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Ntui VO, Uyoh EA, Ita EE, Markson AA, Tripathi JN, Okon NI, Akpan MO, Phillip JO, Brisibe EA, Ene‐Obong EE, Tripathi L. Strategies to combat the problem of yam anthracnose disease: Status and prospects. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:1302-1314. [PMID: 34275185 PMCID: PMC8435233 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea spp.) anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum alatae, is the most devastating fungal disease of yam in West Africa, leading to 50%-90% of tuber yield losses in severe cases. In some instances, plants die without producing any tubers or each shoot may produce several small tubers before it dies if the disease strikes early. C. alatae affects all parts of the yam plant at all stages of development, including leaves, stems, tubers, and seeds of yams, and it is highly prevalent in the yam belt region and other yam-producing countries in the world. Traditional methods adopted by farmers to control the disease have not been very successful. Fungicides have also failed to provide long-lasting control. Although conventional breeding and genomics-assisted breeding have been used to develop some level of resistance to anthracnose in Dioscorea alata, the appearance of new and more virulent strains makes the development of improved varieties with broad-spectrum and durable resistance critical. These shortcomings, coupled with interspecific incompatibility, dioecy, polyploidy, poor flowering, and the long breeding cycle of the crop, have prompted researchers to explore biotechnological techniques to complement conventional breeding to speed up crop improvement. Modern biotechnological tools have the potential of producing fungus-resistant cultivars, thereby bypassing the natural bottlenecks of traditional breeding. This article reviews the existing biotechnological strategies and proposes several approaches that could be adopted to develop anthracnose-resistant yam varieties for improved food security in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Otang Ntui
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
| | - Edak Aniedi Uyoh
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | - Effiom Eyo Ita
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | | | | | - Nkese Ime Okon
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | - Mfon Okon Akpan
- Department of Genetics and BiotechnologyUniversity of CalabarCalabarNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical AgricultureNairobiKenya
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Brisibe EA, Ubi GM. Microsatellite fingerprinting and analysis of intra-population divergence in morphotaxonomic traits in a large Musa (AAB genome) germplasm. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2020; 26:1973-1988. [PMID: 33088043 PMCID: PMC7548307 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plantain (Musa spp. AAB genome) is a major staple with an incredibly enormous potential for domestic and global trade that can serve as a vital source of income for many developing countries. The fruits are extraordinarily significant, providing an important and cheap source of dietary energy, vitamins, and several essential minerals to millions of consumers within the humid and sub-humid tropics. As molecular characterization is important for sustainable exploitation of crops, the extent of genetic and agro-morphological differentiation in a large Musa population of 109 accessions was evaluated using 10 microsatellite (SSR) markers and 14 morphotaxonomic descriptors, as a basis for selection of high yielding varieties. Measurement of DNA diversity delineated the plantains into 2 major groups and 8 distinct clusters, each with several sub-clusters. There was equally a very wide diversity detected in morphotaxonomic traits including pseudostem girth, number of bunches per plant, number of hands per bunch, number of fruits per bunch, number of fruits per hand, bunch weight, length of plant cycle, and flowering to harvest interval, which varied significantly (p < 0.05) amongst the accessions. Selection based on cluster analysis using standard morphological data also delineated the cultivars into 8 distinct clusters, with one of these containing samples that were most distant to all others and exhibited a 'double bunching' phenotype at fruiting; tacitly implying the presence of significant variability that symbolizes an excellent opportunity to bring about genetic improvement through selection of improved varieties. Principal component analysis based on morphotaxonomic traits revealed 7 attributes which contributed to 79.95% of total variation that was quite similar to the 71.87% detected using microsatellite fingerprinting. Correlation analysis between selected agronomic traits demonstrated that pseudostem girth was positively associated with bunch weight, number of hands per bunch, number of fruits per bunch, number of fruits per hand, and flowering to harvest interval across all accessions. Collectively, the data in this study suggest that plantain accessions with very unique traits expressing paramount horticultural significance are available within the diverse germplasm evaluated and are currently being collected for future breeding purposes to broaden the genetic base of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Biotherapeutics Research Laboratory, ACR Technologies Limited, 124 MCC Road, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Michael Ubi
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Brisibe EA, Ekanem NG. Ploidy level and nucleotide variations in inflorescence dichotomous cultivars of plantain (Musa spp. AAB genome). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:713. [PMID: 31521108 PMCID: PMC6744660 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflorescence dichotomy in Musa species is a rare developmental event which leads to the production of multiple bunches on a single pseudostem at fruiting. In spite of its fascinating attraction and seductive appeal, little is known about the cytogenetic basis and molecular mechanisms that could be ascribed to this phenomenon. To bridge this gap in information, an integrative approach using cytological fingerprinting and DNA ploidy level profiling (based on chromosome counting and flow cytometry) were assayed on five inflorescence dichotomous plantain varieties and a single-bunching cultivar that served as control. This was done to assess the number and behaviour of chromosomes on the one hand and single nucleotide polymorphisms identified during analysis of nucleotide variations on the other. RESULTS Chromosomes stained with aceto-orcein were very tiny, compact, metacentric and acrocentric, and differed both in number and ploidy level between the inflorescence dichotomous