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Malvezzi H, Maurya VK, Brantley E, Kumar L. Editorial: Global excellence in natural products for endocrine disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1325355. [PMID: 38089612 PMCID: PMC10715399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1325355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vineet K. Maurya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- GenusPlc, ABS Global, Windsor, WI, United States
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Wooten J, Mavingire N, Damar K, Loaiza-Perez A, Brantley E. Triumphs and challenges in exploiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition to combat triple-negative breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1625-1640. [PMID: 37042191 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) regulates a myriad of DNA repair mechanisms to preserve genomic integrity following DNA damage. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) confer synthetic lethality in malignancies with a deficiency in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) fail to respond to most targeted therapies because their tumors lack expression of the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Certain patients with TNBC harbor mutations in HR mediators such as breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2), enabling them to respond to PARPi. PARPi exploits the synthetic lethality of BRCA-mutant cells. However, de novo and acquired PARPi resistance frequently ensue. In this review, we discuss the roles of PARP in mediating DNA repair processes in breast epithelial cells, mechanisms of PARPi resistance in TNBC, and recent advances in the development of agents designed to overcome PARPi resistance in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Katherine Damar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Andrea Loaiza-Perez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo (IOAHR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Wooten J, Mavingire N, Araújo CA, Aja J, Wauchope S, Delgoda R, Brantley E. Dibenzyl trisulfide induces caspase-independent death and lysosomal membrane permeabilization of triple-negative breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2022; 160:105203. [PMID: 35489582 PMCID: PMC9979099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Petiveria alliacea L. (P. alliacea) plant is traditionally used in folklore medicine throughout tropical regions of the world to treat arthritis, asthma, and cancer. Dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS) is one of the active ingredients within the P. alliacea plant. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis, particularly among women of West African ancestry, due in part to limited effective therapy. Though potent anticancer actions of DTS have been reported in a TNBC cell line, the mechanism of DTS-mediated cytotoxicity and cell death remains ill-defined. In the current study, we show that DTS exhibits cytotoxicity in a panel of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells derived from patients of European and West African ancestry. We found that DTS inhibits proliferation and migration of CRL-2335 cells derived from a patient of West African ancestry. DTS induces the expression of pro-apoptotic genes BAK1, GADD45a, and LTA in CRL2335 cells though it primarily promotes caspase-independent CRL-2335 cell death. DTS also promotes destabilization of the lysosomal membrane resulting in cathepsin B release in CRL-2335 cells. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival curves reveal that higher expression of BAK1 and LTA in tumors from patients with TNBC is associated with longer relapse-free survival. Collectively, our data suggest that DTS confers promising antitumor efficacy in TNBC, in part, via lysosomal-mediated, caspase-independent cell death to warrant furthering its development as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America.
| | - Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America.
| | - Cristina A. Araújo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US,Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Joyce Aja
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Shaniece Wauchope
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States of America.
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Mavingire N, Campbell P, Liu T, Wooten J, Khan S, Chen X, Matthews J, Wang C, Brantley E. Aminoflavone upregulates putative tumor suppressor miR-125b-2-3p to inhibit luminal A breast cancer stem cell-like properties. Precision Clinical Medicine 2022; 5:pbac008. [PMID: 35694715 PMCID: PMC9172653 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is incurable and often due to breast cancer stem cell (CSC)-mediated self-renewal. We previously determined that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist aminoflavone (AF) inhibits the expression of the CSC biomarker α6-integrin (ITGA6) to disrupt the formation of luminal (hormone receptor-positive) mammospheres (3D breast cancer spheroids). In this study, we performed miRNA-sequencing analysis of luminal A MCF-7 mammospheres treated with AF to gain further insight into the mechanism of AF-mediated anti-cancer and anti-breast CSC activity. AF significantly induced the expression of >70 microRNAs (miRNAs) including miR125b-2–3p, a predicted stemness gene regulator. AF-mediated miR125b-2–3p induction was validated in MCF-7 mammospheres and cells. miR125b-2–3p levels were low in breast cancer tissues irrespective of subtype compared to normal breast tissues. While miR125b-2–3p levels were low in MCF-7 cells, they were much lower in AHR100 cells (MCF-7 cells made unresponsive to AhR agonists). The miR125b-2–3p mimic decreased, while the antagomiR125b-2–3p increased the expression of stemness genes ITGA6 and SOX2 in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 mammospheres, the miR125b-2–3p mimic decreased only ITGA6 expression although the antagomiR125b-2–3p increased ITGA6, SOX2 and MYC expression. AntagomiR125b-2–3p reversed AF-mediated suppression of ITGA6. The miR125b-2–3p mimic decreased proliferation, migration, and mammosphere formation while the antagomiR125b-2–3p increased proliferation and mammosphere formation in MCF-7 cells. The miR125b-2–3p mimic also inhibited proliferation, mammosphere formation, and migration in AHR100 cells. AF induced AhR- and miR125b2-3p-dependent anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and mammosphere disruption in MCF-7 cells. Our findings suggest that miR125b-2–3p is a tumor suppressor and AF upregulates miR125b-2–3p to disrupt mammospheres via mechanisms that rely at least partially on AhR in luminal A breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Salma Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Jason Matthews
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
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Wooten J, Wooten S, Araújo C, Aja J, Mavingire N, Delgoda R, Brantley E. Abstract PO-110: Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide induces caspase-independent death in triple negative breast cancer cells derived from patients of West African descent. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp21-po-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) possess tumors that lack estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth receptor expression. While these patients traditionally receive chemotherapy to combat this aggressive breast cancer subtype, others use natural remedies. Dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS) is derived from Petiveria alliacea, a perennial shrub that grows in tropical regions of the world. Many TNBC patients residing in the tropics are of West African descent. Therefore, we evaluated the anticancer actions of DTS in TNBC cells, including those derived from patients of West African descent. We found that DTS inhibited TNBC cell viability, migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, DTS blocked the propensity of pro-carcinogen benzo-A-pyrene to induce proliferation of immortalized breast epithelial cells. Moreover, we found that DTS induced early apoptosis in TNBC cells, which was only partially attenuated following pretreatment with pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Though DTS induced pro-apoptotic gene and protein expression along with PARP cleavage, it failed to produce appreciable caspase 3 cleavage and promote significant apoptotic body formation. This suggests that this plant isolate induces caspase-independent and non-apoptotic death of TNBC cells. Furthermore, DTS promoted lysosomal membrane destabilization and cathepsin B release in TNBC cells. Taken together, DTS exhibits promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive ability by inducing non-apoptotic TNBC cell death and thwarting TNBC progression, supporting its evaluation in clinical trials as an agent to combat TNBC among patients of West African descent.
