The Role of Sex Work Pay in Moderating the Effect of Mobile Phone Solicitation on Condom Practices: An Analysis of Female Sex Workers in India

Mobile phones remain a largely untapped resource in the ongoing challenge to address Female Sex Worker (FSW) health, including HIV prevention services, in India. An important step towards designing effective mobile phone-based initiatives for FSWs is clarifying the contextual influences of mobile phone solicitation on sexual risk behavior. In this paper, we extend previously identified associations between mobile phone solicitation and condom practices by examining whether this association is moderated by sex work pay and offer key considerations for future research and implementation. Specifically, we conducted an analysis among 589 Indian FSWs, where FSWs who did not use mobile phones to solicit clients had the lowest mean sex work pay (INR 394/ USD 6.54) compared to FSWs who used both mobile and traditional strategies (INR 563/ USD 9.34). Our analysis indicate low paid FSWs who used mobile phones concurrently with traditional strategies had 2.46 times higher odds of inconsistent condom use compared to low paid FSWs who did not use mobile phones for client solicitation. No such effect was identified among high paid FSWs. These findings also identified group level differences among FSWs reporting different mobile phone solicitation strategies, including violence, client condom use and HIV status. Our results indicate that low pay does moderate the association between mobile phone solicitation and condom practices, but only among a sub-set of low paid FSWs. These findings also demonstrate the utility of classification by different mobile phone solicitation strategies for accurate assessment of sexual risk among mobile phone soliciting FSWs. In turn, this paves the way for novel approaches to utilize mobile phones for FSW HIV prevention. We discuss one such example, a mobile phone-based rapid screening tool for acute HIV infection targeting Indian FSWs.

Mobile phones and sex work in South India: the emerging role of mobile phones in condom use by female sex workers in two Indian states

The aim of this study was to examine female sex workers' solicitation of clients using mobile phones and the association between this and condom use with clients. Cross-sectional data were utilised to address the study's aim, drawing on data collected from female sex workers in Calicut, Kerala, and Chirala, Andhra Pradesh. Use of mobile phone solicitation was reported by 46.3% (n = 255) of Kerala participants and 78.7% (n = 464) of those in Andhra Pradesh. Kerala participants reporting exclusive solicitation using mobile phones demonstrated 1.67 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.01-2.79) of inconsistent condom use than those reporting non-use of mobile phones for solicitation. However, those reporting exclusive solicitation through mobile phones in Andhra Pradesh reported lower odds of inconsistent condom use (OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.26) than those not using mobile phones for solicitation. Findings indicate that solicitation of clients using mobile phones facilitates or hampers consistency in condom use with clients depending on the context, and how mobile phones are incorporated into solicitation practices. Variations in sex work environments, including economic dependence on sex work or lack thereof may partially account for the different effects found.

Sequence and structural analyses of NSP4 proteins from human group A rotavirus strains detected in Tunisia

BACKGROUND

The NSP4 protein of group A rotavirus (RVA) has been recognized as a viral enterotoxin and plays important roles in viral pathogenesis and morphogenesis. Domains involved in structural and functional interactions have been proposed mainly based on the simian SA11 strain.

METHODS

NSP4 has been classified into 15 different genotypes (E1-E15), and the aim of this study was to analyze the sequences of 46 RVA strains in order to determine the aminoacid (aa) differences between E1 and E2 genotypes. Another aspect was to characterize the structural and physicochemical properties of these strains.

RESULTS

Comparison of deduced aa sequences of the NSP4 protein showed that divergences between NSP4 genotypes E1 and E2 were mostly observed in the VP4-binding, the interspecies variable domain (ISVD) and the double-layered particle (DLP) binding domains. Interestingly, uncommon variations in residues 131 and 138, which are known to be important aa in pathogenesis, were found in one unusual animal derived strain belonging to the E2 genotype. Concerning the structural aspect, no significant differences were noted.

CONCLUSION

The presence of punctual aa variations in the NSP4 genotypes may indicate that NSP4 mutates mainly via accumulation of point mutations.

Differences in testing, stigma, and perceived consequences of stigmatization among heterosexual men and women living with HIV in Bengaluru, India

Approximately 2.4 million people in India are living with HIV. Gender inequality affects HIV prevention, detection, and management. The purpose of this paper was to describe gender differences in the experience of living with HIV in Bengaluru, India. A subsample of n = 313 (159 men and 154 women) from a larger cohort was used for these analyses. Participants were recruited through AIDS service organizations. They completed an interviewer-administered survey assessing HIV testing experience, types of stigma, and perceived consequences of stigmatization. The majority of men (67%) reported getting HIV tested because of illness, while women were more likely to be tested after learning their spouse's HIV-positive status (42%). More men (59%) than women (45%, p<0.05) were tested in private care settings. Men reported significantly higher mean levels of internalized stigma (men: M=0.71, SD = 0.63; women: M=0.46, SD = 0.55; p<0.001), whereas the women reported significantly higher scores for enacted stigma (men: M=1.30, SD = 1.69; women: M=2.10, SD = 2.17; p<0.001). These differences remained significant after controlling for potential socio-demographic covariates. Following their diagnosis, more women reported moving out of their homes (men: 16%; women: 26%; p<0.05). More men (89%) than women (66%; p<0.001) reported to have modified their sexual behavior after being diagnosed. These findings suggest that the experience of living with HIV and HIV stigma varies by gender in this population. Suggestions for a gender-based approach to HIV prevention and stigma reduction are provided.

