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Kahnau P, Mieske P, Wilzopolski J, Kalliokoski O, Mandillo S, Hölter SM, Voikar V, Amfim A, Badurek S, Bartelik A, Caruso A, Čater M, Ey E, Golini E, Jaap A, Hrncic D, Kiryk A, Lang B, Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic N, Meziane H, Radzevičienė A, Rivalan M, Scattoni ML, Torquet N, Trifkovic J, Ulfhake B, Thöne-Reineke C, Diederich K, Lewejohann L, Hohlbaum K. A systematic review of the development and application of home cage monitoring in laboratory mice and rats. BMC Biol 2023; 21:256. [PMID: 37953247 PMCID: PMC10642068 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, in biomedical animal research, laboratory rodents are individually examined in test apparatuses outside of their home cages at selected time points. However, the outcome of such tests can be influenced by various factors and valuable information may be missed when the animals are only monitored for short periods. These issues can be overcome by longitudinally monitoring mice and rats in their home cages. To shed light on the development of home cage monitoring (HCM) and the current state-of-the-art, a systematic review was carried out on 521 publications retrieved through PubMed and Web of Science. RESULTS Both the absolute (~ × 26) and relative (~ × 7) number of HCM-related publications increased from 1974 to 2020. There was a clear bias towards males and individually housed animals, but during the past decade (2011-2020), an increasing number of studies used both sexes and group housing. In most studies, animals were kept for short (up to 4 weeks) time periods in the HCM systems; intermediate time periods (4-12 weeks) increased in frequency in the years between 2011 and 2020. Before the 2000s, HCM techniques were predominantly applied for less than 12 h, while 24-h measurements have been more frequent since the 2000s. The systematic review demonstrated that manual monitoring is decreasing in relation to automatic techniques but still relevant. Until (and including) the 1990s, most techniques were applied manually but have been progressively replaced by automation since the 2000s. Independent of the year of publication, the main behavioral parameters measured were locomotor activity, feeding, and social behaviors; the main physiological parameters were heart rate and electrocardiography. External appearance-related parameters were rarely examined in the home cages. Due to technological progress and application of artificial intelligence, more refined and detailed behavioral parameters have been investigated in the home cage more recently. CONCLUSIONS Over the period covered in this study, techniques for HCM of mice and rats have improved considerably. This development is ongoing and further progress as well as validation of HCM systems will extend the applications to allow for continuous, longitudinal, non-invasive monitoring of an increasing range of parameters in group-housed small rodents in their home cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kahnau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Mieske
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Kalliokoski
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Vootele Voikar
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adriana Amfim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sylvia Badurek
- Preclinical Phenotyping Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), member of the Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandra Bartelik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Caruso
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Maša Čater
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elodie Ey
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Jaap
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dragan Hrncic
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Anna Kiryk
- Laboratory of Preclinical Testing of Higher Standard, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Benjamin Lang
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natasa Loncarevic-Vasiljkovic
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de La Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France
| | - Aurelija Radzevičienė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Research Institute for Experimental Medicine (FEM) and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Animal Behaviour Phenotyping Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Torquet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, Illkirch, 67400, France
| | - Julijana Trifkovic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Brun Ulfhake
- Div. Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Diederich
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Lewejohann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Hohlbaum
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Berlin, Germany.