Citation Format: Jonathan Wooten, Shaniece Wooten, Cristina Araújo, Joyce Aja, Nicole Mavingire, Rupika Delgoda, Eileen Brantley. Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide induces caspase-independent death in triple negative breast cancer cells derived from patients of West African descent [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-110.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joyce Aja
- 4University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
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Wauchope S, Roy MA, Irvine W, Morrison I, Brantley E, Gossell-Williams M, Timme-Laragy AR, Delgoda R. Dibenzyl trisulfide binds to and competitively inhibits the cytochrome P450 1A1 active site without impacting the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115502. [PMID: 33774063 PMCID: PMC8372549 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicological manifestation of many pollutants relies upon their binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and it follows a cascade of reactions culminating in an elevated expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1 enzymes. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are associated with enhanced carcinogenesis when chronically exposed to certain polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and their inhibition may lead to chemoprevention. We evaluated dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS), expressed in the ethnomedical plant, Petiveria alliacea, for such potential chemoprevention. Using recombinant human CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 bactosomes on a fluorogenic assay, we first demonstrated that DTS moderately inhibited both enzymes with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 1.3 ± 0.3 and 1.7 ± 0.3 μM, respectively. Against CYP1A1, DTS was a reversible, competitive inhibitor with an apparent inhibitory constant (Ki) of 4.55 ± 0.37 μM. In silico molecular modeling showed that DTS binds with an affinity of -39.8 kJ·mol-1, situated inside the binding pocket, approximately 4.3 Å away from the heme group, exhibiting interactions with phenylalanine residue 123 (Phe-123), Phe-224, and Phe-258. Lastly, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to 0.08-0.8 μM DTS from 24 to 96 h post fertilization (hpf) with the in vivo ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, and, at 96 hpf, DTS significantly suppressed EROD CYP1A activity in a dose-dependent manner, with up to 60% suppression in the highest 0.8 μM exposure group. DTS had no impact on gene transcription levels for cyp1a and aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (ahr2). In co-exposure experiments, DTS suppressed CYP1A activity induced by both B[a]P and PCB-126, although these reductions were not significant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DTS is a direct, reversible, competitive inhibitor of the carcinogen-activating CYP1A enzyme, binding in the active site pocket close to the heme site, and shows potential in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaniece Wauchope
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - William Irvine
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Isaac Morrison
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Maxine Gossell-Williams
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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Mavingire N, Campbell P, Wooten J, Aja J, Davis MB, Loaiza-Perez A, Brantley E. Cancer stem cells: Culprits in endocrine resistance and racial disparities in breast cancer outcomes. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:64-74. [PMID: 33309858 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) promote endocrine therapy (ET) resistance, also known as endocrine resistance in hormone receptor (HR) positive breast cancer. Endocrine resistance occurs via mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. In vitro, in vivo and clinical data suggest that signaling cascades such as Notch, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), and integrin/Akt promote BCSC-mediated endocrine resistance. Once HR positive breast cancer patients relapse on ET, targeted therapy agents such as cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors are frequently implemented, though secondary resistance remains a threat. Here, we discuss Notch, HIF, and integrin/Akt pathway regulation of BCSC activity and potential strategies to target these pathways to counteract endocrine resistance. We also discuss a plausible link between elevated BCSC-regulatory gene levels and reduced survival observed among African American women with basal-like breast cancer which lacks HR expression. Should future studies reveal a similar link for patients with luminal breast cancer, then the use of agents that impede BCSC activity could prove highly effective in improving clinical outcomes among African American breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Joyce Aja
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Melissa B Davis
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian Hospital Network, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrea Loaiza-Perez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Oncología Ángel H. Roffo (IOAHR), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Área Investigación, Av. San Martin, 5481, C1417 DTB Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Wooten J, Araújo C, Wauchope S, Aja J, Mavingire N, Delgoda R, Brantley E. Abstract 6553: Plant power: Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide induces death of triple-negative breast cancer cells derived from an African American patient. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-6553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by tumors that lack estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth receptor expression, represents one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC carries a poor prognosis due, in part, to a lack of clinically available targeted therapy. Novel therapeutic strategies to combat TNBC primarily involve the use of synthetic small molecules. However, the World Health Organization reports that there is increased use of natural remedies and traditional medicine to treat diseases. Our lab has investigated the chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects of a variety of plant isolates. Dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS) is derived from Petiveria alliacea, a perennial shrub that grows in tropical regions of the world. Previous investigations surrounding DTS are limited to anticancer actions in European American breast cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer actions of DTS in CRL-2335 cells which are derived from an African American patient with TNBC. We found that DTS inhibited TNBC cell migration and proliferation using wound healing and colony forming assays. Furthermore, we found DTS induced apoptotic body formation and nuclear fragmentation using relief contrast and fluorescence microscopy respectively. Moreover, using the Annexin V/PI assay we found that DTS induced early apoptosis, which was partially attenuated in cells pretreated with pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. Finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that DTS induced the expression of pro-apoptotic genes BAK1, LTA and GADD45A. Our data suggest that DTS effectively induces caspase-independent death of TNBC cells derived from an African American patient and represents a promising agent to treat more refractory forms of breast cancer.
