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de Deus JT, Mucci LF, Lucheta Reginatto S, Pereira M, Bergo ES, de Camargo-Neves VLF. Evaluation of Methods to Collect Diurnal Culicidae (Diptera) at Canopy and Ground Strata, in the Atlantic Forest Biome. Insects 2022; 13:insects13020202. [PMID: 35206775 PMCID: PMC8874964 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hand-held insect nets are the standard method for capturing vector mosquitoes of sylvatic arboviruses; however, occupational risks and biases due to individual skill and attractiveness are important limitations. The use of chemical attractants and automatic traps could be an alternative to resolve these limitations. This study compares the yields achieved using nets with those employing electrical traps with CO2 and BG-Lure®, near the ground and in the canopy strata (6.0 and 8.0 m high). The study was conducted at the Cantareira State Park, which is in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome. In the 18 collections performed, 3570 specimens of 52 taxa were obtained. The most frequent species captured near the ground were Wyeomyia confusa and Limatus durhamii, whereas Sabethes albiprivus, Sabethes purpureus, and Haemagogus leucocelaenus were the most frequent in the canopy. The nets resulted in greater species richness and abundance, followed by the trap employing CO2. The combination of CO2 traps with BG-Lure® did not improve performance. The use of BG-Lure® alone resulted in low abundance and a low number of species. Our results demonstrate that the use of traps with CO2 can be complementary to collections with nets; however, for species of epidemiological interest such as those of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes, especially in the canopy, the net remains the method of choice.
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Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Conn JE, Laporta GZ, Prist PR, Sallum MAM. Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245087. [PMID: 33444320 PMCID: PMC7808592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-relationships among mosquito vectors, Plasmodium parasites, human ecology, and biotic and abiotic factors, drive malaria risk. Specifically, rural landscapes shaped by human activities have a great potential to increase the abundance of malaria vectors, putting many vulnerable people at risk. Understanding at which point the abundance of vectors increases in the landscape can help to design policies and interventions for effective and sustainable control. Using a dataset of adult female mosquitoes collected at 79 sites in malaria endemic areas in the Brazilian Amazon, this study aimed to (1) verify the association among forest cover percentage (PLAND), forest edge density (ED), and variation in mosquito diversity; and to (2) test the hypothesis of an association between landscape structure (i.e., PLAND and ED) and Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Root) dominance. Mosquito collections were performed employing human landing catch (HLC) (peridomestic habitat) and Shannon trap combined with HLC (forest fringe habitat). Nyssorhynchus darlingi abundance was used as the response variable in a generalized linear mixed model, and the Shannon diversity index (H') of the Culicidae community, PLAND, and the distance house-water drainage were used as predictors. Three ED categories were also used as random effects. A path analysis was used to understand comparative strengths of direct and indirect relationships among Amazon vegetation classes, Culicidae community, and Ny. darlingi abundance. Our results demonstrate that Ny. darlingi is negatively affected by H´ and PLAND of peridomestic habitat, and that increasing these variables (one-unit value at β0 = 768) leads to a decrease of 226 (P < 0.001) and 533 (P = 0.003) individuals, respectively. At the forest fringe, a similar result was found for H' (β1 = -218; P < 0.001) and PLAND (β1 = -337; P = 0.04). Anthropogenic changes in the Amazon vegetation classes decreased mosquito biodiversity, leading to increased Ny. darlingi abundance. Changes in landscape structure, specifically decreases in PLAND and increases in ED, led to Ny. darlingi becoming the dominant species, increasing malaria risk. Ecological mechanisms involving changes in landscape and mosquito species composition can help to understand changes in the epidemiology of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Fundação ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Ribeiro Prist
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Massad E, Laporta GZ, Conn JE, Chaves LS, Bergo ES, Figueira EAG, Bezerra Coutinho FA, Lopez LF, Struchiner C, Sallum MAM. The risk of malaria infection for travelers visiting the Brazilian Amazonian region: A mathematical modeling approach. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 37:101792. [PMID: 32771653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mobility between malaria endemic and malaria-free areas can hinder control and elimination efforts in the Amazon basin, maintaining Plasmodium circulation and introduction to new areas. METHODS The analysis begins by estimating the incidence of malaria in areas of interest. Then, the risk of infection as a function of the duration of stay after t0 was calculated as the number of infected travelers over the number of arrived travelers. Differential equations were employed to estimate the risk of nonimmune travelers acquiring malaria in Amazonian municipalities. Risk was calculated as a result of the force of the infection in terms of local dynamics per time of arrival and duration of visit. RESULTS Maximum risk occurred at the peak or at the end of the rainy season and it was nonlinearly (exponentially) correlated with the fraction of infected mosquitoes. Relationship between the risk of malaria and duration of visit was linear and positively correlated. Relationship between the risk of malaria and the time of arrival in the municipality was dependent on local effects of seasonality. CONCLUSIONS The risk of nonimmune travelers acquiring malaria is not negligible and can maintain regional circulation of parasites, propagating introductions in areas where malaria has been eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Massad
