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Adhikari P, Ajaj R, Alpízar-Venegas M, Auty DJ, Benmansour H, Bina CE, Bonivento W, Boulay MG, Cadeddu M, Cai B, Cárdenas-Montes M, Cavuoti S, Chen Y, Cleveland BT, Corning JM, Daugherty S, DelGobbo P, Di Stefano P, Doria L, Dunford M, Ellingwood E, Erlandson A, Farahani SS, Fatemighomi N, Fiorillo G, Gallacher D, García Abia P, Garg S, Giampa P, Goeldi D, Gorel P, Graham K, Grobov A, Hallin AL, Hamstra M, Hugues T, Ilyasov A, Joy A, Jigmeddorj B, Jillings CJ, Kamaev O, Kaur G, Kemp A, Kochanek I, Kuźniak M, Lai M, Langrock S, Lehnert B, Leonhardt A, Levashko N, Li X, Lissia M, Litvinov O, Lock J, Longo G, Machulin I, McDonald AB, McElroy T, McLaughlin JB, Mielnichuk C, Mirasola L, Monroe J, Oliviéro G, Pal S, Peeters SJM, Perry M, Pesudo V, Picciau E, Piro MC, Pollmann TR, Raj N, Rand ET, Rethmeier C, Retière F, Rodríguez-García I, Roszkowski L, Ruhland JB, Sanchez García E, Sánchez-Pastor T, Santorelli R, Seth S, Sinclair D, Skensved P, Smith B, Smith NJT, Sonley T, Stainforth R, Stringer M, Sur B, Vázquez-Jáuregui E, Viel S, Walding J, Waqar M, Ward M, Westerdale S, Willis J, Zuñiga-Reyes A. First Direct Detection Constraints on Planck-Scale Mass Dark Matter with Multiple-Scatter Signatures Using the DEAP-3600 Detector. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:011801. [PMID: 35061499 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.011801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dark matter with Planck-scale mass (≃10^{19} GeV/c^{2}) arises in well-motivated theories and could be produced by several cosmological mechanisms. A search for multiscatter signals from supermassive dark matter was performed with a blind analysis of data collected over a 813 d live time with DEAP-3600, a 3.3 t single-phase liquid argon-based detector at SNOLAB. No candidate signals were observed, leading to the first direct detection constraints on Planck-scale mass dark matter. Leading limits constrain dark matter masses between 8.3×10^{6} and 1.2×10^{19} GeV/c^{2}, and ^{40}Ar-scattering cross sections between 1.0×10^{-23} and 2.4×10^{-18} cm^{2}. These results are interpreted as constraints on composite dark matter models with two different nucleon-to-nuclear cross section scalings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adhikari
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - R Ajaj
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - M Alpízar-Venegas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 20-364, México D.F. 01000, México
| | - D J Auty
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - H Benmansour
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C E Bina
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | | | - M G Boulay
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - M Cadeddu
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - B Cai
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - M Cárdenas-Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - S Cavuoti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - B T Cleveland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - J M Corning
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - S Daugherty
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - P DelGobbo
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - P Di Stefano
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Doria
- PRISMA+, Cluster of Excellence and Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Dunford
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - E Ellingwood
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A Erlandson
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - S S Farahani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - N Fatemighomi
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - G Fiorillo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D Gallacher
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - P García Abia
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - S Garg
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - P Giampa
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - D Goeldi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - P Gorel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - K Graham
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - A Grobov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A L Hallin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - M Hamstra
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - T Hugues
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Ilyasov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A Joy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - B Jigmeddorj
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - C J Jillings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - O Kamaev
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - A Kemp
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - I Kochanek
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - M Kuźniak
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - M Lai
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - S Langrock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - B Lehnert
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - A Leonhardt
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - N Levashko
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - X Li
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Lissia
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - O Litvinov
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - J Lock
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - G Longo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - I Machulin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A B McDonald
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - J B McLaughlin
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - C Mielnichuk
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - L Mirasola
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - J Monroe
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - G Oliviéro
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - S Pal
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - S J M Peeters
- University of Sussex, Sussex House, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - M Perry
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - V Pesudo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - E Picciau
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M-C Piro
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - T R Pollmann
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - N Raj
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - E T Rand
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - C Rethmeier
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - F Retière
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - I Rodríguez-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - L Roszkowski
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
- BP2, National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J B Ruhland
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - E Sanchez García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - T Sánchez-Pastor
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - R Santorelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - S Seth