Citation Format: Jonathan Wooten, Cristina Araújo, Shaniece Wauchope, Joyce Aja, Nicole Mavingire, Rupika Delgoda, Eileen Brantley. Plant power: Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide induces death of triple-negative breast cancer cells derived from an African American patient [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6553.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joyce Aja
- 4University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Wooten JV, Wauchope S, Mavingire N, Campbell P, Watson J, Gossell-Williams M, Delgoda R, Brantley E. Abstract C126: Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide potently inhibits cytochrome P450 1 enzyme activity and the growth of breast cancer cells derived from African American patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7755.disp18-c126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by tumors that lack expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), carries a poor prognosis. African American women develop TNBC at disproportionately higher rates than women of other ethnic groups. Dibenzyl trisulfide (DTS), found expressed in the Jamaican plant Petiveria alliacea, has been shown to inhibit the growth of several cancer types. However, little is known about whether this plant isolate displays anticancer activity in TNBC cells from African American patients or modulates cytochrome P450 1 (CYP1) enzyme activity. This work, as part of an ongoing ethnopharmacology-based bioactivity screening, was designed to fill this deficit. African American TNBC (AA-TNBC) cells HCC1806 and MDA-MB-468 were treated with varying concentrations of DTS for 48 h and cell viability was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay. DTS potently inhibited the growth of HCC1806 and MDA-MB-468 cells, producing IC50 values of 10.6 ± 1.2μM and 10.3 ± 2.0μM, respectively. Additionally, we discovered that DTS induced apoptosis in these cells. Furthermore, we investigated the ability DTS to impact the activities of the CYP1 family of enzymes, which are known to convert procarcinogens to carcinogens. The IC50 values obtained for CYPs 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 were 1.68 ± 0.3μM, 1.9 ± 0.2μM and 1.29 ± 0.3μM, respectively. These data indicate DTS exhibits potent inhibition of the activities of these enzymes. In particular, DTS was able to bind to CYP1A2 in accordance with irreversible kinetics. In addition, DTS reduced CYP1 mRNA expression in both cell lines. Our findings provide a rationale for in vivo evaluations of DTS as a potential candidate for chemoprevention and for treating AA-TNBC patients.
Citation Format: Jonathan V. Wooten, Shaniece Wauchope, Nicole Mavingire, Petreena Campbell, JéAnn Watson, Maxine Gossell-Williams, Rupika Delgoda, Eileen Brantley. Plant isolate dibenzyl trisulfide potently inhibits cytochrome P450 1 enzyme activity and the growth of breast cancer cells derived from African American patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2018 Nov 2-5; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl):Abstract nr C126.
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Brantley E, Mavingire N, Wooten J, Campbell P. Abstract 1304: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands 5F 203 and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane disrupt mammospheres derived from MCF-7 cells and induce tumor suppressor miR125b-2 expression. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While anti-estrogen tamoxifen (Tam) effectively treats many patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors, up to 40% experience relapse following resistance. Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) within tumors greatly contribute to tamoxifen resistance (TamR) and exhibit unique molecular signatures that drive metastasis and promote relapse. Tumor suppressor miRNAs aid in suppressing breast cancer progression. We have previously shown that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-ligand Aminoflavone disrupts the formation of spheres and inhibits the expression of putative stemness marker α6-integrin and α6-integrin-src-Akt signaling. We hypothesize that two AhR ligands, 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), exhibit anticancer properties in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by targeting the CSC population in an AhR-dependent fashion. We found that DIM and 5F 203 disrupted mammospheres derived from MCF-7 cells but demonstrated a reduced capacity to do so in mammospheres derived from AHR100 cells (MCF-7 variants that are AhR-unresponsive). Wound healing and colony forming assays respectively revealed that 5F 203 and DIM also decreased cell migration and cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells and to a much lesser extent in AhR100 cells. 5F 203 and DIM induced miR125b-2 expression and suppressed the expression of stemness-regulating genes such as α6-integrin, a predicted miR125b-2 target. The reduction in stemness-gene expression in MCF-7 cells was attenuated following pretreatment with AhR antagonist CH223191. These data suggest that AhR ligands such as DIM and 5F 203 confer their anticancer actions including those against breast CSCs in an AhR-dependent manner. Our data is expected to provide a rationale for the development of anticancer AhR ligands designed to combat ER+ breast cancer and decrease the risk of relapse.
