1
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Vashishtha A, Vana O, Edri E. Solvent composition regulates the Se : Sb ratio in antimony selenide nanowires deposited from thiol-amine solvent mixtures. Nanoscale Adv 2022; 4:772-781. [PMID: 36131832 PMCID: PMC9419773 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3), a V2VI3 semiconductor with an intriguing crystal structure, has demonstrated improved power conversion and solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies in recent years. Depositing antimony selenide nanowires (NWs) from a solution such as a thiol : amine "alkahest" ink is a low-cost and facile route to deposit high surface area photocathodes. However, little is known about the correlations between the solvent composition and the crystallites' structure and optoelectronic properties, which are crucial for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical applications. We found that the Se : Sb ratio in the NWs decreases from 3 : 2 to less than 1 : 1 with decreasing thiol : amine ratio in the ink used for deposition but not in the solvent mixture used for dissolving the metals. The reduced Se : Sb ratio in the solid NWS correlates with an optical bandgap wider by ∼0.3 eV in comparison to stoichiometric NWs, a decrease of the NWs diameter from 180 to 30 nanometers, and a ∼0.2 eV larger work function. In addition, we found that the Se : Sb ratio is not uniform along the NWs, which causes a surface potential increase near the tips of the NWs due to a lower Se : Sb ratio near the NWs tips. The increased surface potential near the tips corresponds to a driving force, due to doping or graded bandgap broadening, that facilitates the migration of photoexcited electrons towards the NW tips. Our findings unlock a path for fine-tuning the optoelectronic properties of antimony selenide towards improving the performance of antimony selenide solar cells and photocathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vashishtha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - O Vana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - E Edri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be'er-Sheva 8410501 Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Be'er-Sheva 8410501 Israel
- Blechner Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development Be'er-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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2
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Rahamim M, Cohen H, Edri E. Chemistry and Charge Trapping at the Interface of Silver and Ultrathin Layers of Zinc Oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:49423-49432. [PMID: 34628851 PMCID: PMC8592502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide, a wide-band-gap semiconductor, shows intriguing optoelectronic properties when coupled with Ag. Specifically, an absorbance band in the visible range that is not apparent in the separated materials emerges when the interface is formed. Interestingly, photoexcitation of this "interface band" or band-to-band results in a counterintuitive photovoltaic response when a supra/sub-band-gap light is shone. To investigate the origin of this absorbance band and photovoltaic response, we studied in detail the energy-band alignment of ultrathin layers of ZnO (3-60 nm) with Ag. Our analysis indicated that an 'electrostatic potential cliff' is formed within the first 1-2 nm of ZnO. In addition, oxygen vacancies, presumably generated by AgxO-Zn bonds, form mid-gap acceptor states within these first few nm. Both effects facilitate a valence band-to-defect state optical transition that is confined to the interface region. The second type of defects-hole-trap states associated with zinc hydroxide-are spread throughout the ZnO layer and dominate the supra-band-gap photovoltaic response. These findings have potential implications in emerging technologies such as photocatalytic Ag/ZnO heterostructures that will utilize the long-lived charges for chemical work or other optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rahamim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - H. Cohen
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - E. Edri
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Ilse
Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Be’er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Blechner
Center for Industrial Catalysis and Process Development, Be’er-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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3
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Edri E, Armon N, Greenberg E, Moshe-Tsurel S, Lubotzky D, Salzillo T, Perelshtein I, Tkachev M, Girshevitz O, Shpaisman H. Laser Printing of Multilayered Alternately Conducting and Insulating Microstructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:36416-36425. [PMID: 34296861 PMCID: PMC8397236 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Production of multilayered microstructures composed of conducting and insulating materials is of great interest as they can be utilized as microelectronic components. Current proposed fabrication methods of these microstructures include top-down and bottom-up methods, each having their own set of drawbacks. Laser-based methods were shown to pattern various materials with micron/sub-micron resolution; however, multilayered structures demonstrating conducting/insulating/conducting properties were not yet realized. Here, we demonstrate laser printing of multilayered microstructures consisting of conducting platinum and insulating silicon oxide layers by a combination of thermally driven reactions with microbubble-assisted printing. PtCl2 dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was used as a precursor to form conducting Pt layers, while tetraethyl orthosilicate dissolved in NMP formed insulating silicon oxide layers identified by Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate control over the height of the insulating layer between ∼50 and 250 nm by varying the laser power and number of iterations. The resistivity of the silicon oxide layer at 0.5 V was 1.5 × 1011 Ωm. Other materials that we studied were found to be porous and prone to cracking, rendering them irrelevant as insulators. Finally, we show how microfluidics can enhance multilayered laser microprinting by quickly switching between precursors. The concepts presented here could provide new opportunities for simple fabrication of multilayered microelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Edri
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Nina Armon
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ehud Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Shlomit Moshe-Tsurel
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Danielle Lubotzky
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ilana Perelshtein
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Maria Tkachev
