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Kent CR, Bryja M, Gustafson HA, Kawarski MY, Lenti G, Pierce EN, Knopp RC, Ceja V, Pati B, Walters DE, Karver CE. Variation of the aryl substituent on the piperazine ring within the 4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2,6-di(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine scaffold unveils potent, non-competitive inhibitors of the inflammatory caspases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5476-5480. [PMID: 27777011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, -4 and -5) are potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases due to their involvement in the immune response upon inflammasome formation. A series of small molecules based on the 4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2,6-di(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine scaffold were synthesized with varying substituents on the piperazine ring. Several compounds were pan-selective inhibitors of the inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, -4 and -5, with the ethylbenzene derivative CK-1-41 displaying low nanomolar Ki values across this family of caspases. Three analogs were nearly 10 fold selective for caspase-5 over caspase-1 and -4. The compounds display non-competitive, time dependent inhibition profiles. To our knowledge, this series is the first example of small molecule inhibitors of all three inflammatory caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Kent
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Magdalena Bryja
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Helen A Gustafson
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Margaret Y Kawarski
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Gena Lenti
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States
| | - Emily N Pierce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Rachel C Knopp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Victor Ceja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Bhabna Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - D Eric Walters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Caitlin E Karver
- Department of Chemistry, DePaul University, 1110 W Belden Ave, Chicago, IL 60614, United States.
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Pierce EN, Piyankarage SC, Dunlap T, Litosh V, Siklos MI, Wang YT, Thatcher GRJ. Prodrugs Bioactivated to Quinones Target NF-κB and Multiple Protein Networks: Identification of the Quinonome. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1151-9. [PMID: 27258437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic reactive intermediates resulting from drug metabolism have been associated with toxicity and off-target effects and in some drug discovery programs trigger NO-GO decisions. Many botanicals and dietary supplements are replete with such reactive electrophiles, notably Michael acceptors, which have been demonstrated to elicit chemopreventive mechanisms; and Michael acceptors are gaining regulatory approval as contemporary cancer therapeutics. Identifying protein targets of these electrophiles is central to understanding potential therapeutic benefit and toxicity risk. NO-donating NSAID prodrugs (NO-NSAIDs) have been the focus of extensive clinical and preclinical studies in inflammation and cancer chemoprevention and therapy: a subset exemplified by pNO-ASA, induces chemopreventive mechanisms following bioactivation to an electrophilic quinone methide (QM) Michael acceptor. Having previously shown that these NO-independent, QM-donors activated Nrf2 via covalent modification of Keap-1, we demonstrate that components of canonical NF-κB signaling are also targets, leading to the inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Combining bio-orthogonal probes of QM-donor ASA prodrugs with mass spectrometric proteomics and pathway analysis, we proceeded to characterize the quinonome: the protein cellular targets of QM-modification by pNO-ASA and its ASA pro-drug congeners. Further comparison was made using a biorthogonal probe of the "bare-bones", Michael acceptor, and clinical anti-inflammatory agent, dimethyl fumarate, which we have shown to inhibit NF-κB signaling. Identified quinonome pathways include post-translational protein folding, cell-death regulation, protein transport, and glycolysis; and identified proteins included multiple heat shock elements, the latter functionally confirmed by demonstrating activation of heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Pierce
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sujeewa C Piyankarage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Vladislav Litosh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Marton I Siklos
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Yue-Ting Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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