Citation Format: Eileen Brantley, Nicole Mavingire, Jonathan Wooten, Petreena Campbell. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands 5F 203 and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane disrupt mammospheres derived from MCF-7 cells and induce tumor suppressor miR125b-2 expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1304.
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Wooten JV, Mavingire N, Rowland L, Matthews J, Brantley E. Abstract 16: 3,3'-diindolylmethane induces cytoglobin expression and synergizes with poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor PJ34 to inhibit triple negative breast cancer cell growth. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by tumors that lack expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), carries a poor prognosis. While recently approved poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib shows favorable activity in patients with TNBC harboring tumors deficient in DNA repair enzyme BRCA1, patients with TNBC possessing BRCA1-proficient tumors are largely unresponsive to olaparib. Emerging evidence suggests that small molecules that activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling have the capacity to confer anticancer actions. 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), an AhR ligand, is the major metabolite of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli. Patients often consume natural product-derived AhR ligands while undergoing chemotherapy. It is therefore crucial to enhance our understanding of nutraceutical-pharmaceutical interactions. We previously demonstrated the ability of synthetic AhR ligands to induce the expression of putative tumor suppressor cytoglobin (CYGB) and inhibit Akt signaling in breast cancer cells. Since PARP inhibitor PJ34 has been shown to synergize with Akt inhibitors we hypothesize that DIM induces CYGB expression and synergizes with PJ34 to inhibit TNBC cell growth. Using the Alamar Blue assay, we found that DIM substantially enhanced the sensitivity of TNBC BRCA1 proficient cells to PJ34, though knockdown of CYGB did not significantly influence the responsiveness of cells to DIM. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing data revealed that DIM promoted the binding of AhR to the CYGB promoter in breast cancer cells. Finally, DIM induced CYGB gene expression in TNBC cells as determined by quantitative PCR. Taken together, our data suggest that DIM upregulates CYGB in TNBC cells and synergizes with PJ34 to confer anticancer actions in TNBC. Our data provide a rationale for incorporating the use of natural product-derived AhR ligands as a strategy to enhance PARP inhibitor efficacy in patients with TNBC that have BRCA1-proficient tumors.
Citation Format: Jonathan V. Wooten, Nicole Mavingire, Leah Rowland, Jason Matthews, Eileen Brantley. 3,3'-diindolylmethane induces cytoglobin expression and synergizes with poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor PJ34 to inhibit triple negative breast cancer cell growth [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 16.
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Campbell P, Rowland L, Opoku-Agyeman A, Mavingire N, Soto U, Nagaraj G, Zhang Y, Chen S(X, Wang C, Brantley E. Abstract 4177: Anticancer agent Aminoflavone restores the expression of tumor suppressor miRNA 26a and inhibits putative stemness biomarker α6-integrin in Tamoxifen resistant cells. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the efficacy of anti-estrogen agent Tamoxifen, commonly used to treat patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors, up to 40% of patients experience recurrence. Breast tumor-initiating cells (TICs), or breast cancer stem cells, exhibit Tamoxifen resistance and contribute substantially to recurrence. We recently demonstrated that investigational anticancer agent Aminoflavone (AF) disrupts mammospheres (in vitro clusters of cells enriched with TICs) by thwarting the expression of α6-integrin. In the current study, we found AF potently inhibited Tamoxifen resistant (TamR) cell growth and blocked Tamoxifen-mediated stimulation of TamR cell proliferation using the Alamar Blue assay. qPCR analyses revealed α6-integrin expression was significantly elevated in ER+ breast cancer cell models of acquired and de novo Tamoxifen resistance relative to Tamoxifen sensitive cells. In particular, AF decreased the expression of both A and B variants of α6-integrin, the B variant being essential for TIC function. Western blotting revealed AF reduced total α6-integrin expression in TamR cells. Furthermore, we found that an anti-α6-integrin blocking antibody sensitized TamR cells to the active Tamoxifen metabolite, 4-hydroxy-Tamoxifen, and enhanced the efficacy of AF in these cells. AF also reduced the protein expression of p-Src, a downstream target of α6-integrin that is linked to Tamoxifen resistance and decreased breast cancer survival. In addition, miRNA sequencing of Tamoxifen sensitive and TamR mammospheres revealed differential expression of several miRNAs. Notably, miR-26a expression was down-regulated 2-fold in TamR mammospheres compared to Tamoxifen sensitive mammospheres and AF restored miR-26a expression 5-fold in TamR mammospheres. Using miRNA target prediction algorithms TargetScan and PicTar, we found miR-26a binding sites on the α6-integrin promoter. Taken together, our data suggest that AF re-expresses tumor suppressor miR-26a and inhibits the α6-integrin/Src signaling axis to reduce TIC capacity and counteract Tamoxifen resistance.