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Jan Evelyn Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Leonardo Suveges Chaves
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Struchiner
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ilacqua RC, Chaves LSM, Bergo ES, Conn JE, Sallum MAM, Laporta GZ. A method for estimating the deforestation timeline in rural settlements in a scenario of malaria transmission in frontier expansion in the Amazon Region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170522. [PMID: 30043836 PMCID: PMC6055538 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Malaria Frontier Hypothesis (MFH) is the current model for predicting malaria emergence in the Brazilian Amazon. It has two important dimensions, 'settlement time' and 'malaria incidence', and its prediction are: malaria incidence peaks five years after the initiation of human settlement and declines towards zero after an estimated 10 years. Although MFH is currently accepted, it has been challenged recently. Herein, we described a novel method for estimating settlement timeline by using remote sensing technology integrated in an open-software geographic information system. Surprisingly, we found that of the majority of the rural settlements with high malaria incidence are more than 10 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cardoso Ilacqua
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Setor de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Jan E Conn
- The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA.,University at Albany, State University of New York, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Maria Anice Mubeb Sallum
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Setor de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Santo André, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Santo André, SP, Brasil
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Torres-Gutierrez C, de Oliveira TMP, Emerson KJ, Sterlino Bergo E, Mureb Sallum MA. Molecular phylogeny of Culex subgenus Melanoconion (Diptera: Culicidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial protein-coding genes. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:171900. [PMID: 29892381 PMCID: PMC5990733 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The subgenus Melanoconion of the mosquito genus Culex is taxonomically diverse and is widely distributed in the Neotropical Region, with 10 species occurring in the Nearctic Region. Species of this subgenus pose a taxonomical challenge because morphological identification is based largely on anatomical characters of the male genitalia. We addressed the monophyly of the Spissipes and Melanoconion Sections of the subgenus Melanoconion and some of the informal groups in each section. Our sample taxa included 97 specimens representing 43 species, from which we analysed fragments of two single-copy nuclear genes (CAD, HB) and one mitochondrial gene (COI). Phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus are presented based on results of maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses using a multi-locus matrix of DNA sequences. We show a molecular phylogeny of Melanoconion in which both sections were recovered as monophyletic groups. The monophyly of the Atratus and Pilosus groups was confirmed. Within each section, other monophyletic groups were recovered highlighting the potential need for future nomenclature rearrangement. The phylogenetic signal contained in nuclear genes, when analysed together, was more informative than each gene analysed separately, corroborating monophyly of Melanoconion relative to Culex (Culex) species included in the analyses, the Melanoconion and Spissipes Sections and some species groups. Our results provide new information for the classification of the subgenus and additional data that can be used to improve species identification when a more representative taxon sampling is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Torres-Gutierrez
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
- Research Associate, Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia. Calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Tatiane M. P. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin J. Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, Brazil
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Torres-Gutierrez C, Bergo ES, Emerson KJ, de Oliveira TM, Greni S, Sallum MAM. Mitochondrial COI gene as a tool in the taxonomy of mosquitoes Culex subgenus Melanoconion. Acta Trop 2016; 164:137-149. [PMID: 27609637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The subgenus Melanoconion is the second largest subgenus within the genus Culex, with 160 described species. Several of the species are proven vectors of arboviruses, including West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. Species of Melanoconion are well distributed from southern North America to most countries of South America and display the highest species diversity in tropical regions. Taxonomical identification within this group has been primarily based on morphological characters, with the male genitalia as the source of the most solid diagnostic features. The difficulty in reaching accurate species determinations when studying specimens of Culex (Melanoconion) has been extensively documented as a real limitation to expand knowledge of these insects. We tested the utility of the mitochondrial gene COI as a complementary tool in the taxonomy of Melanoconion. Using a data set of 120 COI sequences from Culex specimen captured in several localities in Brazil, the utility of COI barcodes for species delimitation is discussed through the evaluation of genetic divergences among specimens and the clustering patterns of species in three topologies obtained with Neighbor Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. For all specimens included in this study a previous morphological examination was performed, and most of the taxonomical determinations were corroborated using the COI barcode. We generated COI sequences that belong to 48 species of Melanoconion, with a mean intraspecific K2P genetic divergence of 3%; and all interspecific divergence values higher than the intraspecific divergence values. This is the first comprehensive study of subgenus Melanoconion, with evidence of COI as a useful and accessible DNA barcode.
