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Feio-Dos-Santos AC, Reis CC, Sucupira IMC, Lenhart A, Santos MMM, Reis ER, do Carmo EL, Daniel S, Mesones Lapouble OM, de Oliveira AM, Povoa MM. Physical durability and insecticidal activity of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Cruzeiro do Sul, Brazil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9044. [PMID: 38641670 PMCID: PMC11031583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Vector control is one of the principal strategies used for reducing malaria transmission. Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs) are a key tool used to protect populations at risk of malaria, since they provide both physical and chemical barriers to prevent human-vector contact. This study aimed to assess the physical durability and insecticidal efficacy of LLINs distributed in Cruzeiro do Sul (CZS), Brazil, after 4 years of use. A total of 3000 LLINs (PermaNet 2.0) were distributed in high malaria risk areas of CZS in 2007. After 4 years of use, 27 'rectangular' LLINs and 28 'conical' LLINs were randomly selected for analysis. The evaluation of physical integrity was based on counting the number of holes and measuring their size and location on the nets. Insecticidal efficacy was evaluated by cone bioassays, and the amount of residual insecticide remaining on the surface of the LLINs was estimated using a colorimetric method. After 4 years of use, physical damage was highly prevalent on the rectangular LLINs, with a total of 473 holes detected across the 27 nets. The upper portion of the side panels sustained the greatest damage in rectangular LLINs. The overall mosquito mortality by cone bioassay was < 80% in 25/27 rectangular LLINs, with panel A (at the end of the rectangular bednet) presenting the highest mortality (54%). The overall mean insecticide concentration was 0.5 µg/sample, with the bednet roof containing the highest average concentration (0.61 µg/sample). On the conical LLINs, 547 holes were detected, with the bottom areas sustaining the greatest damage. The cone bioassay mortality was < 80% in 26/28 of the conical LLINs. The mean insecticide concentration was 0.3 µg/sample. After 4 years of use, the insecticidal efficacy of the LLINs was diminished to below acceptable thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecília Feio-Dos-Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Crissiane C Reis
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Izis M C Sucupira
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Márcia M M Santos
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Ediane R Reis
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Ediclei Lima do Carmo
- Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Daniel
- Hospital Juruá, Av. 25 de Agosto, 2151, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Oscar M Mesones Lapouble
- Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Office in Suriname, Henck Arronstraat #60, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Alexandre Macedo de Oliveira
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marinete M Povoa
- Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia de Malária, Seção de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVSA/MS, Ananindeua, Pará, CEP 67030-000, Brazil
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Reis ER, Ferreira LP, Nicola EMD, Borissevitch I. Comparative study of phototoxicity of protoporphyrin IX synthetic and extracted from ssp Rattus novergicus albinus rats toward murine melanoma cells. Eur Biophys J 2018; 47:601-609. [PMID: 29453611 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a precursor of heme synthesis and is known to be an active photosensitizer and precursor of photosensitizers applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic diagnostics (PDD). On irradiation with visible light, PpIX undergoes phototransformation, producing photoproducts which may also be phototoxic and increase its efficacy. The mechanism of PpIX phototransformation depends on environmental characteristics and can be different in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, we present a comparative study of the photoactivity of synthetic PpIX and PpIX extracted from the Harderian gland of ssp Rattus novergicus albinus rats, along with their photoproducts toward murine B16F-10 melanoma cells. It was observed that when irradiated with visible light the endogenous PpIX demonstrates photocytotoxicity ten times higher than the synthetic PpIX. The photoproduct of endogenous PpIX also possesses phototoxicity, though slightly lower than that of PpIX itself. The rate of cell internalization for both endogenous PpIX and its photoproduct was eightfold greater than that obtained for the synthetic porphyrin. This difference might result from a complexation of the native PpIX with some amphiphilic compounds during its synthesis within the Harderian glands, which facilitates the cell uptake of PpIX. Fluorescence microscopy images show that both endogenous and synthetic porphyrins are localized after uptake predominantly in the mitochondrial region of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Reis
- Laser Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery Experimental Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6111, Campinas, SP, Cep 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - L P Ferreira
- Physics Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - E M D Nicola
- Laser Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery Experimental Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, PO Box 6111, Campinas, SP, Cep 13083-970, Brazil
| | - I Borissevitch
- Physics Department, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Institute of Physics, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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