Citation Format: Petreena Campbell, Leah Rowland, Anna Opoku-Agyeman, Nichole Mavingire, Ubaldo Soto, Gayathri Nagaraj, Yonghong Zhang, Sean (Xin) Chen, Charles Wang, Eileen Brantley. Anticancer agent Aminoflavone restores the expression of tumor suppressor miRNA 26a and inhibits putative stemness biomarker α6-integrin in Tamoxifen resistant cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4177. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4177
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Badal SAM, Asuncion Valenzuela MM, Zylstra D, Huang G, Vendantam P, Francis S, Quitugua A, Amis LH, Davis W, Tzeng TRJ, Jacobs H, Gangemi DJ, Raner G, Rowland L, Wooten J, Campbell P, Brantley E, Delgoda R. Glaucarubulone glucoside from Castela macrophylla suppresses MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth and attenuates benzo[a]pyrene-mediated CYP1A gene induction. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:873-883. [PMID: 28138972 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Quassinoids often exhibit antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. Emerging evidence suggests that these natural metabolites also display chemopreventive actions. In this study, we investigated the potential for the quassinoid glaucarubulone glucoside (Gg), isolated from the endemic Jamaican plant Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae), to display potent cytotoxicity and inhibit human cytochrome P450s (CYPs), particularly CYP1A enzymes, known to convert polyaromatic hydrocarbons into carcinogenic metabolites. Gg reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells (IC50 = 121 nm) to a greater extent than standard of care anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil, tamoxifen (IC50 >10 μm) and the tamoxifen metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (IC50 = 2.6 μm), yet was not cytotoxic to non-tumorigenic MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. Additionally, Gg induced MCF-7 breast cancer cell death. Gg blocked increases in reactive oxygen species in MCF-10A cells mediated by the polyaromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolite B[a]P 1,6-quinone, yet downregulated the expression of genes that promote antioxidant activity in MCF-7 cells. This implies that Gg exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective actions in non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells and pro-oxidant, cytotoxic actions in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, Gg inhibited the activities of human CYP1A according to non-competitive kinetics and attenuated the ability of B[a]P to induce CYP1A gene expression in MCF-7 cells. These data indicate that Gg selectively suppresses MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth without impacting non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cells and blocks B[a]P-mediated CYP1A induction. Taken together, our data provide a rationale for further investigations of Gg and similar plant isolates as potential agents to treat and prevent breast cancer. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A M Badal
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Malyn M Asuncion Valenzuela
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Dain Zylstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - George Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Pallavi Vendantam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sheena Francis
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - Ashley Quitugua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Louisa H Amis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Willie Davis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Tzuen-Rong J Tzeng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Helen Jacobs
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
| | - David J Gangemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Greg Raner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, 24515, USA
| | - Leah Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Jonathan Wooten
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, West Indies
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Brantley E, Callero MA, Berardi DE, Campbell P, Rowland L, Zylstra D, Amis L, Yee M, Simian M, Todaro L, Loaiza-Perez AI, Soto U. AhR ligand Aminoflavone inhibits α6-integrin expression and breast cancer sphere-initiating capacity. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:53-61. [PMID: 26996297 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapies debulk tumors but fail to produce long-term clinical remissions due to their inability to eradicate tumor-initiating cells (TICs). This necessitates therapy with activity against the TIC niche. Αlpha6-integrin (α6-integrin) promotes TIC growth. In contrast, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling activation impedes the formation of mammospheres (clusters of cells enriched for TICs). We investigated the ability of AhR agonist Aminoflavone (AF) and AF pro-drug (AFP464) to disrupt mammospheres derived from breast cancer cells and a M05 mammary mouse model of breast cancer respectively. We further examined the capacity of AF and AFP464 to exhibit anticancer activity and modulate the expression of 'stemness' genes including α6-integrin using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and qRT-PCR analysis. AF disrupted mammospheres and prevented secondary mammosphere formation. In contrast, AF did not disrupt mammospheres derived from AhR ligand-unresponsive MCF-7 cells. AFP464 treatment suppressed M05 tumor growth and disrupted corresponding mammospheres. AF and AFP464 reduced the expression and percentage of cells that stained for 'stemness' markers including α6-integrin in vitro and in vivo respectively. These data suggest AFP464 thwarts bulk breast tumor and TIC growth via AhR agonist-mediated α6-integrin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brantley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, 11021 Campus St, Alumni Hall Room 101, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Mariana A Callero
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Ángel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue San Martín 5481, C1417DTB Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damian E Berardi
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Ángel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue San Martín 5481, C1417DTB Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, 11021 Campus St, Alumni Hall Room 101, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Leah Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, 11021 Campus St, Alumni Hall Room 101, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Dain Zylstra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Louisa Amis
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, 11021 Campus St, Alumni Hall Room 101, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Michael Yee
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marina Simian
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Ángel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue San Martín 5481, C1417DTB Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Todaro
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Ángel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue San Martín 5481, C1417DTB Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea I Loaiza-Perez
- Research Area, Institute of Oncology Ángel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Avenue San Martín 5481, C1417DTB Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ubaldo Soto
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health School of Medicine, 11021 Campus St, Alumni Hall Room 101, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Rowland LK, McLean LS, Campbell P, Watkins CN, Zylstra D, Amis LH, Senthil M, Brantley E. Abstract 2565: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 5F 203 induces oxidative stress triggering DNA damage and cytoglobin up-regulation in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Breakthroughs are needed in breast cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that tumorigenesis stems, in part, from epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and restoring TSGs may represent a viable strategy to treat breast cancer. We previously found that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) exhibits potent cytotoxicity, increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces DNA damage and up-regulates the expression of putative tumor suppressor gene cytoglobin in breast cancer cells. In the current study, we seek to delineate the mechanism by which 5F 203 induces DNA damage and cytoglobin expression in susceptible breast cancer cells. We found that 5F 203 activated p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38) and c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in breast cancer cells. Pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine or AhR inhibitor α-naphthoflavone diminished 5F 203-mediated p38 or JNK activation in a cell context-dependent fashion. Pretreatment with pharmacological inhibitors of p38 or JNK suppressed 5F 203-mediated increases in intracellular ROS to suggest the presence of a positive feedback loop. 5F 203 induced oxidative DNA damage in breast cancer cells but not breast epithelial MCF-10A cells unlike AhR agonist benzo[a]pyrene which induced oxidative DNA damage more indiscriminately. Pretreatment with p38 or JNK inhibitors suppressed 5F 203-induced single strand break formation and cytoglobin mRNA expression in breast cancer cells. Our data show 5F 203 confers anticancer activity in breast cancer cells in part by increasing ROS via a positive feedback loop to sustain p38 and JNK activation resulting in DNA damage and cytoglobin restoration.