- Science of Intelligence, Research Cluster of Excellence, Marchstr. 23, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
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Golini E, Marinelli S, Pisu S, De Angelis F, Vacca V, Rava A, Casola I, Laurenzi G, Rizzuto E, Giuliani A, Musarò A, Dobrowolny G, Mandillo S. Wheel Running Adversely Affects Disease Onset and Neuromuscular Interplay in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Slow Progression Mouse Model. Curr Neurovasc Res 2023; 20:362-376. [PMID: 37614106 DOI: 10.2174/1567202620666230823095922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) plays a controversial role. In some epidemiological studies, both recreational or professional sport exercise has been associated to an increased risk for ALS but the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise have not been fully elucidated in either patients or animal models. METHODS To better reproduce the influence of this environmental factor in the pathogenesis of ALS, we exposed SOD1G93A low-copy male mice to multiple exercise sessions at asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic disease stages in an automated home-cage running-wheel system for about 3 months. RESULTS Repeated voluntary running negatively influenced disease progression by anticipating disease onset, impairing neuromuscular transmission, worsening neuromuscular decline, and exacerbating muscle atrophy. Muscle fibers and neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) as well as key molecular players of the nerve-muscle circuit were similarly affected. CONCLUSION It thus appears that excessive physical activity can be detrimental in predisposed individuals and these findings could model the increased risk of developing ALS in predisposed and specific professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Sara Marinelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Simona Pisu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica De Angelis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Valentina Vacca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rava
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
| | - Irene Casola
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Laurenzi
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Roma 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia- Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC, National Research Council CNR, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo scalo, Roma, 00015, Italy
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Golini E, Rigamonti M, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Falcone G, Gourdon G, Mandillo S. Excessive rest time during active phase is reliably detected in a mouse model of myotonic dystrophy type 1 using home cage monitoring. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1130055. [PMID: 36935893 PMCID: PMC10017452 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1130055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a dominantly inherited neuromuscular disease caused by the abnormal expansion of CTG-repeats in the 3'-untranslated region of the Dystrophia Myotonica Protein Kinase (DMPK) gene, characterized by multisystemic symptoms including muscle weakness, myotonia, cardio-respiratory problems, hypersomnia, cognitive dysfunction and behavioral abnormalities. Sleep-related disturbances are among the most reported symptoms that negatively affect the quality of life of patients and that are present in early and adult-onset forms of the disease. DMSXL mice carry a mutated human DMPK transgene containing >1,000 CTGrepeats, modeling an early onset, severe form of DM1. They exhibit a pathologic neuromuscular phenotype and also synaptic dysfunction resulting in neurological and behavioral deficits similar to those observed in patients. Additionally, they are underweight with a very high mortality within the first month after birth presenting several welfare issues. To specifically explore sleep/rest-related behaviors of this frail DM1 mouse model we used an automated home cage-based system that allows 24/7 monitoring of their activity non-invasively. We tested male and female DMSXL mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates in Digital Ventilated Cages (DVCR) assessing activity and rest parameters on day and night for 5 weeks. We demonstrated that DMSXL mice show reduced activity and regularity disruption index (RDI), higher percentage of zero activity per each hour and longer periods of rest during the active phase compared to WT. This novel rest-related phenotype in DMSXL mice, assessed unobtrusively, could be valuable to further explore mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions to alleviate the very common symptom of excessive daytime sleepiness in DM1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Mara Rigamonti
- Tecniplast S.p.A., Buguggiate, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mara Rigamonti,
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Germana Falcone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Genevieve Gourdon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo, Italy
- Silvia Mandillo,
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Cardinali B, Provenzano C, Izzo M, Voellenkle C, Battistini J, Strimpakos G, Golini E, Mandillo S, Scavizzi F, Raspa M, Perfetti A, Baci D, Lazarevic D, Garcia-Manteiga JM, Gourdon G, Martelli F, Falcone G. Time-controlled and muscle-specific CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of CTG-repeat expansion in the DMPK gene. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2022; 27:184-199. [PMID: 34976437 PMCID: PMC8693309 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated therapeutic gene editing is a promising technology for durable treatment of incurable monogenic diseases such as myotonic dystrophies. Gene-editing approaches have been recently applied to in vitro and in vivo models of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) to delete the pathogenic CTG-repeat expansion located in the 3′ untranslated region of the DMPK gene. In DM1-patient-derived cells removal of the expanded repeats induced beneficial effects on major hallmarks of the disease with reduction in DMPK transcript-containing ribonuclear foci and reversal of aberrant splicing patterns. Here, we set out to excise the triplet expansion in a time-restricted and cell-specific fashion to minimize the potential occurrence of unintended events in off-target genomic loci and select for the target cell type. To this aim, we employed either a ubiquitous promoter-driven or a muscle-specific promoter-driven Cas9 nuclease and tetracycline repressor-based guide RNAs. A dual-vector approach was used to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9 components into DM1 patient-derived cells and in skeletal muscle of a DM1 mouse model. In this way, we obtained efficient and inducible gene editing both in proliferating cells and differentiated post-mitotic myocytes in vitro as well as in skeletal muscle tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Provenzano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Izzo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Christine Voellenkle
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan Battistini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Georgios Strimpakos
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Perfetti
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Denisa Baci
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Dejan Lazarevic
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Geneviève Gourdon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabio Martelli
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Germana Falcone
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
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La Cognata V, Golini E, Iemmolo R, Balletta S, Morello G, De Rosa C, Villari A, Marinelli S, Vacca V, Bonaventura G, Dell'Albani P, Aronica E, Mammano F, Mandillo S, Cavallaro S. CXCR2 increases in ALS cortical neurons and its inhibition prevents motor neuron degeneration in vitro and improves neuromuscular function in SOD1G93A mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105538. [PMID: 34743985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by depletion of motor neurons (MNs), for which effective medical treatments are still required. Previous transcriptomic analysis revealed the up-regulation of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2)-mRNA in a subset of sporadic ALS patients and SOD1G93A mice. Here, we confirmed the increase of CXCR2 in human ALS cortex, and showed that CXCR2 is mainly localized in cell bodies and axons of cortical neurons. We also investigated the effects of reparixin, an allosteric inhibitor of CXCR2, in degenerating human iPSC-derived MNs and SOD1G93A mice. In vitro, reparixin rescued MNs from apoptotic cell death, preserving neuronal morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and cytoplasmic membrane integrity, whereas in vivo it improved neuromuscular function of SOD1G93A mice. Altogether, these data suggest a role for CXCR2 in ALS pathology and support its pharmacological inhibition as a candidate therapeutic strategy against ALS at least in a specific subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Rosario Iemmolo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Sara Balletta
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Carla De Rosa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Ambra Villari
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Sara Marinelli
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Valentina Vacca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Bonaventura
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Paola Dell'Albani
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Fabio Mammano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Via E. Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, CT, Italy.
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6
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Casola I, Scicchitano BM, Lepore E, Mandillo S, Golini E, Nicoletti C, Barberi L, Dobrowolny G, Musarò A. Circulating myomiRs in Muscle Denervation: From Surgical to ALS Pathological Condition. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082043. [PMID: 34440812 PMCID: PMC8393851 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is associated with muscle atrophy, motoneuron degeneration and denervation. Different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of the disease; in this context, microRNAs have been described as biomarkers and potential pathogenetic factors for ALS. MyomiRs are microRNAs produced by skeletal muscle, and they play an important role in tissue homeostasis; moreover, they can be released in blood circulation in pathological conditions, including ALS. However, the functional role of myomiRs in muscle denervation has not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we analyze the levels of two myomiRs, namely miR-206 and miR-133a, in skeletal muscle and blood samples of denervated mice, and we demonstrate that surgical denervation reduces the expression of both miR-206 and miR-133a, while miR-206 but not miR-133a is upregulated during the re-innervation process. Furthermore, we quantify the levels of miR-206 and miR-133a in serum samples of two ALS mouse models, characterized by different disease velocities, and we demonstrate a different modulation of circulating myomiRs during ALS disease, according to the velocity of disease progression. Moreover, taking into account surgical and pathological denervation, we describe a different response to increasing amounts of circulating miR-206, suggesting a hormetic effect of miR-206 in relation to changes in neuromuscular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casola
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Sezione di Istologia ed Embriologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Elisa Lepore
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Monterotondo scalo, 00015 Rome, Italy; (S.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Laura Barberi
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella Dobrowolny
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Musarò
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (I.C.); (E.L.); (C.N.); (L.B.)
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.D.); (A.M.)