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Olga Girshevitz
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hagay Shpaisman
- Department
of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan 5290002, Israel
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4
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Edri E, Armon N, Greenberg E, Hadad E, Bockstaller MR, Shpaisman H. Assembly of Conductive Polyaniline Microstructures by a Laser-Induced Microbubble. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:22278-22286. [PMID: 32297505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Micropatterns of conductive polymers are key for various applications in the fields of flexible electronics and sensing. A bottom-up method that allows high-resolution printing without additives is still lacking. Here, such a method is presented based on microprinting by the laser-induced microbubble technique (LIMBT). Continuous micropatterning of polyaniline (PANI) was achieved from a dispersion of the emeraldine base form of PANI (EB-PANI) in n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). A focused laser beam is absorbed by the EB-PANI nanoparticles and leads to formation of a microbubble, followed by convection currents, which rapidly pin EB-PANI nanoparticles to the bubble/substrate interface. Micro-Raman spectra confirmed that the printed patterns preserve the molecular structure of EB-PANI. A simple transformation of the printed lines to the conducting emeraldine salt form of PANI (ES-PANI) was achieved by doping with various acid solutions. The hypothesized deposition mechanism was verified, and the resulting structures were characterized by microscopic methods. The microstructures displayed conductivities of 3.8 × 10-1 S/cm upon HCl doping and 1.5 × 10-1 S/cm upon H2SO4 doping, on par with state-of-the-art patterning methods. High fidelity control over the width of the printed lines down to ∼650 nm was accomplished by varying the laser power and microscope stage velocity. This straightforward bottom-up method using low-power lasers offers an alternative to current microfabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Edri
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Nina Armon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ehud Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Elad Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hagay Shpaisman
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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5
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Wagner O, Edri E, Hadikahani P, Shpaisman H, Zalevsky Z, Psaltis D. Microfluidic-based linear-optics label-free imager. Lab Chip 2020; 20:1259-1266. [PMID: 32129786 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Linear optics based nanoscopy previously reached resolution beyond the diffraction limit, illuminating samples in the visible light regime while allowing light to interact with freely moving metallic nanoparticles. However, the hydrodynamics governing the nanoparticle motion used to scan the sample is very complex and has low probability of achieving appropriate and fast mapping in practice. Hence, an implementation of the technique on real biological samples has not been demonstrated so far. Moreover, a suitable way to perform controlled nanoparticle scanning of biological samples is required. Here we show a solution where a microfluidic channel is used to flow and trap biological samples inside a water droplet along with suspended nanoparticles surrounded by silicone oil. The evanescent light scattered from the sample and is rescattered by the nanoparticles in the vicinity. This encodes the sub-wavelength features of the sample which can later on be decoded and reconstructed from measurements in the far field. The microfluidic system-controlled flow allows better nanoparticle scanning of the sample and maintains an isolated system for each sample in each droplet. A more localized scan at the droplet water/oil interface is also conducted using amphiphilic nanoparticles where their hydrophilic side is constrained to the droplet and their hydrophobic side is constrained to the oil. This allows higher probability of capturing evanescent fields closer to their origin, yielding better resolution and a higher signal to noise ratio. Using this system, we obtained images of an E. coli sample and demonstrated how the method yield fine resolution of the sample contours. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a linear and label free optics imaging process was performed using a micro-fluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Wagner
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
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6
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Abstract
Optical trapping is a powerful optical manipulation technique for controlling various mesoscopic systems that allows formation of tailor-made polymeric micro-sized colloids by directed coalescence of nucleation sites. However, control over the size of a single colloid requires constant monitoring of the growth process and deactivation of the optical trap once it reaches the required dimensions. Moreover, producing more than one colloid requires moving the sample to a pristine location where the process must be repeated. Here, we present a novel method for continuous control over formation of polydimethylsiloxane colloids based on directed coalescence induced by optical traps under flow inside microfluidic channels. Once the drag force on a growing colloid exceeds the trapping force, it leaves the optical trap, and a new colloid starts to form at the same location. We demonstrate repeatability of the process and selectively produce colloids with radii of ∼1-14 μm by controlling the laser intensity and flow rate. In addition, holographic optical tweezers are used to show how multiple optical traps in 3D could be used to influence a significant cross section of the micro-channel, thus forming a light-controlled assembly line for colloidal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erel Lasnoy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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7
