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Gurung P, Gomes AR, Martins RM, Juranek SA, Alberti P, Mbang-Benet DE, Urbach S, Gazanion E, Guitard V, Paeschke K, Lopez-Rubio JJ. PfGBP2 is a novel G-quadruplex binding protein in Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13303. [PMID: 33340385 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Guanine-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical DNA structures that can regulate key biological processes such as transcription, replication and telomere maintenance in several organisms including eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. Recent reports have identified the presence of G4s within the AT-rich genome of Plasmodium falciparum, the protozoan parasite causing malaria. In Plasmodium, potential G4-forming sequences (G4FS) are enriched in the telomeric and sub-telomeric regions of the genome where they are associated with telomere maintenance and recombination events within virulence genes. However, there is a little understanding about the biological role of G4s and G4-binding proteins. Here, we provide the first snapshot of G4-interactome in P. falciparum using DNA pull-down assay followed by LC-MS/MS. Interestingly, we identified ~24 potential G4-binding proteins (G4-BP) that bind to a stable G4FS (AP2_G4). Furthermore, we characterised the role of G-strand binding protein 2 (PfGBP2), a putative telomere-binding protein in P. falciparum. We validated the interaction of PfGBP2 with G4 in vitro as well as in vivo. PfGBP2 is expressed throughout the intra-erythrocytic developmental cycle and is essential for the parasites in the presence of G4-stabilising ligand, pyridostatin. Gene knockout studies showed the role of PfGBP2 in the expression of var genes. Taken together, this study suggests that PfGBP2 is a bona fide G4-binding protein, which is likely to be involved in the regulation of G4-related functions in these malarial parasites. In addition, this study sheds light on this understudied G4 biology in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Gurung
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Rafael M Martins
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan A Juranek
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrizia Alberti
- Laboratory Genome Structure and Instability, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7196, INSERM U 1154, Paris, France
| | - Diane-Ethna Mbang-Benet
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Serge Urbach
- BioCampus Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5203, IGF, Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Gazanion
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Guitard
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jose-Juan Lopez-Rubio
- LPHI, UMR 5235, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS UMR 5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Gazanion E, Lacroix L, Alberti P, Gurung P, Wein S, Cheng M, Mergny JL, Gomes AR, Lopez-Rubio JJ. Genome wide distribution of G-quadruplexes and their impact on gene expression in malaria parasites. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008917. [PMID: 32628663 PMCID: PMC7365481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of transcriptional control in malaria parasites are still not fully understood. The positioning patterns of G-quadruplex (G4) DNA motifs in the parasite's AT-rich genome, especially within the var gene family which encodes virulence factors, and in the vicinity of recombination hotspots, points towards a possible regulatory role of G4 in gene expression and genome stability. Here, we carried out the most comprehensive genome-wide survey, to date, of G4s in the Plasmodium falciparum genome using G4Hunter, which identifies G4 forming sequences (G4FS) considering their G-richness and G-skewness. We show an enrichment of G4FS in nucleosome-depleted regions and in the first exon of var genes, a pattern that is conserved within the closely related Laverania Plasmodium parasites. Under G4-stabilizing conditions, i.e., following treatment with pyridostatin (a high affinity G4 ligand), we show that a bona fide G4 found in the non-coding strand of var promoters modulates reporter gene expression. Furthermore, transcriptional profiling of pyridostatin-treated parasites, shows large scale perturbations, with deregulation affecting for instance the ApiAP2 family of transcription factors and genes involved in ribosome biogenesis. Overall, our study highlights G4s as important DNA secondary structures with a role in Plasmodium gene expression regulation, sub-telomeric recombination and var gene biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Lacroix
- IBENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Alberti
- "Structure and Instability of Genomes" laboratory, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Inserm U1154, CNRS UMR 7196, Paris, France
| | - Pratima Gurung
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Mingpan Cheng
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, CNRS UMR5320, INSERM U1212, Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- ARNA Laboratory, IECB, CNRS UMR5320, INSERM U1212, Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire d’Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, France
| | - Ana Rita Gomes
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jose-Juan Lopez-Rubio
- MIVEGEC UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), UMR5235, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
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3
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Vergnes B, Gazanion E, Mariac C, Du Manoir M, Sollelis L, Lopez-Rubio JJ, Sterkers Y, Bañuls AL. A single amino acid substitution (H451Y) in Leishmania calcium-dependent kinase SCAMK confers high tolerance and resistance to antimony. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 74:3231-3239. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For almost a century, antimonials have remained the first-line drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, little is known about their mode of action and clinical resistance mechanisms.