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Oliveira TMP, Foster PG, Bergo ES, Nagaki SS, Sanabani SS, Marinotti O, Marinotti PN, Sallum MAM. Mitochondrial Genomes of Anopheles (Kerteszia) (Diptera: Culicidae) From the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. J Med Entomol 2016; 53:790-797. [PMID: 27146682 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial genome sequences are widely used as molecular markers for phylogenetic studies of mosquito species complexes, such as the Anopheles albitarsis complex. Except for a few studies that employed a limited number of nuclear or mitochondrial loci to address the genetic structure and species status of Anopheles cruzii, Anopheles bellator, and Anopheles homunculus, little is known about genetic markers that can be employed in studies focusing on Kerteszia species. The complete mitochondrial genomes of seven specimens of An. bellator, An. cruzii, An. homunculus, and Anopheles laneanus were sequenced using long-range polymerase chain reaction and Illumina sequencing. The mitochondrial genomes varied from 15,446 to 15,738 bp in length and contained 37 genes (13 protein-encoding genes, 2 rRNA genes [12S rRNA and 16S rRNA] and 22 tRNA genes), and the AT-rich control region, as all do other Anopheles mitochondrial genomes sequenced to date. Specimens from four populations of An. cruzii showed differences in codon composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M P Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Ave. Doutor Arnaldo 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil (; ; ),
| | - P G Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd., London, UK
| | - E S Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, R. Rui Barbosa, 1672, 14810-095 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - S S Nagaki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Ave. Doutor Arnaldo 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil (; ; )
| | - S S Sanabani
- Departamento de Patologia, LIM 03, Hospital das Clinicas (HC), Escola de Medicina, Universidade of São Paulo, Ave. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 05403-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O Marinotti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 2315 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 (; pedr), and
| | - P N Marinotti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, 2315 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 (; pedr), and
| | - M A M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Ave. Doutor Arnaldo 715, 01246-904 São Paulo, SP, Brazil (; ; ),
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Laporta GZ, Linton YM, Wilkerson RC, Bergo ES, Nagaki SS, Sant'Ana DC, Sallum MAM. Malaria vectors in South America: current and future scenarios. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:426. [PMID: 26283539 PMCID: PMC4539674 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a significant public health issue in South America. Future climate change may influence the distribution of the disease, which is dependent on the distribution of those Anopheles mosquitoes competent to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Herein, predictive niche models of the habitat suitability for P. falciparum, the current primary vector Anopheles darlingi and nine other known and/or potential vector species of the Neotropical Albitarsis Complex, were used to document the current situation and project future scenarios under climate changes in South America in 2070. METHODS To build each ecological niche model, we employed topography, climate and biome, and the currently defined distribution of P. falciparum, An. darlingi and nine species comprising the Albitarsis Complex in South America. Current and future (i.e., 2070) distributions were forecast by projecting the fitted ecological niche model onto the current environmental situation and two scenarios of simulated climate change. Statistical analyses were performed between the parasite and each vector in both the present and future scenarios to address potential vector roles in the dynamics of malaria transmission. RESULTS Current distributions of malaria vector species were associated with that of P. falciparum, confirming their role in transmission, especially An. darlingi, An. marajoara and An. deaneorum. Projected climate changes included higher temperatures, lower water availability and biome modifications. Regardless of future scenarios considered, the geographic distribution of P. falciparum was exacerbated in 2070 South America, with the distribution of the pathogen covering 35-46% of the continent. As the current primary vector An. darlingi showed low tolerance for drier environments, the projected climate change would significantly reduce suitable habitat, impacting both its distribution and abundance. Conversely, climate generalist members of the Albitarsis Complex showed significant spatial and temporal expansion potential in 2070, and we conclude these species will become more important in the dynamics of malaria transmission in South America. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that climate and landscape effects will elevate the importance of members of the Albitarsis Complex in malaria transmission in South America in 2070, highlighting the need for further studies addressing the bionomics, ecology and behaviours of the species comprising the Albitarsis Complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zorello Laporta
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Informática Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Setor de Pós-graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. .,Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA. .,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. .,Department of Preventative Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA. .,Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA. .,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Eduardo Sterlino Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Sayuri Nagaki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Cristina Sant'Ana