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Hadad E, Edri E, Shpaisman H. Controlled Shape and Porosity of Polymeric Colloids by Photo-Induced Phase Separation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071225. [PMID: 31340429 PMCID: PMC6680483 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape and porosity of polymeric colloids are two properties that highly influence their ability to accomplish specific tasks. For micro-sized colloids, the control of both properties was demonstrated by the photo-induced phase separation of droplets of NOA81—a thiol-ene based UV-curable adhesive—mixed with acetone, water, and polyethylene glycol. The continuous phase was perfluoromethyldecalin, which does not promote phase separation prior to UV activation. A profound influence of the polymer concentration on the particle shape was observed. As the photo-induced phase separation is triggered by UV radiation, polymerization drives the extracted solution out of the polymeric matrix. The droplets of the extracted solution coalesce until they form a dimple correlated to the polymer concentration, significantly changing the shape of the formed solid colloids. Moreover, control could be gained over the porosity by varying the UV intensity, which governs the kinetics of the reaction, without changing the chemical composition; the number of nanopores was found to increase significantly at higher intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Hadad
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eitan Edri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hagay Shpaisman
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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8
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Hen M, Edri E, Guy O, Avrahami D, Shpaisman H, Gerber D, Sukenik CN. Microfluidic Devices Containing ZnO Nanorods with Tunable Surface Chemistry and Wetting-Independent Water Mobility. Langmuir 2019; 35:3265-3271. [PMID: 30726675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interest in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic devices has grown dramatically in recent years, particularly in the context of improved performance lab-on-a-chip devices with decreasing channel size enabling more devices on ever smaller chips. As channels become smaller, the resistance to flow increases and the device structure must be able to withstand higher internal pressures. We report herein the fabrication of microstructured surfaces that promote water mobility independent of surface static wetting properties. The key tool in this approach is the growth of ZnO nanorods on the bottom face of the microfluidic device. We show that water flow in these devices is similar whether the textured nanorod-bearing surface is hydrophilic or superhydrophobic; that is, the device tolerates a wide range of surface wetting properties without changing the water flow within the device. This is not the case for smooth surfaces with different wetting properties, wherein hydrophilic surfaces result in slower flow rates. The ability to create monolayer-coated ZnO nanorods in a PDMS microfluidic device also allows for a variety of surface modifications within standard mass-produced devices. The inorganic ZnO nanorods can be coated with alkyl phosphonate monolayers. These monolayers can be used to convert hydrophilic surfaces into hydrophobic and even superhydrophobic surfaces that provide a platform for further surface modification. We also report photopatterned biomolecule immobilization within the channels on the monolayer-coated ZnO rods.
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9
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Marin O, Alesker M, Guttman S, Gershinsky G, Edri E, Shpaisman H, Guerra RE, Zitoun D, Deutsch M, Sloutskin E. Self-faceting of emulsion droplets as a route to solid icosahedra and other polyhedra. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 538:541-545. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Wagner O, Schultz M, Edri E, Meir R, Barnoy E, Meiri A, Shpaisman H, Sloutskin E, Zalevsky Z. Imaging of nanoparticle dynamics in live and apoptotic cells using temporally-modulated polarization. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1650. [PMID: 30733548 PMCID: PMC6367359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are widely exploited in phototherapy. Owing to their biocompatibility and their strong visible-light surface plasmonic resonance, these particles also serve as contrast agents for cell image enhancement and super-resolved imaging. Yet, their optical signal is still insufficiently strong for many important real-life applications. Also, the differentiation between adjacent nanoparticles is usually limited by the optical resolution and the orientations of non-spherical particles are unknown. These limitations hamper the progress in cell research by direct optical microscopy and narrow the range of phototherapy applications. Here we demonstrate exploiting the optical anisotropy of non-spherical nanoparticles to achieve super-resolution in live cell imaging and to resolve the intracellular nanoparticle orientations. In particular, by modulating the light polarization and taking advantage of the polarization-dependence of gold nanorod optical properties, we realize the 'lock-in amplification', widely-used in electronic engineering, to achieve image enhancement in live cells and in cells that undergo apoptotic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Wagner
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Moty Schultz
- Department of Physics and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eitan Edri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Rinat Meir
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eran Barnoy
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Amihai Meiri
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Hagay Shpaisman
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Eli Sloutskin
- Department of Physics and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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11
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Armon N, Greenberg E, Edri E, Kenigsberg A, Piperno S, Kapon O, Fleker O, Perelshtein I, Cohen-Taguri G, Hod I, Shpaisman H. Simultaneous laser-induced synthesis and micro-patterning of a metal organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12773-12776. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05990c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micro-patterning of a metal organic framework (MOF) from a solution of precursors is achieved by local laser heating, alleviating the need for pre-preparation and stabilization.
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12
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Abstract
We present a novel concept where optical traps are used to influence an ongoing polymerization process of emulsion droplets. By directed coalescence and partial fusion of intermediate nucleation sites, spherical and elongated colloids with specific dimensions are formed. The strength of this approach lies in its versatility and ease of making various changes to the end product without the need for chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifat Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Eitan Edri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Erel Lasnoy
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Silvia Piperno
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Hagay Shpaisman
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
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