis. The higher affinity of jararhagin to collagen than to fibronectin explains the localization of the toxin within BM. Moreover, once located in BM, interactions of jararhagin with α2β1 integrin would favor its localization on focal adhesions, as observed in our study. The accumulation of toxin in focal adhesions, observed only in cells grown in collagen matrices, would explain the enhancement of cell damage in these matrices and reflects the actual interaction among toxin, endothelial cells and BM components that occurs in vivo and results in the hemorrhagic lesions induced by viper venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldo
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D S Lopes
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - E L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J F Jacysyn
- LIM62, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S Niland
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - J A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - P B Clissa
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A M Moura-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Favoretto BC, Ricardi R, Silva SR, Jacysyn JF, Fernandes I, Takehara HA, Faquim-Mauro EL. Immunomodulatory effects of crotoxin isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in mice immunised with human serum albumin. Toxicon 2011; 57:600-7. [PMID: 21223974 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Crotalus durissus terrificus venom and its main component, crotoxin (CTX), have the ability to down-modulate the immune system. Certain mechanisms mediated by cells and soluble factors of the immune system are responsible for the elimination of pathogenic molecules to ensure the specific protection against subsequent antigen contact. Accordingly, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of CTX on the immune response of mice that had been previously primed by immunisation with human serum albumin (HSA). CTX inoculation after HSA immunisation, along with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or Aluminium hydroxide (Alum) immunisation, was able to suppress anti-HSA IgG1 and IgG2a antibody production. We showed that the inhibitory effects of this toxin are not mediated by necrosis or apoptosis of any lymphoid cell population. Lower proliferation of T lymphocytes from mice immunised with HSA/CFA or HSA/Alum that received the toxin was observed in comparison to the mice that were only immunised. In conclusion, CTX is able to exert potent inhibitory effects on humoral and cellular responses induced by HSA immunisation, even when injected after an innate immune response has been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Favoretto
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fernandes I, Assumpção GG, Silveira CRF, Faquim-Mauro EL, Tanjoni I, Carmona AK, Alves MFM, Takehara HA, Rucavado A, Ramos OHP, Moura-da-Silva AM, Gutiérrez JM. Immunochemical and biological characterization of monoclonal antibodies against BaP1, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops asper snake venom. Toxicon 2010; 56:1059-65. [PMID: 20674587 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BaP1 is a P-I class of Snake Venom Metalloproteinase (SVMP) relevant in the local tissue damage associated with envenomations by Bothrops asper, a medically-important species in Central America and parts of South America. Six monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) against BaP1 (MABaP1) were produced and characterized regarding their isotype, dissociation constant (K(d)), specificity and ability to neutralize BaP1-induced hemorrhagic and proteolytic activity. Two MABaP1 are IgM, three are IgG1 and one is IgG2b. The K(d)s of IgG MoAbs were in the nM range. All IgG MoAbs recognized conformational epitopes of BaP1 and B. asper venom components but failed to recognize venoms from 27 species of Viperidae, Colubridae and Elapidae families. Clone 7 cross-reacted with three P-I SVMPs tested (moojeni protease, insularinase and neuwiedase). BaP1-induced hemorrhage was totally neutralized by clones 3, 6 and 8 but not by clone 7. Inhibition of BaP1 enzymatic activity on a synthetic substrate by MABaP1 was totally achieved by clones 3 and 6, and partially by clone 8, but not by clone 7. In conclusion, these neutralizing MoAbs against BaP1 may become important tools to understand structure-function relationships of BaP1 and the role of P-I class SVMP in snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fernandes
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Adult Ascaris suum body extract (Asc) prepared from male and female worms (with stored eggs) down-regulates the specific immune response of DBA/2 mice to ovalbumin (OA) and preferentially stimulates a Th2 response to its own components, which is responsible for the suppression of the OA-specific Th1 response. Here, we investigated the participation of soluble extracts prepared from male or female worms or from eggs (E-Asc) in these immunological events. Extracts from either sex (1 mg/animal) or E-Asc (0.35 or 1 mg protein/animal) suppressed the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (60-85%), proliferative response (50-70%), IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion (below detection threshold) and IgG1 antibody production (70-90%) of DBA/2 mice to OA. A dose of 0.1 mg E-Asc/animal did not change DTH or proliferation, but was as effective as 0.35 mg in suppressing IL-2 and IFN-gamma, and OA-specific IgG1 antibodies. Lymph node cells from DBA/2 mice injected with Asc (1 mg/animal) or a high dose of E-Asc (1 mg protein/animal) secreted IL-4 upon in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A. As previously demonstrated for Asc, the cytokine profile obtained with the E-Asc was dose dependent and changed towards Th1 when a low dose (0.1 mg protein/animal) was used. Taken together, these results suggest that adult worms of either sex and eggs induce the same type of T cell response and share similar immunosuppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M O Souza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Cardoso DF, Lopes-Ferreira M, Faquim-Mauro EL, Macedo MS, Farsky SH. Role of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, on inflammatory and immune reactions. Mediators Inflamm 2001; 10:125-33. [PMID: 11545249 PMCID: PMC1781704 DOI: 10.1080/09629350124986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crotoxin (CTX) is a potent neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom (CdtV) composed of two subunits: one without catalytic activity (crotapotin), and a basic phospolipase A2. Recent data have demonstrated that CdtV or CTX inhibit