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Bourke BP, Oliveira TP, Suesdek L, Bergo ES, Sallum MAM. A multi-locus approach to barcoding in the Anopheles strodei subgroup (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:111. [PMID: 23597081 PMCID: PMC3641011 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to successfully identify and incriminate pathogen vectors is fundamental to effective pathogen control and management. This task is confounded by the existence of cryptic species complexes. Molecular markers can offer a highly effective means of species identification in such complexes and are routinely employed in the study of medical entomology. Here we evaluate a multi-locus system for the identification of potential malaria vectors in the Anopheles strodei subgroup. Methods Larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes (n = 61) from the An. strodei subgroup were collected from 21 localities in nine Brazilian states and sequenced for the COI, ITS2 and white gene. A Bayesian phylogenetic approach was used to describe the relationships in the Strodei Subgroup and the utility of COI and ITS2 barcodes was assessed using the neighbor joining tree and “best close match” approaches. Results Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI, ITS2 and white gene found support for seven clades in the An. strodei subgroup. The COI and ITS2 barcodes were individually unsuccessful at resolving and identifying some species in the Subgroup. The COI barcode failed to resolve An. albertoi and An. strodei but successfully identified approximately 92% of all species queries, while the ITS2 barcode failed to resolve An. arthuri and successfully identified approximately 60% of all species queries. A multi-locus COI-ITS2 barcode, however, resolved all species in a neighbor joining tree and successfully identified all species queries using the “best close match” approach. Conclusions Our study corroborates the existence of An. albertoi, An. CP Form and An. strodei in the An. strodei subgroup and identifies four species under An. arthuri informally named A-D herein. The use of a multi-locus barcode is proposed for species identification, which has potentially important utility for vector incrimination. Individuals previously found naturally infected with Plasmodium vivax in the southern Amazon basin and reported as An. strodei are likely to have been from An. arthuri C identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Patrick Bourke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
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Bourke BP, Nagaki SS, Bergo ES, Cardoso JDC, Sallum MAM. Molecular phylogeny of the Myzorhynchella Section of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae): genetic support for recently described and resurrected species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:705-715. [PMID: 22012225 DOI: 10.1590/80074-02762011000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships among species of the Myzorhynchella Section of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) were investigated using the nuclear ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), the nuclear whitegene and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) regions. The recently described Anopheles pristinus and resurrected Anopheles guarani were also included in the study. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses found Anopheles parvus to be the most distantly related species within the Section, a finding that is consistent with morphology. An. pristinus and An. guarani were clearly resolved from Anopheles antunesi and Anopheles lutzii, respectively. An. lutzii collected in the same mountain range as the type locality were found within a strongly supported clade, whereas individuals from the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul, tentatively identified as An. lutzii based on adult female external morphology, were distinct from An. lutzii, An. antunesi and from each other, and may therefore represent two new sympatric species. A more detailed examination of An. lutzii sensu latoalong its known geographic range is recommended to resolve these anomalous relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Patrick Bourke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Bourke BP, Nagaki SS, Bergo ES, Cardoso JDC, Sallum MAM. Molecular phylogeny of the Myzorhynchella Section of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae): genetic support for recently described and resurrected species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:705-15. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jáder da Cruz Cardoso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Motoki MT, Bourke BP, Bergo ES, Da Silva AM, Sallum MAM. Systematic notes of Anopheles konderi and its first record in Paraná State, Brazil. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2011; 27:191-200. [PMID: 22017082 DOI: 10.2987/10-6094.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed nuclear (second internal transcribed spacer and white gene) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) data from Anopheles konderi collected in the Amazonian states of Acre, Amapá, and Rondônia and the southern Brazilian state of Paraná. This was the first record of An. konderi in the state of Paraná. We found a high degree of genetic divergence within the Amazonian region and support for An. konderi as a species complex, possibly consisting of 3 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Tiemi Motoki
