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Benedikz EK, Bailey D, Cook CNL, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Buckner MMC, Blair JMA, Wells TJ, Fletcher NF, Goodall M, Flores-Langarica A, Kingsley RA, Madsen J, Teeling J, Johnston SL, MacLennan CA, Balfe P, Henderson IR, Piddock LJV, Cunningham AF, McKeating JA. Bacterial flagellin promotes viral entry via an NF-kB and Toll Like Receptor 5 dependent pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7903. [PMID: 31133714 PMCID: PMC6536546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and bacteria colonize hosts by invading epithelial barriers. Recent studies have shown that interactions between the microbiota, pathogens and the host can potentiate infection through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether diverse bacterial species could modulate virus internalization into host cells, often a rate-limiting step in establishing infections. Lentiviral pseudoviruses expressing influenza, measles, Ebola, Lassa or vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoproteins enabled us to study entry of viruses that exploit diverse internalization pathways. Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased viral uptake, even at low bacterial frequencies. This did not require bacterial contact with or invasion of host cells. Studies determined that the bacterial antigen responsible for this pro-viral activity was the Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist flagellin. Exposure to flagellin increased virus attachment to epithelial cells in a temperature-dependent manner via TLR5-dependent activation of NF-ΚB. Importantly, this phenotype was both long lasting and detectable at low multiplicities of infection. Flagellin is shed from bacteria and our studies uncover a new bystander role for this protein in regulating virus entry. This highlights a new aspect of viral-bacterial interplay with significant implications for our understanding of polymicrobial-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Benedikz
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Wells
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Jens Madsen
- Department of Child Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jessica Teeling
- Biological Sciences, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian R Henderson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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