Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in backyard poultry in Bosnia and Herzegovina

BACKGROUND

Infected poultry is one of the most important reservoirs of Salmonella.

AIMS

The investigation presented here was conducted to examine the occurrence of Salmonella in fecal samples among selected flocks of backyard poultry in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H).

METHODS

Isolation and identification of Salmonella was performed in accordance with BAS EN ISO 6579/AMD 1:2007. When genus Salmonella was confirmed, the determination of the antigenic formula of Salmonella isolates was performed in accordance with BAS CEN ISO/TR 6579-3:2015. After that, Salmonella serotypes were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using EUVSEC sensititre microtiter plates impregnated with different concentrations of antibiotics. At the end, real-time PCR was used to detect extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapeneamase encoding genes (bla _TEM, bla _SHV, bla _CTX-M, bla _CMY, bla _KPC, bla _NDM, bla _OXA-48, bla _VIM and bla _GES).

RESULTS

Salmonella spp. was detected in pooled feces from four backyards, housed by chickens only. Three isolates were confirmed by slide agglutination as serotype Enteritidis and one as serotype Typhimurium. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by microdilution did not reveal phenotypical resistance among these four isolates. Real-time PCR used to detect ESBL and carbapeneamase encoding genes revealed the bla _TEM gene in one S. Enteritidis isolate.

CONCLUSION

Data presented in this study provide further evidence on the circulation of different Salmonella serotypes in backyard poultry in B&H. These findings emphasize the potential role of backyard poultry in the epidemiology of salmonellosis and the risks it poses for keepers, consumers, and general public health.

A Unique Case of Fatal Coinfection Caused by Leptospira spp. and Hepatozoon canis in a Red Fox Cub (Vulpes vulpes)

Red foxes are the most abundant wild carnivore species in Europe commonly exposed to pathogenic Leptospira and Hepatozoon canis. Despite high seroprevalence, the clinical disease caused by these pathogens in red foxes has never been reported. Herein, we report the first-ever case of a fatal Leptospira spp. and H. canis coinfection in a two-month-old red fox cub with acute haemolytic anaemia, mild bronchopneumonia, intraalveolar haemorrhage, and tubulonephrosis. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. DNA was detected in the kidney and lung tissues of the infected animal. In contrast to our previous knowledge, we believe that such fatal cases due to concomitant infection by Leptospira spp. and H. canis, especially in young animals, may commonly occur in nature. However, further studies are required to identify other factors that possibly contribute to the severity and the pathogenic effect of Leptospira spp. and H. canis infections in red foxes.