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Weller SR, Burnell JE, Aho BM, Obeng B, Ledue EL, Shim JK, Hess ST, Gosse JA. Antimicrobial cetylpyridinium chloride causes functional inhibition of mitochondria as potently as canonical mitotoxicants, nanostructural disruption of mitochondria, and mitochondrial Ca 2+ efflux in living rodent and primary human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114547. [PMID: 38408634 PMCID: PMC11060648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
People are exposed to high concentrations of antibacterial agent cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) via food and personal care products, despite little published information regarding CPC effects on eukaryotes. Here, we show that low-micromolar CPC exposure, which does not cause cell death, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production in primary human keratinocytes, mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, and rat RBL-2H3 immune mast cells. ATP inhibition via CPC (EC50 1.7 μM) is nearly as potent as that caused by canonical mitotoxicant CCCP (EC50 1.2 μM). CPC inhibition of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) tracks with that of ATP: OCR is halved due to 1.75 μM CPC in RBL-2H3 cells and 1.25 μM in primary human keratinocytes. Mitochondrial [Ca2+] changes can cause mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we show that CPC causes mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux from mast cells via an ATP-inhibition mechanism. Using super-resolution microscopy (fluorescence photoactivation localization) in live cells, we have discovered that CPC causes mitochondrial nanostructural defects in live cells within 60 min, including the formation of spherical structures with donut-like cross section. This work reveals CPC as a mitotoxicant despite widespread use, highlighting the importance of further research into its toxicological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Weller
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - John E Burnell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Brandon M Aho
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Bright Obeng
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Emily L Ledue
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Juyoung K Shim
- Department of Biology, Jewett Hall, University of Maine at Augusta, Augusta, ME, 04330, USA
| | - Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 5709 Bennett Hall, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, 5735 Hitchner, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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Obeng B, Potts CM, West BE, Burnell JE, Fleming PJ, Shim JK, Kinney MS, Ledue EL, Sangroula S, Baez Vazquez AY, Gosse JA. Pharmaceutical agent cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits immune mast cell function by interfering with calcium mobilization. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113980. [PMID: 37549805 PMCID: PMC10529140 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is an antimicrobial used in numerous personal care and janitorial products and food for human consumption at millimolar concentrations. Minimal information exists on the eukaryotic toxicology of CPC. We have investigated the effects of CPC on signal transduction of the immune cell type mast cells. Here, we show that CPC inhibits the mast cell function degranulation with antigen dose-dependence and at non-cytotoxic doses ∼1000-fold lower than concentrations in consumer products. Previously we showed that CPC disrupts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a signaling lipid critical for store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which mediates degranulation. Our results indicate that CPC inhibits antigen-stimulated SOCE: CPC restricts Ca2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum, reduces Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria, and dampens Ca2+ flow through plasma membrane channels. While inhibition of Ca2+ channel function can be caused by alteration of plasma membrane potential (PMP) and cytosolic pH, CPC does not affect PMP or pH. Inhibition of SOCE is known to depress microtubule polymerization, and here we show that CPC indeed dose-dependently shuts down formation of microtubule tracks. In vitro data reveal that CPC inhibition of microtubules is not due to direct CPC interference with tubulin. In summary, CPC is a signaling toxicant that targets Ca2+ mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright Obeng
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Christian M Potts
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Bailey E West
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - John E Burnell
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Patrick J Fleming
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Juyoung K Shim
- Department of Biology, University of Maine Augusta, Augusta, ME, USA
| | - Marissa S Kinney
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Emily L Ledue
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Suraj Sangroula
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Alan Y Baez Vazquez
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A Gosse
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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Obeng B, Potts CM, West BE, Burnell JE, Fleming PJ, Shim JK, Kinney MS, Ledue EL, Sangroula S, Baez Vazquez AY, Gosse JA. Pharmaceutical agent cetylpyridinium chloride inhibits immune mast cell function by interfering with calcium mobilization. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.23.541979. [PMID: 37292883 PMCID: PMC10245882 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is an antimicrobial used in numerous personal care and janitorial products and food for human consumption at millimolar concentrations. Minimal information exists on the eukaryotic toxicology of CPC. We have investigated the effects of CPC on signal transduction of the immune cell type mast cells. Here, we show that CPC inhibits the mast cell function degranulation with antigen dose-dependence and at non-cytotoxic doses ∼1000-fold lower than concentrations in consumer products. Previously we showed that CPC disrupts phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a signaling lipid critical for store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), which mediates degranulation. Our results indicate that CPC inhibits antigen-stimulated SOCE: CPC restricts Ca 2+ efflux from endoplasmic reticulum, reduces Ca 2+ uptake into mitochondria, and dampens Ca 2+ flow through plasma membrane channels. While inhibition of Ca 2+ channel function can be caused by alteration of plasma membrane potential (PMP) and cytosolic pH, CPC does not affect PMP or pH. Inhibition of SOCE is known to depress microtubule polymerization, and here we show that CPC indeed dose-dependently shuts down formation of microtubule tracks. In vitro data reveal that CPC inhibition of microtubules is not due to direct CPC interference with tubulin. In summary, CPC is a signaling toxicant that targets Ca 2+ mobilization.
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