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - D Sinclair
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - P Skensved
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - B Smith
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - N J T Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - T Sonley
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - R Stainforth
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - M Stringer
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - B Sur
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - E Vázquez-Jáuregui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 20-364, México D.F. 01000, México
| | - S Viel
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - J Walding
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - M Waqar
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston ON K7L 3N6,Canada
| | - M Ward
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, Ontario, P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - S Westerdale
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - J Willis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - A Zuñiga-Reyes
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 20-364, México D.F. 01000, México
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Adhikari P, Ajaj R, Alpízar-Venegas M, Amaudruz PA, Auty DJ, Batygov M, Beltran B, Benmansour H, Bina CE, Bonatt J, Bonivento W, Boulay MG, Broerman B, Bueno JF, Burghardt PM, Butcher A, Cadeddu M, Cai B, Cárdenas-Montes M, Cavuoti S, Chen M, Chen Y, Cleveland BT, Corning JM, Cranshaw D, Daugherty S, DelGobbo P, Dering K, DiGioseffo J, Di Stefano P, Doria L, Duncan FA, Dunford M, Ellingwood E, Erlandson A, Farahani SS, Fatemighomi N, Fiorillo G, Florian S, Flower T, Ford RJ, Gagnon R, Gallacher D, García Abia P, Garg S, Giampa P, Goeldi D, Golovko V, Gorel P, Graham K, Grant DR, Grobov A, Hallin AL, Hamstra M, Harvey PJ, Hearns C, Hugues T, Ilyasov A, Joy A, Jigmeddorj B, Jillings CJ, Kamaev O, Kaur G, Kemp A, Kochanek I, Kuźniak M, Lai M, Langrock S, Lehnert B, Leonhardt A, Levashko N, Li X, Lidgard J, Lindner T, Lissia M, Lock J, Longo G, Machulin I, McDonald AB, McElroy T, McGinn T, McLaughlin JB, Mehdiyev R, Mielnichuk C, Monroe J, Nadeau P, Nantais C, Ng C, Noble AJ, O’Dwyer E, Oliviéro G, Ouellet C, Pal S, Pasuthip P, Peeters SJM, Perry M, Pesudo V, Picciau E, Piro MC, Pollmann TR, Rand ET, Rethmeier C, Retière F, Rodríguez-García I, Roszkowski L, Ruhland JB, Sánchez-García E, Santorelli R, Sinclair D, Skensved P, Smith B, Smith NJT, Sonley T, Soukup J, Stainforth R, Stone C, Strickland V, Stringer M, Sur B, Tang J, Vázquez-Jáuregui E, Viel S, Walding J, Waqar M, Ward M, Westerdale S, Willis J, Zuñiga-Reyes A. Pulse-shape discrimination against low-energy Ar-39 beta decays in liquid argon with 4.5 tonne-years of DEAP-3600 data. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2021; 81:823. [PMID: 34720726 PMCID: PMC8550104 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The DEAP-3600 detector searches for the scintillation signal from dark matter particles scattering on a 3.3 tonne liquid argon target. The largest background comes from 39 Ar beta decays and is suppressed using pulse-shape discrimination (PSD). We use two types of PSD estimator: the prompt-fraction, which considers the fraction of the scintillation signal in a narrow and a wide time window around the event peak, and the log-likelihood-ratio, which compares the observed photon arrival times to a signal and a background model. We furthermore use two algorithms to determine the number of photons detected at a given time: (1) simply dividing the charge of each PMT pulse by the mean single-photoelectron charge, and (2) a likelihood analysis that considers the probability to detect a certain number of photons at a given time, based on a model for the scintillation pulse shape and for afterpulsing in the light detectors. The prompt-fraction performs approximately as well as the log-likelihood-ratio PSD algorithm if the photon detection times are not biased by detector effects. We explain this result using a model for the information carried by scintillation photons as a function of the time when they are detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Adhikari
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - R. Ajaj
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - M. Alpízar-Venegas
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 20-364, 01000 Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | | | - D. J. Auty
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - M. Batygov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
| | - B. Beltran
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - H. Benmansour
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - C. E. Bina
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. Bonatt
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | | | - M. G. Boulay
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - B. Broerman
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. F. Bueno
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - P. M. Burghardt
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - A. Butcher
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | | | - B. Cai
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - M. Cárdenas-Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Cavuoti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
- INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Chen
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Y. Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - B. T. Cleveland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
| | - J. M. Corning
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - D. Cranshaw
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - S. Daugherty
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
| | - P. DelGobbo
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - K. Dering
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. DiGioseffo
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - P. Di Stefano
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - L. Doria
- PRISMA+ Cluster of Excellence and Institut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - M. Dunford
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - E. Ellingwood
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - A. Erlandson
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - S. S. Farahani
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | | | - G. Fiorillo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - S. Florian
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - T. Flower
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - R. J. Ford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
| | - R. Gagnon
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - D. Gallacher
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - P. García Abia
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - S. Garg
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - P. Giampa
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - D. Goeldi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - V. Golovko
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
| | - P. Gorel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - K. Graham