Equine G3P[3] rotavirus strain E3198 related to simian RRV and feline/canine-like rotaviruses based on complete genome analyses

Equine group A rotavirus (RVA) strains are the most important cause of gastroenteritis in equine neonates and foals worldwide, and G3P[12] and G14P[12] are epidemiologically the most important genotypes. The genotype constellation of an unusual Argentinean G3P[3] RVA strain (RVA/Horse-wt/E3198/2008/G3P[3]) detected in fecal samples of a diarrheic foal in 2008 was shown to be G3-P[3]-I3-R3-C3-M3-A9-N3-T3-E3-H6. Each of these genotypes has been found typically in feline and canine RVA strains, and the genotype constellation is reminiscent to those of Cat97-like RVA strains. However, the phylogenetic analyses revealed only a distant relationship between E3198 and known feline, canine and feline/canine-like human RVA strains. Surprisingly, a rather close relationship was found between E3198 and simian RVA strains RVA/Simian-tc/USA/RRV/1975/G3P[3] for at least 5 gene segments. RRV is believed to be a reassortant between a bovine-like RVA strain and a RVA strains distantly related to feline/canine RVA strains. These analyses indicate that E3198 is unlikely to be of equine origin, and most likely represents a RVA interspecies transmitted virus, possibly in combination with one or more reassortments, from a feline, canine or related host species to a horse. Further studies are in progress to evaluate if this strain was a single interspecies transmission event, or if this strain started to circulate in the equine population.

The decrease in procarboxypeptidase U (TAFI) concentration in acute ischemic stroke correlates with stroke severity, evolution and outcome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Procarboxypeptidase U (proCPU, TAFI) concentration in plasma is potentially related to thrombotic tendency, and elevated proCPU levels have been reported in ischemic stroke patients. Improved insight into the role of proCPU in acute ischemic stroke is essential for the development of more adequate therapeutics that may include carboxypeptidase inhibitors. In this study we investigated whether the plasma concentration of proCPU and the proCPU kinetic profile in acute ischemic stroke are related to initial stroke severity, stroke evolution in the subacute phase and long-term stroke outcome.

METHODS

Plasma concentration of proCPU was assessed in 136 stroke patients at admission (7.5 h after stroke onset), at 24 h, at 72 h and at day 7 after stroke onset. We evaluated the relation between change in proCPU concentrations and (a) stroke severity (patients with TIA vs. stroke patients, NIHSS score at admission), (b) stroke evolution (stroke progression, infarct volume at 72 h), and (c) stroke outcome (mRS score at month 3).

RESULTS

ProCPU concentration decreased significantly in the first 72 h after stroke onset and thereafter returned to baseline. This biphasic time course, with its nadir at 72 h, was more pronounced in patients with severe stroke, unfavourable stroke evolution in the first 72 h and poor long-term outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The decrease in proCPU concentration in the first 72 h after stroke onset correlates with more severe stroke, unfavourable stroke evolution, and poor long-term stroke outcome.

Effect of exercise training on cutaneous microcirculation in rats

AIM

Exercise training is known to improve endothelium-dependent relaxation in the coronary and skeletal muscle arteries. However, the effects of exercise training on peripheral nonworking tissue, including microcirculation, are still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of chronic and regular aerobic exercise on cutaneous microvascular endothelial function in rats.

METHODS

We assessed the effect of physical training on skin microcirculation in 7 sedentary (SED) and 21 training rats (Wistar-Kyoto), submitted to a treadmill training protocol (15 m/min; 15% incline; 60 min/day; 8 weeks). Training rats were divided into 3 groups, exercising 1 day/week (Ex1), 3 days/week (Ex3) or 5 days/week (Ex5). Cutaneous blood flow was recorded before the beginning of the training protocol, after 4 weeks and at the end of the training program. Hyperemic response (RH) was the flow reaction obtained after sudden release of the garrot. For data analysis, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was indexed as cutaneous blood flow divided by mean arterial blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury, mmHg) and normalized to baseline values.

RESULTS

At baseline, CVC was not different among groups (SED or training) at 3 steps of experimental protocol. The hyperemic stimulus significantly increased normalized CVC only in group Ex3 after 4 weeks (P<0.006) and 8 weeks (P<0.006).

CONCLUSION

Exercise training exerts a generalized effect on the vasculature by increasing endothelial function in vessel beds different from those perfusing actively working muscle. However, some differences exist since training at a frequency of 3 bouts weekly only modifies cutaneous microcirculation.

Reactive Hyperaemia in the Forearm Skin of Highly Trained Windsurfers

We undertook this study to determine whether long-term high intensity exercise would modify cutaneous endothelial-dependent vasodilation. We compared a group of 9 highly trained windsurfers (mean age: 24.5 +/- 1.6 years) to a control group of 8 sedentary individuals (22.9 +/- 0.4 years, NS). Laser Doppler was used to measure cutaneous blood flow in the resting state (baseline), during post-occlusive hyperaemia (endothelium-dependent vasodilation), and local heating to 42 degrees C. Lipid profile was similar in both groups. Resting heart rate was significantly lower in windsurfers. Baseline cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) values were similar in both groups (0.059 +/- 0.016 and 0.051 +/- 0.009). During reactive hyperaemia, normalized peak CVC value was significantly higher in the windsurfers group (1775.4 +/- 286.9 and 826.4 +/- 121.7 % baseline CVC; p = 0.01). Normalized peak CVC value in response to local heating (42 degrees C) was not significantly different between both groups (2359.4 +/- 346.1 and 1467.7 +/- 282.6 % baseline CVC). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in cutaneous microcirculation is significantly enhanced in the forearm skin of highly trained windsurfers when compared to sedentary controls.