Citation Format: Leah K. Rowland, Lancelot S. McLean, Petreena Campbell, Cheri N. Watkins, Dain Zylstra, Louisa H. Amis, Maheswari Senthil, Eileen Brantley. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 5F 203 induces oxidative stress triggering DNA damage and cytoglobin up-regulation in human breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2565. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2565
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McLean LS, Watkins CN, Campbell P, Zylstra D, Rowland L, Amis LH, Scott L, Babb CE, Livingston WJ, Darwanto A, Davis WL, Senthil M, Sowers LC, Brantley E. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand 5F 203 Induces Oxidative Stress That Triggers DNA Damage in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:855-71. [PMID: 25781201 DOI: 10.1021/tx500485v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumors often show profound sensitivity to exogenous oxidative stress. Investigational agent 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203) induces aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated DNA damage in certain breast cancer cells. Since AhR agonists often elevate intracellular oxidative stress, we hypothesize that 5F 203 increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce DNA damage, which thwarts breast cancer cell growth. We found that 5F 203 induced single-strand break formation. 5F 203 enhanced oxidative DNA damage that was specific to breast cancer cells sensitive to its cytotoxic actions, as it did not increase oxidative DNA damage or ROS formation in nontumorigenic MCF-10A breast epithelial cells. In contrast, AhR agonist and procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene and its metabolite, 1,6-benzo[a]pyrene quinone, induced oxidative DNA damage and ROS formation, respectively, in MCF-10A cells. In sensitive breast cancer cells, 5F 203 activated ROS-responsive kinases: c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38). AhR antagonists (alpha-naphthoflavone, CH223191) or antioxidants (N-acetyl-l-cysteine, EUK-134) attenuated 5F 203-mediated JNK and p38 activation, depending on the cell type. Pharmacological inhibition of AhR, JNK, or p38 attenuated 5F 203-mediated increases in intracellular ROS, apoptosis, and single-strand break formation. 5F 203 induced the expression of cytoglobin, an oxidative stress-responsive gene and a putative tumor suppressor, which was diminished with AhR, JNK, or p38 inhibition. Additionally, 5F 203-mediated increases in ROS production and cytoglobin were suppressed in AHR100 cells (AhR ligand-unresponsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Our data demonstrate 5F 203 induces ROS-mediated DNA damage at least in part via AhR, JNK, or p38 activation and modulates the expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as cytoglobin to confer its anticancer action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence C Sowers
- ⊥Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Weldon DJ, Saulsbury MD, Goh J, Rowland L, Campbell P, Robinson L, Miller C, Christian J, Amis L, Taylor N, Dill C, Davis W, Evans SL, Brantley E. One-pot synthesis of cinnamylideneacetophenones and their in vitro cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3381-4. [PMID: 24957352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of cinnamylideneacetophenones were synthesized via a modified Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and evaluated for cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells using the Alamar Blue™ assay. Derivatives 17 and 18 bearing a 2-nitro group on the B ring, exhibited sub-micromolar cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells (IC50=71 and 1.9 nM), respectively. Derivative 17 also displayed sub-micromolar (IC50=780 nM) cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-468 cells. Additionally, 17 and 18 displayed significantly less cytotoxicity than the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin in non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells. This study provides evidence supporting the continued development of nitro-substituted cinnamylideneacetophenones as small molecules to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weldon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Marilyn D Saulsbury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States
| | - Joshua Goh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Leah Rowland
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Petreena Campbell
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Laijia Robinson
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Geology and Physics, School of Mathematics, Science & Technology, Elizabeth City State University, Elizabeth City, NC, United States
| | - Calvin Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Christian
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Louisa Amis
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Nia Taylor
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Cassandra Dill
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Willie Davis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Stanley L Evans
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Basic Sciences, Division of PharmacologyLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCA
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Xu D, Karain B, Brantley E, Shi WX. Effects of L-DOPA on nigral dopamine neurons and local field potential: comparison with apomorphine and muscimol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:533-9. [PMID: 21330359 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.177816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA is more effective than direct dopamine (DA) agonists in relieving the motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. Using in vivo recording, we compared the effect of l-DOPA and the direct DA agonist apomorphine on DA neurons in rat substantia nigra (SN). L-DOPA (50-100 mg/kg i.v.) decreased the firing rate as well as the variability and slow oscillation (SO) of firing. All effects were blocked by raclopride and mimicked by quinpirole, suggesting that they are mediated through D2-like receptors. Autoreceptor-selective doses of apomorphine (5-20 μg/kg i.v.) also inhibited all three parameters. The magnitude of the inhibition, however, was significantly greater than that induced by L-DOPA. Neither L-DOPA nor apomorphine had a consistent effect on SN local field potentials (LFPs). The GABA agonist muscimol, known to preferentially inhibit SN non-DA neurons, consistently inhibited the SO in both DA cell firing and LFPs. These results suggest that SN LFPs mainly reflect the synaptic potentials in non-DA neurons, and L-DOPA and apomorphine, unlike muscimol, affect DA neurons primarily through DA autoreceptors. DA autoreceptor activation is known to hyperpolarize DA cells by increasing the membrane conductance to K(+). This increase in membrane conductance would shunt synaptic input to DA neurons, thereby decreasing the variability and SO in DA cell firing. The low potency of L-DOPA to inhibit DA cell firing and reduce their responses to synaptic input may partially account for its superior therapeutic efficacy in Parkinson's disease compared with apomorphine and other direct DA agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Pharmacy, 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Davis W, Brantley E, Marks B, Garispe E, Whitley R, Lucinian T, Amis L. Low Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide Induce Altered Physiology of Human Diploid Fibroblasts. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.526.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willie Davis
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLoma Linda University School of PharmacyLoma LindaCA
| | - Eileen Brantley
- Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCA
| | - Brandy Marks
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLoma Linda University School of PharmacyLoma LindaCA
| | - Emily Garispe
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLoma Linda University School of PharmacyLoma LindaCA
| | - Rebecca Whitley
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLoma Linda University School of PharmacyLoma LindaCA
| | - Tania Lucinian
- Pharmaceutical SciencesLoma Linda University School of PharmacyLoma LindaCA
| | - Louisa Amis
- Basic SciencesLoma Linda University School of MedicineLoma LindaCA
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McLean L, Soto U, Agama K, Francis J, Jimenez R, Pommier Y, Sowers L, Brantley E. Aminoflavone induces oxidative DNA damage and reactive oxidative species-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1665-74. [PMID: 18059023 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aminoflavone (5-amino-2-(4-amino-3-fluorophenyl)-6,8-difluoro-7-methylchromen-4-one; AF; NSC 686288), a novel anticancer candidate agent, is undergoing clinical evaluation. AF induces DNA-protein cross-links (DPCs), Gamma-H2AX phosphorylation, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling, apoptosis and its own metabolism via cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 (CYP1A1/1A2) activation in sensitive estrogen receptor positive (ER+) MCF7 breast cancer cells. Estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancer is typically more aggressive with a poorer prognosis. In this investigation, we evaluated the ability of AF to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in ER- MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. The antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), attenuated the cytotoxic effects of AF in MDA-MB-468 cells; an effect is also observed in ER+ T47D breast cancer cells. Nonmalignant MCF10A breast epithelial cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of AF. AF increased intracellular ROS, an effect blocked by NAC and the CYP1A1/1A2 inhibitor, alpha-Naphthoflavone (alpha-NF). AF induced oxidative DNA damage as evidenced by increased 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxodG) levels and DPC formation in these cells. AF caused S-phase arrest corresponding to an increase in p21((waf1/cip1)) protein expression. AF induced caspase 3, 8 and 9 activation, caspase-dependent apoptotic body formation and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone inhibited apoptosis and partially inhibited ROS formation and oxidative DNA damage. Pretreatment with NAC attenuated AF-induced apoptotic body formation and caspase 3 activation. These studies suggest AF inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in part, by inducing ROS production, oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis and has the potential to treat hormone-independent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot McLean
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Brantley E, Antony S, Kohlhagen G, Meng L, Agama K, Stinson SF, Sausville EA, Pommier Y. Anti-tumor drug candidate 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole induces single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links in sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 58:62-72. [PMID: 16331501 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-005-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fluorinated benzothiazole analogue 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203, NSC 703786) exhibits selective and potent anticancer activity, and its lysylamide prodrug (Phortress, NSC 710305) recently entered Phase I clinical trials in the United Kingdom. Only cancer cells sensitive to the anti-proliferative effects of 5F 203 deplete this drug candidate from nutrient media. 5F 203 induces cell cycle arrest, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1) mRNA and protein expression, and is metabolized into reactive electrophilic species that can covalently bind to DNA and form adducts in sensitive (i.e., MCF-7) but not in resistant (i.e., MDA-MB-435) breast cancer cells. METHODS In this present study, we investigated additional anticancer effects of 5F 203 in MCF-7 cells. In addition, we sought to determine if cells deficient in the xeroderma pigmentosum D gene, a gene critical in DNA repair, would show greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of 5F 203 than those complemented with XPD. RESULTS Alkaline Elution revealed that 5F 203 induced single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links in sensitive MCF-7 cells. In contrast, we detected no double-strand breaks or protein-associated strand breaks typically associated with topoisomerase I (top1) or topoisomerase II (top2) inhibition. In addition, 5F 203 was unable to trap top1- or top2-DNA cleavage complexes in MCF-7 cells. 5F 203 induced cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells following DNA damage after brief exposures. Cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene displayed sensitivity to 5F 203 while cells complemented with XPD displayed resistance to 5F 203. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the anti-cancer activity of 5F 203 depends upon targets other than top1 or top2 and on the ability of this benzothiazole to form single-strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brantley
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Building 1047, Room 7, MD 21701, USA.