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - D. R. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - A. Grobov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409 Russia
| | - A. L. Hallin
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - M. Hamstra
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - P. J. Harvey
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - C. Hearns
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - T. Hugues
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Ilyasov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409 Russia
| | - A. Joy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - B. Jigmeddorj
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
| | - C. J. Jillings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
| | - O. Kamaev
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
| | - G. Kaur
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - A. Kemp
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - I. Kochanek
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67100 Assergi, AQ Italy
| | - M. Kuźniak
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - M. Lai
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042 Italy
| | - S. Langrock
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - B. Lehnert
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Present Address: Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Leonhardt
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - N. Levashko
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409 Russia
| | - X. Li
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - J. Lidgard
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | | | - M. Lissia
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042 Italy
| | - J. Lock
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - G. Longo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
- INFN Napoli, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - I. Machulin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, 123182 Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, 115409 Russia
| | - A. B. McDonald
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - T. McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - T. McGinn
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. B. McLaughlin
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - R. Mehdiyev
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - C. Mielnichuk
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - J. Monroe
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - P. Nadeau
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - C. Nantais
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - C. Ng
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - A. J. Noble
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - E. O’Dwyer
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - G. Oliviéro
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - C. Ouellet
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - S. Pal
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - P. Pasuthip
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - S. J. M. Peeters
- University of Sussex, Sussex House, Brighton, East Sussex BN1 9RH UK
| | - M. Perry
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - V. Pesudo
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Picciau
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042 Italy
| | - M.-C. Piro
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - T. R. Pollmann
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Present Address: Nikhef and the University of Amsterdam, Science Park, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. T. Rand
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
| | - C. Rethmeier
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | | | - I. Rodríguez-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - L. Roszkowski
- AstroCeNT, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rektorska 4, 00-614 Warsaw, Poland
- BP2, National Centre for Nuclear Research, ul. Pasteura 7, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. B. Ruhland
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - E. Sánchez-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Santorelli
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D. Sinclair
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - P. Skensved
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - B. Smith
- TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3 Canada
| | - N. J. T. Smith
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
| | - T. Sonley
- SNOLAB, Lively, ON P3Y 1M3 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. Soukup
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - R. Stainforth
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - C. Stone
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - V. Strickland
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - M. Stringer
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - B. Sur
- Canadian Nuclear Laboratories Ltd, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0 Canada
| | - J. Tang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - E. Vázquez-Jáuregui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 20-364, 01000 Mexico, D.F. Mexico
| | - S. Viel
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - J. Walding
- Royal Holloway University London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - M. Waqar
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Arthur B. McDonald Canadian Astroparticle Physics Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - M. Ward
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - S. Westerdale
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari, 09042 Italy
| | - J. Willis
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3 Canada
| | - A. Zuñiga-Reyes
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A. P. 20-364, 01000 Mexico, D.F. Mexico
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Agnes P, Albuquerque IFM, Alexander T, Alton AK, Araujo GR, Asner DM, Ave M, Back HO, Baldin B, Batignani G, Biery K, Bocci V, Bonfini G, Bonivento W, Bottino B, Budano F, Bussino S, Cadeddu M, Cadoni M, Calaprice F, Caminata A, Canci N, Candela A, Caravati M, Cariello M, Carlini M, Carpinelli M, Catalanotti S, Cataudella V, Cavalcante P, Cavuoti S, Cereseto R, Chepurnov A, Cicalò C, Cifarelli L, Cocco AG, Covone G, D'Angelo D, D'Incecco M, D'Urso D, Davini S, De Candia A, De Cecco S, De Deo M, De Filippis G, De Rosa G, De Vincenzi M, Demontis P, Derbin AV, Devoto A, Di Eusanio F, Di Pietro G, Dionisi C, Downing M, Edkins E, Empl A, Fan A, Fiorillo G, Fomenko K, Franco D, Gabriele F, Gabrieli A, Galbiati C, Garcia Abia P, Ghiano C, Giagu S, Giganti C, Giovanetti GK, Gorchakov O, Goretti AM, Granato F, Gromov M, Guan M, Guardincerri Y, Gulino M, Hackett BR, Hassanshahi MH, Herner K, Hosseini B, Hughes D, Humble P, Hungerford EV, Ianni A, Ianni A, Ippolito V, James I, Johnson TN, Kahn Y, Keeter K, Kendziora CL, Kochanek I, Koh G, Korablev D, Korga G, Kubankin A, Kuss M, La Commara M, Lai M, Li X, Lisanti M, Lissia M, Loer B, Longo G, Ma Y, Machado AA, Machulin IN, Mandarano A, Mapelli L, Mari SM, Maricic J, Martoff CJ, Messina A, Meyers PD, Milincic R, Mishra-Sharma S, Monte A, Morrocchi M, Mount BJ, Muratova VN, Musico P, Nania R, Navrer Agasson A, Nozdrina AO, Oleinik A, Orsini M, Ortica F, Pagani L, Pallavicini M, Pandola L, Pantic E, Paoloni E, Pazzona F, Pelczar K, Pelliccia N, Pesudo V, Picciau E, Pocar A, Pordes S, Poudel SS, Pugachev DA, Qian H, Ragusa F, Razeti M, Razeto A, Reinhold B, Renshaw AL, Rescigno M, Riffard Q, Romani A, Rossi B, Rossi N, Sablone D, Samoylov O, Sands W, Sanfilippo S, Sant M, Santorelli R, Savarese C, Scapparone E, Schlitzer B, Segreto E, Semenov DA, Shchagin A, Sheshukov A, Singh PN, Skorokhvatov MD, Smirnov O, Sotnikov A, Stanford C, Stracka S, Suffritti GB, Suvorov Y, Tartaglia R, Testera G, Tonazzo A, Trinchese P, Unzhakov EV, Verducci M, Vishneva A, Vogelaar B, Wada M, Waldrop TJ, Wang H, Wang Y, Watson AW, Westerdale S, Wojcik MM, Wojcik M, Xiang X, Xiao X, Yang C, Ye Z, Zhu C, Zichichi A, Zuzel G. Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark-Matter-Electron Scattering from the DarkSide-50 Experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:111303. [PMID: 30265123 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present new constraints on sub-GeV dark-matter particles scattering off electrons based on 6780.0 kg d of data collected with the DarkSide-50 dual-phase argon time projection chamber. This analysis uses electroluminescence signals due to ionized electrons extracted from the liquid argon target. The detector has a very high trigger probability for these signals, allowing for an analysis threshold of three extracted electrons, or approximately 0.05 keVee. We calculate the expected recoil spectra for dark matter-electron scattering in argon and, under the assumption of momentum-independent scattering, improve upon existing limits from XENON10 for dark-matter particles with masses between 30 and 100 MeV/c^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Agnes
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - I F M Albuquerque
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - T Alexander
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - A K Alton
- Physics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - G R Araujo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - D M Asner
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - M Ave
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - H O Back
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - B Baldin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - G Batignani
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - K Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - V Bocci
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - G Bonfini
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - B Bottino
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - F Budano
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - S Bussino
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - M Cadeddu
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - M Cadoni
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - F Calaprice
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - N Canci
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - A Candela
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - M Caravati
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | | | - M Carlini
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - M Carpinelli
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - S Catalanotti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - V Cataudella
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - P Cavalcante
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - S Cavuoti
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | | | - A Chepurnov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - C Cicalò
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - L Cifarelli
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- INFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | | | - G Covone
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - D D'Angelo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - M D'Incecco
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - D D'Urso
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - S Davini
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - A De Candia
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - S De Cecco
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - M De Deo
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - G De Filippis
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - G De Rosa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - M De Vincenzi
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - P Demontis
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - A V Derbin
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Devoto
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - F Di Eusanio
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - G Di Pietro
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - C Dionisi
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - M Downing
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - E Edkins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA
| | - A Empl
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - A Fan
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - G Fiorillo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - K Fomenko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - D Franco
- APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France
| | - F Gabriele
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - A Gabrieli
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - C Galbiati
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - P Garcia Abia
- CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Ghiano
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - S Giagu
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - C Giganti
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - G K Giovanetti
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - O Gorchakov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - A M Goretti
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - F Granato
- Physics Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - M Gromov
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - M Guan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y Guardincerri
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - M Gulino
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
- Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Università di Enna Kore, Enna 94100, Italy
| | - B R Hackett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA
| | - M H Hassanshahi
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - K Herner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | | | - D Hughes
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - P Humble
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - E V Hungerford
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Al Ianni
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - An Ianni
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - I James
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - T N Johnson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Y Kahn
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - K Keeter
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799, USA
| | - C L Kendziora
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - I Kochanek
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - G Koh