Objectives
We have previously shown that Leishmania nicotinamidase (PNC1) is an essential enzyme for parasite NAD+ homeostasis and virulence in vivo. Here, we found that parasites lacking the pnc1 gene (Δpnc1) are hypersusceptible to the active form of antimony (SbIII) and used these mutant parasites to better understand antimony’s mode of action and the mechanisms leading to resistance.
Methods
SbIII-resistant WT and Δpnc1 parasites were selected in vitro by a stepwise selection method. NAD(H)/NADP(H) dosages and quantitative RT–PCR experiments were performed to explain the susceptibility differences observed between strains. WGS and a marker-free CRISPR/Cas9 base-editing approach were used to identify and validate the role of a new resistance mutation.
Results
NAD+-depleted Δpnc1 parasites were highly susceptible to SbIII and this phenotype could be rescued by NAD+ precursor or trypanothione precursor supplementation. Δpnc1 parasites could become resistant to SbIII by an unknown mechanism. WGS revealed a unique amino acid substitution (H451Y) in an EF-hand domain of an orphan calcium-dependent kinase, recently named SCAMK. When introduced into a WT reference strain by base editing, the H451Y mutation allowed Leishmania parasites to survive at extreme concentrations of SbIII, potentiating the rapid emergence of resistant parasites.
Conclusions
These results establish that Leishmania SCAMK is a new central hub of antimony’s mode of action and resistance development, and uncover the importance of drug tolerance mutations in the evolution of parasite drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yvon Sterkers
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Center of Montpellier, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Diseases caused by protozoan parasites have a major impact on world health. These early branching eukaryotes cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. During evolution, protozoan parasites have evolved toward complex life cycles in multiple host organisms with different nutritional resources. The conservation of functional metabolic pathways required for these successive environments is therefore a prerequisite for parasitic lifestyle. Nevertheless, parasitism drives genome evolution toward gene loss and metabolic dependencies (including strict auxotrophy), especially for obligatory intracellular parasites. In this chapter, we will compare and contrast how protozoan parasites have perfected this metabolic adaptation by focusing on specific auxotrophic pathways and scavenging strategies used by clinically relevant apicomplexan and trypanosomatid parasites to access host's nutritional resources. We will further see how these metabolic dependencies have in turn been exploited for therapeutic purposes against these human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Baptiste Vergnes
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Vergnes B, Gazanion E, Grentzinger T. Functional divergence of SIR2 orthologs between trypanosomatid parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abbassi F, Raja Z, Oury B, Gazanion E, Piesse C, Sereno D, Nicolas P, Foulon T, Ladram A. Antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of temporin-SHd, a 17-residue long membrane-damaging peptide. Biochimie 2012; 95:388-99. [PMID: 23116712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Temporins are a family of short antimicrobial peptides (8-17 residues) that mostly show potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Herein, we demonstrate that temporin-SHd, a 17-residue peptide with a net charge of +2 (FLPAALAGIGGILGKLF(amide)), expressed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. This peptide displayed potent antibacterial activities against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, as well as antiparasitic activity against promastigote and the intracellular stage (amastigote) of Leishmania infantum, at concentration not toxic for the macrophages. Temporin-SHd that is structured in a non-amphipathic α-helix in anionic membrane-mimetic environments, strongly and selectively perturbs anionic bilayer membranes by interacting with the polar head groups and acyl region of the phospholipids, with formation of regions of two coexisting phases: one phase rich in peptide and the other lipid-rich. The disruption of lipid packing within the bilayer may lead to the formation of transient pores and membrane permeation/disruption once a threshold peptide accumulation is reached. To our knowledge, Temporin-SHd represents the first known 17-residue long temporin expressing such broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity including members of the trypanosomatidae family. Additionally, since only a few shorter members (13 residues) of the temporin family are known to display antileishmanial activity (temporins-TA, -TB and -SHa), SHd is an interesting tool to analyze the antiparasitic mechanism of action of temporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Abbassi
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, ER3 Biogenèse des Signaux Peptidiques, F-75005 Paris, France