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Golini E, Rigamonti M, Iannello F, De Rosa C, Scavizzi F, Raspa M, Mandillo S. A Non-invasive Digital Biomarker for the Detection of Rest Disturbances in the SOD1G93A Mouse Model of ALS. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:896. [PMID: 32982678 PMCID: PMC7490341 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects both central and peripheral nervous system, leading to the degeneration of motor neurons, which eventually results in muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. Sleep disturbances are common in patients with ALS, leading to even further deteriorated quality of life. Investigating methods to potentially assess sleep and rest disturbances in animal models of ALS is thus of crucial interest. We used an automated home cage monitoring system (DVC®) to capture irregular activity patterns that can potentially be associated with sleep and rest disturbances and thus to the progression of ALS in the SOD1G93A mouse model. DVC® enables non-intrusive 24/7 long term animal activity monitoring, which we assessed together with body weight decline and neuromuscular function deterioration measured by grid hanging and grip strength tests in male and female mice from 7 until 24 weeks of age. We show that as the ALS progresses over time in SOD1G93A mice, activity patterns start becoming irregular, especially during day time, with frequent activity bouts that are neither observed in control mice nor in SOD1G93A at a younger age. The increasing irregularities of activity pattern are quantitatively captured by designing a novel digital biomarker, referred to as Regularity Disruption Index (RDI). We show that RDI is a robust measure capable of detecting home cage activity patterns that could be related to rest/sleep-related disturbances during the disease progression. Moreover, the RDI rise during the early symptomatic stage parallels grid hanging and body weight decline. The non-intrusive long-term continuous monitoring of animal activity enabled by DVC® has been instrumental in discovering novel activity patterns potentially correlated, once validated, with sleep and rest disturbances in the SOD1G93A mouse model of the ALS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Golini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla De Rosa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-National Research Council (IBBC-CNR), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo, Italy
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8
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Garbugino L, Golini E, Giuliani A, Mandillo S. Prolonged Voluntary Running Negatively Affects Survival and Disease Prognosis of Male SOD1G93A Low-Copy Transgenic Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:275. [PMID: 30483078 PMCID: PMC6243076 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a disease in which physical activity plays a controversial role. Epidemiological studies indicate an association between intense exercise and risk of developing ALS. To study the impact of physical activity on ALS, mouse models rely mostly on forced exercise. In this study we hypothesized that voluntary wheel running could represent a better model of the influence of exercise in the pathogenesis of ALS. We used an automated home-cage running-wheel system that enables individual monitoring of performance. To verify the effect of voluntary running on disease progression, prognosis and survival as well as motor functions, we challenged SOD1G93A low-copy male and female mice on one (1 RW, at age 24 weeks) or multiple (3 RW) running sessions at age 13, 18, and 24 weeks. In parallel we measured performance on Rotarod and Grip strength tests at different ages. Several parameters were analyzed through Principal Component Analysis in order to detect what indices correlate and may be useful for deeper understanding of the relation between exercise and disease development. We found mutant male mice more negatively affected than females by prolonged and repeated exercise. SOD1G93A low-copy male mice showed shorter survival, increased body weight loss and poorer disease prognosis when exposed to multiple running sessions. These findings could encourage the investigation of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the supposedly increased risk to develop ALS in humans engaged in specific and intense exercise activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Garbugino
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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La Sala G, Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Golini E, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Modulation of Dhh signaling and altered Sertoli cell function in mice lacking the GPR37-prosaposin receptor. FASEB J 2015; 29:2059-69. [PMID: 25609427 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-269209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian G-protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) is expressed in brain, in adult testis, and during the early phase of gonad differentiation. Somatic Sertoli cells (SCs) are located within the seminiferous tubules where they support the germinal epithelium. An adequate number of SCs is required for the complete prepubertal differentiation of germ cells and adult fertility. This study shows that Gpr37 and its ligand prosaposin are both postnatally expressed by SCs, whose proliferation and maturation are affected in Gpr37-null mutant mice during postnatal testicular development. Mutant pups show a delayed timing in