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Brantley E, Patel V, Stinson SF, Trapani V, Hose CD, Ciolino HP, Yeh GC, Gutkind JS, Sausville EA, Loaiza-Pérez AI. The antitumor drug candidate 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole induces NF-??B activity in drug-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Anticancer Drugs 2005; 16:137-43. [PMID: 15655410 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200502000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-benzothiazole (5F 203) potently inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth in part by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. Ligands for the AhR (i.e. dioxin) have also been shown to modulate the NF-kappaB signaling cascade, affecting physiological processes such as cellular immunity, inflammation, proliferation and survival. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 5F 203 treatment on the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to 5F 203 increased protein-DNA complex formation on the NF-kappaB-responsive element as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, but this effect was eliminated in MDA-MB-435 cells, which are resistant to the antiproliferative effects of 5F 203. An increase in NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity was confirmed by a significant increase in NF-kappaB-dependent reporter activity in sensitive MCF-7 cells, which was absent in resistant MDA-MB-435 cells and AhR-deficient subclones of MCF-7 cells. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation enhanced the increase in xenobiotic response element-dependent reporter activity in MCF-7 cells when treated with 5F 203. The drug candidate 5F 203 also induced mRNA levels of IL-6, an NF-kappaB-responsive gene, in MCF-7 cells, but not in MDA-MB-435 cells, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. These findings suggest that 5F 203 activation of the NF-kappaB signaling cascade may contribute to 5F 203-mediated anticancer activity in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brantley
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
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Brantley E, Trapani V, Alley MC, Hose CD, Bradshaw TD, Stevens MFG, Sausville EA, Stinson SF. Fluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazoles induce CYP1A1 expression, become metabolized, and bind to macromolecules in sensitive human cancer cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1392-401. [PMID: 15355884 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazoles possess potent antiproliferative activity against certain cancer cells, similar to the unfluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203, NSC 674495). In "sensitive" cancer cells, DF 203 is metabolized by, can induce expression of, and binds covalently to CYP1A1. Metabolism appears to be essential for its antiproliferative activity through DNA adduct formation. However, a biphasic dose-response relationship compromises its straightforward development as a chemotherapeutic agent. We investigated whether fluorinated benzothiazoles inhibit cancer cell growth without the biphasic dose-response, and whether the fluorinated benzothiazoles are also metabolized into reactive species, with binding to macromolecules in sensitive cancer cells. One fluorinated benzothiazole, 2-(4-amino-methylphenyl)-5-fluorobenzothiazole (5F 203, NSC 703786) did exhibit potent, antiproliferative activity without a biphasic dose-response. The fluorinated benzothiazoles were also metabolized only in cells, which subsequently showed evidence of cell death. We used microsomes from genetically engineered human B-lymphoblastoid cells expressing cytochromes P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, or CYP1B1) to clarify the basis for fluorinated benzothiazole metabolism. 5F 203 induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA expression in sensitive breast and renal cancer cells, whereas 5F 203 induced CYP1A1 mRNA but not CYP1B1 mRNA expression in sensitive ovarian cancer cells. 5F 203 did not induce CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 mRNA expression in any "resistant" cancer cells. The fluorinated benzothiazoles induced CYP1A1 protein expression exclusively in sensitive cells. [14C]5F 203 bound substantially to subcellular fractions in sensitive cells but only minimally in resistant cells. These data are concordant with the antiproliferative activity of fluorinated benzothiazoles deriving from their ability to become metabolized and bind to macromolecules within sensitive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Brantley
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
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Chua MS, Kashiyama E, Bradshaw TD, Stinson SF, Brantley E, Sausville EA, Stevens MF. Role of Cyp1A1 in modulation of antitumor properties of the novel agent 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203, NSC 674495) in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2000; 60:5196-203. [PMID: 11016648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
2-(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203, NSC 674495) is a candidate antitumor agent with potent and selective activity against human-derived tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Only sensitive cell lines (e.g., MCF-7) were able to accumulate and metabolize DF 203, forming the main inactive metabolite, 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (6-OH 203). Selective metabolism may therefore underlie its antitumor profile. DF 203 6-hydroxylase activity by MCF-7 cells was not constitutive but induced only after pretreatment of cells with DF 203, 3-methylcholanthrene, or beta-naphthoflavone. 6-Hydroxylation was strongly inhibited by either goat antirat cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) serum or alpha-naphthoflavone. Both alpha-naphthoflavone and 6-OH 203 abrogated DF 203-induced growth inhibition. Microsomes from genetically engineered human B-lymphoblastoid cells expressing CYP1A1, CYP1B1, or CYP2D6 metabolized DF 203 to 6-OH 203. Immunoblot analysis detected significantly enhanced CYP1A1 protein in a panel of sensitive breast cancer cell lines after exposure to DF 203. Neither constitutive expression nor induction of CYP1A1 protein was detected in nonresponsive breast (HBL 100, MDA-MB-435, and MCF-7/ADR) and prostate (PC 3 and DU 145) cancer cell lines. The expression of CYP1B1 was also modulated by DF 203 in the same sensitive cell lines. However, of the two isoforms, only CYP1A1 activity was irreversibly inhibited by DF 203 and significantly inhibited by 6-OH 203. In sensitive cell lines only, [14C]DF 203-derived radioactivity bound covalently to a Mr 50,000, protein which was immunoprecipitated by CYP1A1 antiserum. The covalent binding of [14C]DF 203 to recombinant CYP1A1 enzyme was NADPH-dependent and reduced by 6-OH 203 and glutathione. CYP1A1 appears essential for the metabolism of DF 203 and may have a pivotal, yet undefined, role in its antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Chua
- Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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