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Gazanion E, Seblova V, Votypka J, Vergnes B, Garcia D, Volf P, Sereno D. Leishmania infantum nicotinamidase is required for late-stage development in its natural sand fly vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:323-7. [PMID: 22619752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum nicotinamidase, encoded by the Lipnc1 gene, converts nicotinamide into nicotinicacid to ensure Nicotinamide–Adenine–Dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis. We were curious to explore the role of this enzyme during L. infantum development in its natural sand fly vector, Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera, Phlebotominae), using null mutants with a deleted Lipnc1 gene. The null mutants developed as well as the wild type L. infantum at the early time points post their ingestion within the bloodmeal. In contrast, once the blood meal digestion was completed, the null mutants were unable to develop further and establish late-stage infections. Data highlight the importance of the nicotinamide degradation pathway for Leishmania development in sand flies. They indicate that the endogenous nicotinamidase is essential for Leishmania development in the sand fly after the blood meal has been digested and the remnants defecated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Gazanion
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Aït-Oudhia K, Gazanion E, Sereno D, Oury B, Dedet J, Pratlong F, Lachaud L. In vitro susceptibility to antimonials and amphotericin B of Leishmania infantum strains isolated from dogs in a region lacking drug selection pressure. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:386-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gazanion E, Garcia D, Silvestre R, Gérard C, Guichou JF, Labesse G, Seveno M, Cordeiro-Da-Silva A, Ouaissi A, Sereno D, Vergnes B. The Leishmania nicotinamidase is essential for NAD+ production and parasite proliferation. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:21-38. [PMID: 21819459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NAD+ is a central cofactor that plays important roles in cellular metabolism and energy production in all living cells. Genomics-based reconstruction of NAD+ metabolism revealed that Leishmania protozoan parasites are NAD+ auxotrophs. Consequently, these parasites require assimilating NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide riboside) from their host environment to synthesize NAD+ by a salvage pathway. Nicotinamidase is a key enzyme of this salvage pathway that catalyses conversion of nicotinamide (NAm) to nicotinic acid (Na), and that is absent in higher eukaryotes. We present here the biochemical and functional characterizations of the Leishmania infantum nicotinamidase (LiPNC1). Generation of Lipnc1 null mutants leads to a decrease in NAD+ content, associated with a metabolic shutdown-like phenotype with an extensive lag phase of growth. Both phenotypes could be rescued by an add-back construct or by addition of exogenous Na. In addition, Lipnc1 null mutants were unable to establish a sustained infection in a murine experimental model. Altogether, these results illustrate that NAD+ homeostasis is a fundamental component of Leishmania biology and virulence, and that NAm constitutes its main NAD+ source in the mammalian host. The crystal structure of LiPNC1 we solved allows now the design of rational inhibitors against this new promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gazanion
- MIVEGEC (UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Guernaoui S, Garcia D, Gazanion E, Ouhdouch Y, Boumezzough A, Pesson B, Fontenille D, Sereno D. Bacterial flora as indicated by PCR-temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) of 16S rDNA gene fragments from isolated guts of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Vector Ecol 2011; 36 Suppl 1:S144-S147. [PMID: 21366767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the capacity of Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE)-based fingerprinting of 16S rDNA PCR fragments to assess bacterial composition in a single isolated sand fly gut. Bacterial content was studied in different life stages of a laboratory-reared colony of Phlebotomus duboscqi and in a wild-caught Phlebotomus papatasi population. Our study demonstrates that a major reorganization in the gut bacterial community occurs during metamorphosis of sand flies. Chloroflexi spp. was dominant in the guts of pre-imaginal stages, although Microbacterium spp. and another as yet unidentified bacteria were detected in the gut of the adult specimen. Interestingly, Microbacterium spp. was also found in all the adult guts of both species. We demonstrate that the analysis of bacterial diversity in an individualized sand fly gut is possible with fingerprinting of 16S rDNA. The use of such methodology, in conjunction with other culture-based methods, will be of great help in investigating the behavior of the Leishmania-bacterial community in an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guernaoui
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement BP 64501, Montpellier Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
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Ait-Oudhia K, Gazanion E, Oury B, Vergnes B, Sereno D. The fitness of antimony-resistant Leishmania parasites: lessons from the field. Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:141-2. [PMID: 21216196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Gazanion E, Vergnes B, Seveno M, Garcia D, Oury B, Ait-Oudhia K, Ouaissi A, Sereno D. In vitro activity of nicotinamide/antileishmanial drug combinations. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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