1
|
Reed DM, Fortenberry A, Wolfe EA, Stanhope RA, Daniel CI, Hern CM, Smith AE, Scovazzo P. Interfacial vs Bulk Phenomena Effects on the Surface Tensions of Aqueous Magnetic Surfactants in Uniform Magnetic Fields. Langmuir 2020; 36:10074-10081. [PMID: 32787007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The literature clearly reports that magnetic surfactant systems respond to magnetic fields. This manuscript investigates if the responses are because the magnetic fields directly alter the interfacial properties or if the surface-active properties are independent of the paramagnetic fluid responses. It uses uniform and gradient magnetic fields to determine the magnetically induced changes to the surface tensions independent of bulk paramagnetic fluid effects for ionic magnetic surfactants. The magnetically induced decrease in surface tensions is small compared to the bulk paramagnetic fluid effects. The reported decrease in surface tensions is significantly smaller than those previously found in the literature, which reported a combined interfacial and bulk paramagnetic effect. The magnetically induced surface tension changes are a function of the degree of association, α, of the magnetic moiety with the surfactant's amphiphilic structure. Therefore, the proposed answer to the question is that as α approaches zero, the magnetic properties of the magnetic surfactant system approaches the behavior of an ordinary paramagnetic fluid. For magnetic surfactants with α approaching one, there is a measurable interfacial response. For example in this study, a magnetic surfactant with α = 0.92 had a 2.5 times greater magnetically induced change in surface tension compared to a magnetic surfactant with α = undetectable, even thought they had similar magnetic moments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Reed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Alex Fortenberry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Emily A Wolfe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Rachel A Stanhope
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Carla I Daniel
- LAQV/Requimte, Departamento de Quı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Caleb M Hern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Adam E Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Paul Scovazzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wolfe EA, Chang TM. Orally ingested microencapsulated urease and an adsorbent, zirconium phosphate, to remove urea in kidney failure. Int J Artif Organs 1987; 10:269-74. [PMID: 3666978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dialysis is the conventional treatment for chronic renal failure. It is cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming and thus alternate treatments have long been sought. A compact system consisting of haemoperfusion in series with ultrafiltration can nearly replace dialysis. A urea removal system is the only step required to complete this approach. The potential of combining a microencapsulated enzyme, urease, with an ammonium ion adsorbent, zirconium phosphate, to remove urea was examined in vitro. Urease converts urea to ammonium ions which are then adsorbed onto zirconium phosphate. This combination would be most effective in the intestinal tract. The capacity of zirconium phosphate is probably not enough to effect the removal of enough urea to completely replace dialysis in patients with no renal function. However, this system could potentially 1) delay the onset of dialysis therapy in patients who still have some renal function, either alone or in combination with haemoperfusion-ultrafiltration, or 2) reduce dialysis treatment times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Wolfe
- Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|