sperm cell development, with a partial arrest of spermatocytes at the meiotic pachytene (e.g., 1.5-fold increase in Gpr37(-/-) P21 pups) and their increased apoptosis (e.g., 1.8-fold and 3.5-fold increase in Gpr37(-/-) P21 and adult mice, respectively). Mutant adults have reduced testis weight (wild type, 299 ± 5 mg; knockout, 258 ± 16 mg; P < 0.05) and epididymal sperm count and motility (e.g., 1.5-fold and 1.45-fold decrease in Gpr37(-/-) mice, respectively). Lack of Gpr37 results in the reduction in androgen receptor levels during prepubertal testis development, alongside the altered expression of SC maturation markers. It also affects the prepubertal testis expression of desert hedgehog (Dhh) mitogenic cascade components (Dhh, 1.3-fold increase in Gpr37(-/-) P10 and P21 pups; Gli2, 1.4-fold and 1.6-fold increase in Gpr37(-/-) P10 and P21 pups, respectively) including patched homolog 1 (1.3-fold increase in Gpr37(-/-) P10 and P21 pups), which is found localized in prepubertal SCs and is associated with Gpr37 in cultured primary SC samples. These results indicate that Gpr37 is a specific modulator of murine testis Dhh mitogenic signaling and SC proliferation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina La Sala
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Marazziti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Emma-Infrafrontier-Impc, "A. Buzzati-Traverso" Campus, Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Golini E, Mandillo S, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Macroautophagy of the GPR37 orphan receptor and Parkinson disease-associated neurodegeneration. Autophagy 2014; 5:741-2. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.5.5.8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Simon MM, Greenaway S, White JK, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Wells S, Sorg T, Wong K, Bedu E, Cartwright EJ, Dacquin R, Djebali S, Estabel J, Graw J, Ingham NJ, Jackson IJ, Lengeling A, Mandillo S, Marvel J, Meziane H, Preitner F, Puk O, Roux M, Adams DJ, Atkins S, Ayadi A, Becker L, Blake A, Brooker D, Cater H, Champy MF, Combe R, Danecek P, di Fenza A, Gates H, Gerdin AK, Golini E, Hancock JM, Hans W, Hölter SM, Hough T, Jurdic P, Keane TM, Morgan H, Müller W, Neff F, Nicholson G, Pasche B, Roberson LA, Rozman J, Sanderson M, Santos L, Selloum M, Shannon C, Southwell A, Tocchini-Valentini GP, Vancollie VE, Westerberg H, Wurst W, Zi M, Yalcin B, Ramirez-Solis R, Steel KP, Mallon AM, de Angelis MH, Herault Y, Brown SDM. A comparative phenotypic and genomic analysis of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mouse strains. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R82. [PMID: 23902802 PMCID: PMC4053787 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-7-r82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mouse inbred line C57BL/6J is widely used in mouse genetics and its genome has been incorporated into many genetic reference populations. More recently large initiatives such as the International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) are using the C57BL/6N mouse strain to generate null alleles for all mouse genes. Hence both strains are now widely used in mouse genetics studies. Here we perform a comprehensive genomic and phenotypic analysis of the two strains to identify differences that may influence their underlying genetic mechanisms. RESULTS We undertake genome sequence comparisons of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N to identify SNPs, indels and structural variants, with a focus on identifying all coding variants. We annotate 34 SNPs and 2 indels that distinguish C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N coding sequences, as well as 15 structural variants that overlap a gene. In parallel we assess the comparative phenotypes of the two inbred lines utilizing the EMPReSSslim phenotyping pipeline, a broad based assessment encompassing diverse biological systems. We perform additional secondary phenotyping assessments to explore other phenotype domains and to elaborate phenotype differences identified in the primary assessment. We uncover significant phenotypic differences between the two lines, replicated across multiple centers, in a number of physiological, biochemical and behavioral systems. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N demonstrates a range of phenotypic differences that have the potential to impact upon penetrance and expressivity of mutational effects in these strains. Moreover, the sequence variants we identify provide a set of candidate genes for the phenotypic differences observed between the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Simon
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Simon Greenaway
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Jacqueline K White
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Sara Wells
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Tania Sorg
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Kim Wong
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elodie Bedu
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, MN13 9PT, UK
| | - Romain Dacquin
- AniRA ImmOs phenotyping facility- SFR Biosciences Lyon Gerland- UMS3444/US8, 21 avenue Tony Garnier F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Djebali
- AniRA ImmOs phenotyping facility- SFR Biosciences Lyon Gerland- UMS3444/US8, 21 avenue Tony Garnier F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jeanne Estabel
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jochen Graw
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Neil J Ingham
