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Kuna L, Bozic I, Kizivat T, Bojanic K, Mrso M, Kralj E, Smolic R, Wu GY, Smolic M. Models of Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI) - Current Issues and Future Perspectives. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:830-838. [PMID: 29788883 PMCID: PMC6174638 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180523095355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI) is an important cause of acute liver failure cases in the United States, and remains a common cause of withdrawal of drugs in both preclinical and clinical phases. Methods: A structured search of bibliographic databases – Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus and Medline for peer-reviewed articles on models of DILI was performed. The reference lists of relevant studies was prepared and a citation search for the included studies was carried out. In addition, the characteristics of screened studies were described. Results: One hundred and six articles about the existing knowledge of appropriate models to study DILI in vitro and in vivo with special focus on hepatic cell models, variations of 3D co-cultures, animal models, databases and predictive modeling and translational biomarkers developed to understand the mechanisms and pathophysiology of DILI are described. Conclusion: Besides descriptions of current applications of existing modeling systems, associated advantages and limitations of each modeling system and future directions for research development are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Kuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Kizivat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Margareta Mrso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Edgar Kralj
- Inspecto, LLC, Martina Divalta 193, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - George Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty Of Dental Medicine and Health, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Crkvena 21, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Podbregar M, Kralj E, Čičak R, Pavlinjek A. A triad algorithm for analysing individual ante- and post-mortem findings to improve the quality of intensive care. Anaesth Intensive Care 2012; 39:1086-92. [PMID: 22165363 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1103900617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autopsy is an important source of data for education and quality control. The aim of this study was comparison of ante- to post-mortem findings to detect weak points of intensive care unit (ICU) care. Patients who died in our 14-bed university medical ICU care and underwent an autopsy examination over 20 months (September 2007 to May 2009) were included. Modified Goldman's criteria were used to categorise discrepancies between diagnoses and post-mortem findings. A triad algorithm was constructed to analyse individual ante- to post-mortem findings. One hundred and seventy post-mortem examinations were conducted (45.6% autopsy rate). Major diagnostic discrepancies were detected in 20 patients (11.8%); four class I (2.4%) and 16 class II (9.4%). Massive pulmonary embolism with cardiac arrest was the most common class I discrepancy (75%). Triad analysis of major class I discrepancies showed that all patients had a history of chronic disease; the majority (75%) had a short ICU length of stay. In 75% adequate tests were used to detect disorders. There were interpretation problems of bedside data in complex emergency clinical conditions, especially with less experienced ICU physicians. Inappropriate or incorrectly interpreted diagnostic procedures were performed in more than half of cases with class II discrepancies (9/16, 56%). Abdominal ultrasonography was misleading in 31% (5/16) cases with class II discrepancies. In conclusion, triad algorithm analysis revealed problematic interpretation of bedside diagnostics in emergency cases by inexperienced physicians in class I major discrepancies detected at autopsy. No correct test and wrong interpretation of abdominal ultrasonography were major causes of class II discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podbregar
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Fibronectin has been proposed as the reliable marker of wound vitality and potent tool for age estimation in cases where survival time is at least few minutes. Cases of suicidal gunshot wounds were divided into two groups according to projectile energy and damage of the vital structures. Immunohistochemical reaction on fibronectin was evaluated with semiquantitative scale, which included sum of intensity and widespread of the reaction. Mann-Whitney test has shown statistical significant difference between groups (P< or =0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balazic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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