some immune and inflammatory reactions. AIM The aim of this paper was to investigate the mechanisms involved in these impaired responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Swiss mice were bled before and at different intervals of time after subcutaneous injection of CTX or bovine serum albumin (BSA) (control animals). The effect of treatments on circulating leukocyte mobilisation and on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and corticosterone were investigated. Spleen cells from treated animals were also stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A to evaluate the profile of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 or IFN-gamma secretion. Cytokine levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay and corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. To investigate the participation of endogenous corticosteroid on the effects evoked by CTX, animals were treated with metyrapone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid synthesis, previous to CTX treatment. RESULTS Marked alterations on peripheral leukocyte distribution, characterised by a drop in the number of lymphocytes and monocytes and an increase in the number of neutrophils, were observed after CTX injection. No such alteration was observed in BSA-treated animals. Increased levels of IL-6, IL-10 and corticosterone were also detected in CTX-injected animals. IFN-gamma levels were not modified after treatments. In contrast, spleen cells obtained from CTX-treated animals and stimulated with concanavalin A secreted less IL-10 and IL-4 in comparison with cells obtained from control animals. Metyrapone pretreatment was effective only to reverse the neutrophilia observed after CTX administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CTX may contribute to the deficient inflammatory and immune responses induced by crude CdtV. CTX induces endogenous mechanisms that are responsible, at least in part, for these impaired responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Cardoso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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Faquim-Mauro EL, Macedo MS. Induction of IL-4-dependent, anaphylactic-type and IL-4-independent, non-anaphylactic-type IgG1 antibodies is modulated by adjuvants. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1733-40. [PMID: 11099313 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.12.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can modulate the levels of anaphylactic- and non-anaphylactic-type IgG1 antibodies produced in response to a particular antigen. Mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) in Al(OH)(3) gel (alum) produced mostly the anaphylactic type, irrespective of the s.c. or i.p. route used, and this antibody was not detectable in IL-4(-/-) mice. In contrast, when OVA was injected in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), it induced substantial amounts of non-anaphylactic-type IgG1 in both IL-4(+/+) and IL-4(-/-) mice, and some anaphylactic IgG1 antibody in IL-4(+/+) mice only. When IFN-gamma was neutralized by specific mAb in wild-type mice immunized with OVA in CFA, the anaphylactic-type IgG1 antibody increased reaching the same levels as in alum-injected mice. This result indicates that the induction of IFN-gamma by the immunization with CFA down-regulates the production of IL-4-dependent, anaphylactic-type IgG1. Despite their different effects on IgG1 antibody production, both adjuvants dramatically increased the production of IgG2a in IL-4-deprived mice and did not induce any detectable IgE in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Faquim-Mauro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes 1730, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Faquim-Mauro EL, Coffman RL, Abrahamsohn IA, Macedo MS. Cutting edge: mouse IgG1 antibodies comprise two functionally distinct types that are differentially regulated by IL-4 and IL-12. J Immunol 1999; 163:3572-6. [PMID: 10490948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
IL-4-dependent and -independent IgG1 Abs differ in their ability to induce mast cell degranulation as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). Mice immunized with OVA or PIII (fraction of Ascaris suum) produced high titers of IgG1 as shown by ELISA and PCA. In contrast, another A. suum fraction, PI, elicited IgG1 Abs with no PCA activity. IgG1 with anaphylactic activity required IL-4, as IgG1 responses to OVA and PIII in IL-4-/- mice gave no PCA. PI-specific IgG1 was IL-4-independent, because no difference was found between the responses of IL-4-/- and IL-4+/+ mice. Significant PCA reactions were elicited, however, with PI-specific IgG1 from IL-12-/- or anti-IFN-gamma Ab-treated mice, although less Ab was measured by ELISA. These results indicate that one type of IgG1 has anaphylactic activity and its synthesis is IL-4-dependent, being inhibited by IL-12 or IFN-gamma; the other lacks this activity and its synthesis is stimulated by IL-12 or IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Faquim-Mauro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The role of isolated components obtained by gel filtration chromatography of Ascaris suum body extract (Asc) on the modulation of the immune response to ovalbumin (OvA) was evaluated and correlated with the immunogenic properties of such components. We showed that high (PI), but not low (PIII), molecular weight components have the ability to inhibit OvA-induced immediate and DTH reactions, lymph node (LN) cell proliferation, cytokine (IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-4 and IL-10) and antibody (IgG1, IgG2a, IgM and IgE) production in mice concomitantly immunized with OvA and these high mol. wt components. The pattern of cytokines synthesized in response to PI or PIII was totally different: the former induced more IL-4 and IL-10 and the latter more IL-2 and IFN-gamma. The levels of Asc-specific IgG1 antibodies were higher in mice immunized with OvA plus PI and IgG2a anti-Asc antibodies predominated in those immunized with PIII. IgE antibody production, however, was low in the former group of mice. These results indicate that the high mol. wt components present in the body extract from the helminth A. suum are responsible for its suppressive effect upon Th1- and Th2-dependent immune responses to an unrelated antigen. The suppression of the Th1-dependent parameters could be related to high-level expression of IL-4 and IL-10 induced by such components.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Faquim-Mauro
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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