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ian J Jackson
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andreas Lengeling
- Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, Via E.Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scala, Italy
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- AniRA ImmOs phenotyping facility- SFR Biosciences Lyon Gerland- UMS3444/US8, 21 avenue Tony Garnier F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - Oliver Puk
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Michel Roux
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - David J Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah Atkins
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Abdel Ayadi
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Lore Becker
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Andrew Blake
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Debra Brooker
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Heather Cater
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Marie-France Champy
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Roy Combe
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Petr Danecek
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Armida di Fenza
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Hilary Gates
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Anna-Karin Gerdin
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, Via E.Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scala, Italy
| | - John M Hancock
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Tertius Hough
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Pierre Jurdic
- AniRA ImmOs phenotyping facility- SFR Biosciences Lyon Gerland- UMS3444/US8, 21 avenue Tony Garnier F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Thomas M Keane
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Hugh Morgan
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, MN13 9PT, UK
| | - Frauke Neff
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - George Nicholson
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Bastian Pasche
- Mouse Metabolic Facility of the Cardiomet Center, University Hospital, and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura-Anne Roberson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jan Rozman
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Mark Sanderson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Luis Santos
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Carl Shannon
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Anne Southwell
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, Via E.Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo Scala, Italy
| | - Valerie E Vancollie
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Henrik Westerberg
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
- Chair for Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München, Arcisstr. 21, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, Munich, 80804, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Schillerstrasse 44, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Min Zi
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, MN13 9PT, UK
| | - Binnaz Yalcin
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ramiro Ramirez-Solis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen P Steel
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS/MCI, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Cedex, France
| | - Steve DM Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell Science Campus, OX11 0RD, UK
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Mandillo S, Golini E, Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Mice lacking the Parkinson's related GPR37/PAEL receptor show non-motor behavioral phenotypes: age and gender effect. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2013; 12:465-77. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mandillo
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - E. Golini
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - D. Marazziti
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - C. Di Pietro
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - R. Matteoni
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
| | - G. P. Tocchini-Valentini
- CNR-National Research Council, IBCN-Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology; EMMA-Infrafrontier-IMPC; Monterotondo Scalo; Rome; Italy
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13
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Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Mandillo S, Golini E, Matteoni R, Tocchini‐Valentini GP. Absence of the GPR37/PAEL receptor impairs striatal Akt and ERK2 phosphorylation, ΔFosB expression, and conditioned place preference to amphetamine and cocaine. FASEB J 2011; 25:2071-81. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-175737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Di Pietro
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
| | - Silvia Mandillo
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
| | - Elisabetta Golini
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
| | - Rafaele Matteoni
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
| | - Glauco P. Tocchini‐Valentini
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare‐Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheCampus A. Buzzati‐TraversoMonterotondo ScaloRomeItaly