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo 715, CEP 01246-904, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Moreno ES, Rocco IM, Bergo ES, Brasil RA, Siciliano MM, Suzuki A, Silveira VR, Bisordi I, Souza RPD. Reemergence of yellow fever: detection of transmission in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 2008. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 44:290-6. [PMID: 21739073 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011005000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following yellow fever virus (YFV) isolation in monkeys from the São José do Rio Preto region and two fatal human autochthonous cases from the Ribeirão Preto region, State of São Paulo, Brazil, two expeditions for entomological research and eco-epidemiological evaluation were conducted. METHODS A total of 577 samples from humans, 108 from monkeys and 3,049 mosquitoes were analyzed by one or more methods: virus isolation, ELISA-IgM, RT-PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemical. RESULTS Of the 577 human samples, 531 were tested by ELISA-IgM, with 3 positives, and 235 were inoculated into mice and 199 in cell culture, resulting in one virus isolation. One sample was positive by histopathology and immunohistochemical. Using RT-PCR, 25 samples were processed with 4 positive reactions. A total of 108 specimens of monkeys were examined, 108 were inoculated into mice and 45 in cell culture. Four virus strains were isolated from Alouatta caraya. A total of 931 mosquitoes were captured in Sao Jose do Rio Preto and 2,118 in Ribeirão Preto and separated into batches. A single isolation of YFV was derived from a batch of 9 mosquitoes Psorophora ferox, collected in Urupês, Ribeirão Preto region. A serological survey was conducted with 128 samples from the municipalities of São Carlos, Rincão and Ribeirão Preto and 10 samples from contacts of patients from Ribeirão Preto. All samples were negative by ELISA-IgM for YFV. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the circulation of yellow fever, even though sporadic, in the Sao Paulo State and reinforce the importance of vaccination against yellow fever in areas considered at risk.
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Souza RPD, Petrella S, Coimbra TLM, Maeda AY, Rocco IM, Bisordi I, Silveira VR, Pereira LE, Suzuki A, Silva SJDS, Silva FG, Salvador FS, Tubaki RM, Menezes RT, Pereira M, Bergo ES, Hoffmann RC, Spinola RMF, Tengan CH, Siciliano MM. Isolation of yellow fever virus (YFV) from naturally infectied Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (diptera, cukicudae) in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2009. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011; 53:133-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652011000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After detecting the death of Howlers monkeys (genus Alouatta) and isolation of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Buri county, São Paulo, Brazil, an entomological research study in the field was started. A YFV strain was isolated from newborn Swiss mice and cultured cells of Aedes albopictus - C6/36, from a pool of six Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Hg. leucocelaenus) mosquitoes (Dyar & Shannon) collected at the study site. Virus RNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The MCC Tree generated showed that the isolated strain is related to the South American I genotype, in a monophyletic clade containing isolates from recent 2008-2010 epidemics and epizootics in Brazil. Statistical analysis commonly used were calculated to characterize the sample in relation to diversity and dominance and indicated a pattern of dominance of one or a few species. Hg. leucocelaenus was found infected in Rio Grande do Sul State as well. In São Paulo State, this is the first detection of YFV in Hg. leucocelaenus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akemi Suzuki
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brasil
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Tubaki RM, Menezes RMTD, Cardoso RP, Bergo ES. Studies on entomological monitoring: mosquito species frequency in riverine habitats of the Igarapava Dam, Southern Region, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:223-9. [PMID: 15361975 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of mosquito species was evaluated in different habitats before and after the Igarapava reservoir flooding in the Grande River, Southern Cerrado of Brazil. We aimed at verifying changes in these mosquito populations in consequence of the lake formation. Four habitats were selected as sampling stations: peridomiciliary habitat, pasture, "veredas" and gallery forest patch. Bimonthly collections were made with the Shannon trap and human bait, including diurnal, crepuscular and nocturnal period of mosquito activity. The Shannon Index results from the potential vectors were compared using Student t-test. Aedes scapularis, Anopheles darlingi and An. albitarsis senso latu seasonal abundance were described with moving average and compared using chi2 test. There were changes in the mosquito frequency in the habitats, except for the "veredas" that was 13 km away from the catchment area. The altering in mosquito species seasonal abundance suggests breeding places expansion. Diversity indexes can be used to monitor changes in mosquito vector population in environments where abrupt disturbance can alter disease transmission cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Tubaki
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias (SUCEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sallum MAM, Bergo ES, Flores DC, Forattini OP. Systematic studies on Anopheles galvaoi Causey, Deane & Deane from the subgenus Nysssorhynchus blanchard (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:1177-89. [PMID: 12563487 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000800020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles galvaoi, a member of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus, is redescribed based on morphological characters of the adults male and female, fourth-instar larva and pupa. Female, male genitalia, larval and pupal stages are illustrated. Data about medical importance, bionomics, and distribution are given based on literature records. Adult female of An. galvaoi can be easily misidentified as An. benarrochi Gabald n and An. aquasalis Curry. A few characters are indicated for identifying female and immatures of An. galvaoi. Phylogenetic relationships among An. galvaoi and six other species of the Oswaldoi Subgroup are estimated using COII mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA gene sequences. Lectotype of An. galvaoi, an adult female from Rio Branco, State of Acre, is invalidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Taxonómica e Sistemática em Entomologia Médica, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, 01246-904 São Paulo, Brasil.