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - D Korablev
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - G Korga
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - A Kubankin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - M Kuss
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - M La Commara
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - M Lai
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - X Li
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Lisanti
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Lissia
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - B Loer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - G Longo
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Y Ma
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - A A Machado
- Physics Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083, Brazil
| | - I N Machulin
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A Mandarano
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - L Mapelli
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S M Mari
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - J Maricic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA
| | - C J Martoff
- Physics Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - A Messina
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - P D Meyers
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - R Milincic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA
| | - S Mishra-Sharma
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Monte
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - B J Mount
- School of Natural Sciences, Black Hills State University, Spearfish, South Dakota 57799, USA
| | - V N Muratova
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - P Musico
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - R Nania
- INFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - A Navrer Agasson
- LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75252, France
| | - A O Nozdrina
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - A Oleinik
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - M Orsini
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - F Ortica
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - L Pagani
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - M Pallavicini
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
- INFN Genova, Genova 16146, Italy
| | - L Pandola
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - E Pantic
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - E Paoloni
- INFN Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - F Pazzona
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - K Pelczar
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - N Pelliccia
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - V Pesudo
- CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - E Picciau
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - A Pocar
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - S Pordes
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - S S Poudel
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - D A Pugachev
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - H Qian
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - F Ragusa
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
- INFN Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - M Razeti
- INFN Cagliari, Cagliari 09042, Italy
| | - A Razeto
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | - B Reinhold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA
| | - A L Renshaw
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | | | - Q Riffard
- APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France
| | - A Romani
- Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology Department, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
- INFN Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - B Rossi
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - N Rossi
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - D Sablone
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - O Samoylov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - W Sands
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - S Sanfilippo
- INFN Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
- Mathematics and Physics Department, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - M Sant
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - R Santorelli
- CIEMAT, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - C Savarese
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | | | - B Schlitzer
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - E Segreto
- Physics Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083, Brazil
| | - D A Semenov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - A Shchagin
- Radiation Physics Laboratory, Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod 308007, Russia
| | - A Sheshukov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - P N Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - M D Skorokhvatov
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - O Smirnov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - A Sotnikov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - C Stanford
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | - G B Suffritti
- Chemistry and Pharmacy Department, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania 95123, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Science and Technology of Materials, Firenze 50121, Italy
| | - Y Suvorov
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - R Tartaglia
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (AQ) 67100, Italy
| | | | - A Tonazzo
- APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, USPC, Paris 75205, France
| | - P Trinchese
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi "Federico II" di Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
- INFN Napoli, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - E V Unzhakov
- Saint Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188350, Russia
| | - M Verducci
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
- Physics Department, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - A Vishneva
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia
| | - B Vogelaar
- Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - M Wada
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - T J Waldrop
- Physics Department, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA
| | - H Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - A W Watson
- Physics Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - S Westerdale
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M M Wojcik
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Wojcik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - X Xiang
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - X Xiao
- Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C Yang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Z Ye
- Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - C Zhu
- Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - A Zichichi
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
- INFN Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - G Zuzel
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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