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Marazziti D, Di Pietro C, Golini E, Mandillo S, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Induction of macroautophagy by overexpression of the Parkinson's disease-associated GPR37 receptor. FASEB J 2009; 23:1978-87. [PMID: 19218498 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-121210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) is a substrate of parkin, and its insoluble aggregates accumulate in brain tissue samples of Parkinson's disease patients, including Lewy bodies and neurites. Parkin activates the clearance of the unfolded receptor, while the overexpression of GPR37, in the absence of parkin, can lead to unfolded protein-induced cell death. We found that overexpression of the human GPR37 receptor in HEK293 cells and consequent activation of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response had effects comparable to starvation, in inducing the cellular autophagic pathway. Treatment with specific modulators provided further evidence for the autophagic clearance of the overexpressed GPR37 protein, in detergent-soluble and -insoluble fractions, as confirmed by the conversion of the microtubule-associated protein 1, light chain 3 (LC3)-I marker to its LC3-II isoform. Furthermore, Gpr37-null mutant mice displayed consistent alterations of ER stress and autophagic pathway markers in brain tissue samples. These findings show that GPR37 overexpression per se can induce cellular autophagy, which may prevent the selective degeneration of GPR37-expressing neurons, as reported for Parkinson's and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare-CNR, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Via E. Ramarini 32, I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Mandillo S, Tucci V, Hölter SM, Meziane H, Banchaabouchi MA, Kallnik M, Lad HV, Nolan PM, Ouagazzal AM, Coghill EL, Gale K, Golini E, Jacquot S, Krezel W, Parker A, Riet F, Schneider I, Marazziti D, Auwerx J, Brown SDM, Chambon P, Rosenthal N, Tocchini-Valentini G, Wurst W. Reliability, robustness, and reproducibility in mouse behavioral phenotyping: a cross-laboratory study. Physiol Genomics 2008; 34:243-55. [PMID: 18505770 PMCID: PMC2519962 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90207.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing standard operating procedures (SOPs) as tools for the analysis of behavioral phenotypes is fundamental to mouse functional genomics. It is essential that the tests designed provide reliable measures of the process under investigation but most importantly that these are reproducible across both time and laboratories. For this reason, we devised and tested a set of SOPs to investigate mouse behavior. Five research centers were involved across France, Germany, Italy, and the UK in this study, as part of the EUMORPHIA program. All the procedures underwent a cross-validation experimental study to investigate the robustness of the designed protocols. Four inbred reference strains (C57BL/6J, C3HeB/FeJ, BALB/cByJ, 129S2/SvPas), reflecting their use as common background strains in mutagenesis programs, were analyzed to validate these tests. We demonstrate that the operating procedures employed, which includes open field, SHIRPA, grip-strength, rotarod, Y-maze, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response, and tail flick tests, generated reproducible results between laboratories for a number of the test output parameters. However, we also identified several uncontrolled variables that constitute confounding factors in behavioral phenotyping. The EUMORPHIA SOPs described here are an important start-point for the ongoing development of increasingly robust phenotyping platforms and their application in large-scale, multicentre mouse phenotyping programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mandillo
- Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschungdagger-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
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Marazziti D, Mandillo S, Di Pietro C, Golini E, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. GPR37 associates with the dopamine transporter to modulate dopamine uptake and behavioral responses to dopaminergic drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9846-51. [PMID: 17519329 PMCID: PMC1887553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703368104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) is a substrate of parkin; its insoluble aggregates accumulate in brain samples of Parkinson's disease patients. We report here that GPR37 interacts with the dopamine transporter (DAT) and modulates DAT activity. GPR37 and DAT were found colocalized in mouse striatal presynaptic membranes and in transfected cells and their interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation assays. Gpr37-null mutant mice showed enhanced DAT-mediated dopamine uptake in striatal membrane samples, with a significant increase in the number of plasma membrane DAT molecules. The null mutant mice also exhibited a decrease in cocaine-induced locomotor activity and in catalepsy induced by dopamine receptor antagonists. These results reveal the specific role of GPR37, a putative peptidergic G protein-coupled receptor, in modulating the functional expression of DAT and the behavioral responses to dopaminergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00015 Rome, Italy