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Sallum MAM, Bergo ES, Forattini OP, Flores DC. The eggs of Anopheles galvaoi and Anopheles evansae, two species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2002; 18:10-15. [PMID: 11998924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the eggs of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) galvaoi Causey, Deane, and Deane and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) evansae (Brethes) are described and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. The eggs of these species are similar to those of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassu), and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) konderi Galvão and Damasceno in having floats long, widely joined posteriorly on the dorsal surface, the frill encircling the anterior end of the egg, and the crown absent. A few distinctive characters to distinguish An. evansae from An. galvaoi are given.
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Forattini OP, Sallum MA, Bergo ES, Flôres DC. Ultrastructure of eggs of Anopheles rondoni, Anopheles lutzii, and Anopheles parvus, three species of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1998; 14:256-265. [PMID: 9813822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructures of the eggs of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rondoni (Neiva & Pinto), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) lutzii Cruz, and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) parvus (Chagas) are described and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. The egg of Anopheles rondoni is similar in several respects to those of other species of the Argyritarsis Section. The egg of An. lutzii is similar to that of Anopheles antunesi Galvão and Amaral in having floats widely joined anteriorly on the ventral side, and the anterior end barely visible beyond the floats. The egg of An. parvus is remarkable in possessing an anterior fingerlike structure that bears several lobed tubercles at the apex. The fingerlike structure and the micropyle are within the prominent anterior crown formed by the frill. The egg of An. parvus has floats with the anterior pole uppermost, which is an unusual position for Anopheles.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Forattini
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa Taxonômica e Sistemática em Entomologia Médica/(NUPTEM), Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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Sallum MAM, Bergo ES, Forattini OP. First Record of Anopheles benarrochi Gabaldon, Cova Garcia & Lopez from the State of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761997000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bergo ES, Buralli GM, Santos JL, Gurgel SM. [Evaluation of larval development of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera-Culicidae) raised in the laboratory on different diets]. Rev Saude Publica 1990; 24:95-100. [PMID: 2094002 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89101990000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three diets for A. darlingi larvae were tested in order to arrive at the following parameters indicative of development in this phase: length of time, both for overall as for each stage of evolution and daily and total stage-survival. A methodology which combined two vital statistical methods of analysis, adjusted to the study of populations under laboratory conditions, was used for determining these parameters. The length of time for overall and for each stage of, evolution were graphically assessed on the basis of trend curves of colony median stages, in sequential surveys. Values for the total and the daily stage-survival were stimulated from survival tables. Results permitted the selection of the most adequate diet for the larval development as that composed of one part of fish flour to two parts of bread flour and two parts of a heat germ, giving an average length of 12.9 days between the first larval stage and the emergent adult. Total survival rate was of 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Bergo
- Vetores da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias-SUCEN-Rua Paula Souza, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Descreve-se a instalação e manutenção inicial de uma colônia de An. darlingi, no município de Araraquara, SP, como parte do programa de pesquisas em malária da Superintendência de Controle de Endemias - SUCEN. Participando-se de experiência semelhante descrita por CORRÊA na década de 70, apresenta as modificações sugeridas por outros autores e pela experiência de seis meses de funcionamento. A perspectiva c dc desenvolvimento de uma colônia com simplificações de técnicas e equipamentos. São dadas informações sobre alimentação de larvas e alados, duração dos estádios larvais, mortalidade e acasalamento.
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