and single-bunching cultivars. The dichotomous plantains were mainly diploid (2n = 2x = 22) while the single-bunching 'Agbagba' cultivar was consistently a triploid (2n = 3x = 33), as revealed by histological chromosome counting and flow cytometry, implying that there was a high incidence of genomic divergence on account of ploidy variations among the different Musa cultivars. Molecular genotyping using single nucleotide polymorphisms detected on the GTPase-protein binding gene of the leaf tissue gene complex provided further evidence indicating that differences in the number of bunches among the inflorescence dichotomous cultivars could be ascribed to nucleotide diversity that was elicited by changes in amino acid sequences in the genome of the crops. Non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions resulted mainly from transversion (from purine to pyramidine and vice versa), tacitly implying that these changes were crucial and promoted a cascade of reactions in the genome that were, probably, responsible for the non-persistence of the dichotomization event(s) or the reversals in the bunch phenotype detected among the inflorescence dichotomous cultivars. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of cytogenetic fingerprints and nucleotide diversity detection among single- and multiple-bunching Musa cultivars. A clear distinction between the two groups was found that is indicative of variations both in ploidy level and nucleotide sequences. The pattern of single nucleotide polymorphisms provided profound clues suggesting that there was a high incidence of genomic divergence, due to random and unstable genetic events that were triggered by frequent spontaneous somatic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Bio-therapeutics/Bio-industrial and Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Research Laboratory, ACR Technologies Limited, 124 MCC Road, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Norah Godwin Ekanem
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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Chukwurah PN, Brisibe EA, Osuagwu AN, Okoko T. Protective capacity of Artemisia annua as a potent antioxidant remedy against free radical damage. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:S92-8. [PMID: 25183155 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of four leaf-derived solvent extracts of Artemisia annua (A. annua), a medicinal plant widely touted for its vast phyto-therapeutic potential. METHODS A. annua leaves were extracted with four solvents (absolute ethanol, absolute methanol, 70% ethanol and 70% methanol), and extracts obtained studied by five complementary in vitro antioxidant test systems using ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and rutin as standard references. RESULTS The extracts remarkably inhibited lipid peroxidation (79.81%-86.70%), and erythrocyte haemolysis (40.02%-49.91%). Their IC50 values for hydroxyl, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activities ranged from 2.39-3.81 mg/mL (superior to the standards), 107.24-144.49 µg/mL and 28.53-53.20 µg/mL, respectively. 70% alcohol extracts generally showed better antioxidant activity than absolute alcohol extracts. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that A. annua leaf extracts have potent antioxidant activities that would have beneficial effect on human health, and aqueous organic solvents are superior to the absolute counterparts in yielding extracts with better antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria ; Department of Biological Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, P.M.B 71 Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | | | - Tebekeme Okoko
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemical Sciences, Niger Delta University, Yenagoa, Nigeria
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Eteng MU, Abolaji AO, Ebong PE, Brisibe EA, Dar A, Kabir N, Iqbal Choudhary M. Biochemical and Haematological Evaluation of Repeated Dose Exposure of Male Wistar Rats to an Ethanolic Extract ofArtemisia annua. Phytother Res 2012; 27:602-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mbeh U. Eteng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Calabar; P.M.B. 1115; Calabar; Cross River State; Nigeria
| | | | - Patrick E. Ebong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Calabar; P.M.B. 1115; Calabar; Cross River State; Nigeria
| | | | - Ahsana Dar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi; 75270; Pakistan
| | - Nurul Kabir
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi; 75270; Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences; University of Karachi; Karachi; 75270; Pakistan
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Abolaji AO, Eteng MU, Ebong PE, Brisibe EA, Dar A, Kabir N, Choudhary MI. A safety assessment of the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua during pregnancy in Wistar rats. Phytother Res 2012; 27:647-54. [PMID: 22736625 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is a Chinese antimalarial herb that has been used for more than 2000 years. The maternal and foetal safety of the ethanolic leaf extract of therapeutically active Artemisia annua (EAA), with previously determined artemisinin yield of 1.098% was evaluated in Wistar rats. Twenty pregnant rats, divided into four study groups of saline treated (control), and test groups administered orally with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weights of EAA, respectively, from gestation days (GD) 8 to 19. Following overnight fast, animals were sacrificed on GD 20, and maternal blood was collected to evaluate biochemical and haematological markers. Foetuses were carefully removed, weighed, and observed for any possible malformation. Biochemical and haematological studies revealed that EAA did not result in maternal hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, and hyperlipidemia. While litter size significantly decreased (p < 0.05) at 100 mg/kg EAA, maternal estrogen levels decreased in all the EAA-treated groups. Non-viable (21%) and malformed (31%) foetuses were observed at the 300 mg/kg dose of EAA, which implies that although consumption of the leaf extract may not predispose users to hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, and hyperlipidemia, it should be taken with caution during pregnancy due to possible risk of embryotoxicity at concentrations higher than the therapeutic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos O Abolaji