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Marazziti D, Golini E, Mandillo S, Magrelli A, Witke W, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Altered dopamine signaling and MPTP resistance in mice lacking the Parkinson's disease-associated GPR37/parkin-associated endothelin-like receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:10189-94. [PMID: 15218106 PMCID: PMC454186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403661101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR37 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor expressed in mammalian brain, and its insoluble aggregates are found in the brain samples of juvenile Parkinson's disease patients. We have produced a Gpr37 knock-out mouse strain and identified several phenotypic features that are similar to those reported for mutants of genes encoding components of synaptic dopamine vesicles. Our results reveal an unanticipated role of GPR37 in regulating substantia nigra-striatum dopaminergic signaling. Gpr37(-/-) mice are viable, with normal brain development and anatomy, but they exhibit reduced striatal dopamine content, enhanced amphetamine sensitivity, and specific deficits in motor behavior paradigms sensitive to nigrostriatal dysfunction. These functional alterations are not associated with any substantial loss of substantia nigra neurons or degeneration of striatal dopaminergic afferences, the main histological marks of Parkinson's disease. The inactivation of GPR37, in fact, has protective effects on substantia nigra neurons, causing resistance to treatment with the Parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Campus A. Buzzati-Traverso, Via E. Ramarini 32, I-00016 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Marazziti D, Golini E, Magrelli A, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini G. Genomic Analysis of GPR37 and Related Orphan G-Protein Coupled Receptor Genes Highly Expressed in the Mammalian Brain. Curr Genomics 2001. [DOI: 10.2174/1389202013350850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Marazziti D, Gallo A, Golini E, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the mouse Gpr37 gene encoding an orphan G-protein-coupled peptide receptor expressed in brain and testis. Genomics 1998; 53:315-24. [PMID: 9799598 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the cloning of the mouse ortholog of the human GPR37 gene, which encodes an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in brain tissues and homologous to neuropeptide-specific receptors (D. Marazziti et al., 1997, Genomics 45: 68-77; Z. Zeng et al., 1997, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 233: 559-567). The genomic organization of the GPR37 gene is conserved in both mouse and human species with a single intron interrupting the receptor-coding sequence within the presumed third transmembrane domain. Comparative genetic mapping of the GPR37 gene showed that it maps to a conserved chromosomal segment on proximal mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 7q31. The mouse Gpr37 gene contains an open reading frame coding for a 600-amino-acid protein 83% identical to the human GPR37 gene product. The predicted mouse GPR37 protein contains seven putative hydrophobic transmembrane domains, as well as a long (249 amino acid residues), arginine- and proline-rich amino-terminal extracellular domain, which is also a distinctive feature of the human GPR37 receptor. Northern blot analysis of mouse tissues with Gpr37-specific probes revealed a main 3.8-kb mRNA and a much less abundant 8-kb mRNA, both expressed in the brain. A 3-kb mRNA is also expressed in the testis. Both the mouse and the human GPR37 genes may belong to a class of highly conserved mammalian genes encoding a novel type of G-protein-coupled receptor predominantly expressed in the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Testis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" International Campus, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00016, USA
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Marazziti D, Golini E, Gallo A, Lombardi MS, Matteoni R, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Cloning of GPR37, a gene located on chromosome 7 encoding a putative G-protein-coupled peptide receptor, from a human frontal brain EST library. Genomics 1997; 45:68-77. [PMID: 9339362 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA sequence encoding a putative peptide-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (GPR37) was isolated from a set of human brain frontal lobe expressed sequence tags. The GPR37 cDNA predicts a single open reading frame coding for a 613-amino-acid protein with seven hydrophobic transmembrane domains. The GPR37 genomic sequence was mapped to chromosome 7q31, and it was isolated upon screening of a chromosome 7-specific genomic library. The GPR37 gene spans more than 25 kb and contains two exons and a single intron which interrupts the GPR37 cDNA within the sequence encoding the presumed third transmembrane domain. Northern blot analysis with GPR37 probes revealed a main 3.8-kb mRNA and a less abundant 8-kb mRNA, both expressed in human brain tissues, particularly in corpus callosum, medulla, putamen, and caudate nucleus. The lowest level of expression was detected in cerebellum. The 3.8-kb mRNA is also less abundantly expressed in liver and placenta. Although the ligand for the putative GPR37 receptor has not been identified, its deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of homology (approximately 40% in the transmembrane regions) with most mammalian peptide-specific G-protein-coupled receptors and particularly with the human endothelin-B, bombesin-BB1, and bombesin-BB2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marazziti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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