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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Brisibe EA, Umoren UE, Brisibe F, Magalhäes PM, Ferreira JF, Luthria D, Wu X, Prior RL. Nutritional characterisation and antioxidant capacity of different tissues of Artemisia annua L. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Omoto S, Ito M, Tsutsumi Y, Ichikawa Y, Okuyama H, Brisibe EA, Saksena NK, Fujii YR. HIV-1 nef suppression by virally encoded microRNA. Retrovirology 2004; 1:44. [PMID: 15601474 PMCID: PMC544868 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21 to approximately 25-nucleotides (nt) long and interact with mRNAs to trigger either translational repression or RNA cleavage through RNA interference (RNAi), depending on the degree of complementarity with the target mRNAs. Our recent study has shown that HIV-1 nef dsRNA from AIDS patients who are long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) inhibited the transcription of HIV-1. RESULTS Here, we show the possibility that nef-derived miRNAs are produced in HIV-1 persistently infected cells. Furthermore, nef short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that corresponded to a predicted nef miRNA (approximately 25 nt, miR-N367) can block HIV-1 Nef expression in vitro and the suppression by shRNA/miR-N367 would be related with low viremia in an LTNP (15-2-2). In the 15-2-2 model mice, the weight loss, which may be rendered by nef was also inhibited by shRNA/miR-N367 corresponding to suppression of nef expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that nef/U3 miRNAs produced in HIV-1-infected cells may suppress both Nef function and HIV-1 virulence through the RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Omoto
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Fields of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-8550, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Ichikawa
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Harumi Okuyama
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Research and Scientific Developments Division, Molecular Bio/Sciences Limited, 124 MCC Road, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Nitin K Saksena
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoichi R Fujii
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) harbour a transcriptional transactivator (Tas) and two Tas-responsive promoter regions, one in the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) and the other an internal promoter (IP) in the envelope gene. To analyse the mechanism of transactivation of the FVs, the specificity of feline FV (FFV) Tas protein, which is more distantly related to the respective proteins of non-human primate origin, were investigated. FFV Tas has been shown specifically to activate gene expression from the cognate promoters. No cross-transactivation was noted of the prototype foamy virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR. The putative transactivation response element of FFV Tas was mapped to the 5′ LTR U3 region (approximately nt −228 to −195). FFV Tas binds to this element in addition to a previously described sequence (position −66 to −51). It is therefore concluded that FFV Tas is a DNA-binding transactivator that interacts with at least two regions in the virus LTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Omoto
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Research and Scientific Developments Division, Molecular Bio/Sciences Ltd, 124 MCC Road, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Harumi Okuyama
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoichi R Fujii
- Molecular Biology and Retroviral Genetics Group, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Abstract
Presently, Phase III efficacy trials with subunit immune antigens against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are occurring in both the USA and some Southeast Asian countries. However, there is no feeling of dèja vu within the scientific community that these studies will demonstrate meaningful protection against HIV infection, perhaps because the immune responses crucial for containment of the virus might not be elicited by this approach. Under this prevailing gloomy setting for international acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) therapy, RNA interference has been identified as a likely strategy in the understanding that inhibition of HIV replication can be mediated by post-transcriptional gene silencing through the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) nucleotide intermediates. This review briefly explores the role of the nef gene during HIV-1 infection and highlights the expectation that RNA interference might serve as a new sequence-specific therapeutic arsenal in AIDS prevention, and possibly treatment, in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebiamadon Andi Brisibe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
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Brisibe EA, Gajdosova A, Olesen A, Andersen SB. Cytodifferentiation and transformation of embryogenic callus lines derived from anther culture of wheat. J Exp Bot 2000; 51:187-196. [PMID: 10938825 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.343.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three types of callus tissues established from anther culture of eleven doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for their ability in enhancing friable embryogenic (Type II) culture differentiation and genetic transformation. Differences between types of callus inocula were highly significant (P < 0.001), suggesting that the quality of the initial callus explant is of profound importance in encouraging the proliferation of Type II cultures. Other factors found to be crucial included weekly subculture of friable embryogenic callus tissues on a maintenance medium containing 30 microM dicamba and a predominance of amino-acid nitrogen supplement. Transfer and integration of the beta-glucuronidase gene was also affected by the type of inoculum when suitable embryogenic cell cultures were transformed using silicon carbide whiskers and high velocity microprojectiles. Expression of the hygromycin phosphotransferase selectable marker gene sequence was confirmed in all the stably transformed cell lines maintained on selection media containing lethal levels of hygromycin. Comparatively, there were differences in the frequency of regenerable, transgenic clonal segments between whisker-treated and microprojectile bombarded tissues mainly as a result of the fact that cultures vortexed with whiskers were more capable of post-treatment cell proliferation and embryo differentiation than those bombarded with cDNA-coated microprojectiles. Conditions for obtaining these results are outlined and discussed in relation to the suitability of the two transformation strategies for producing transgenic cell aggregates of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Brisibe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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