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Fischer TL, Bödecker M, Schweer SM, Dupont J, Lepère V, Zehnacker-Rentien A, Suhm MA, Schröder B, Henkes T, Andrada DM, Balabin RM, Singh HK, Bhattacharyya HP, Sarma M, Käser S, Töpfer K, Vazquez-Salazar LI, Boittier ED, Meuwly M, Mandelli G, Lanzi C, Conte R, Ceotto M, Dietrich F, Cisternas V, Gnanasekaran R, Hippler M, Jarraya M, Hochlaf M, Viswanathan N, Nevolianis T, Rath G, Kopp WA, Leonhard K, Mata RA. The first HyDRA challenge for computational vibrational spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22089-22102. [PMID: 37610422 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy in supersonic jet expansions is a powerful tool to assess molecular aggregates in close to ideal conditions for the benchmarking of quantum chemical approaches. The low temperatures achieved as well as the absence of environment effects allow for a direct comparison between computed and experimental spectra. This provides potential benchmarking data which can be revisited to hone different computational techniques, and it allows for the critical analysis of procedures under the setting of a blind challenge. In the latter case, the final result is unknown to modellers, providing an unbiased testing opportunity for quantum chemical models. In this work, we present the spectroscopic and computational results for the first HyDRA blind challenge. The latter deals with the prediction of water donor stretching vibrations in monohydrates of organic molecules. This edition features a test set of 10 systems. Experimental water donor OH vibrational wavenumbers for the vacuum-isolated monohydrates of formaldehyde, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, tetrahydrothiophene, trifluoroethanol, methyl lactate, dimethylimidazolidinone, cyclooctanone, trifluoroacetophenone and 1-phenylcyclohexane-cis-1,2-diol are provided. The results of the challenge show promising predictive properties in both purely quantum mechanical approaches as well as regression and other machine learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija L Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Margarethe Bödecker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sophie M Schweer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Dupont
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Valéria Lepère
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Anne Zehnacker-Rentien
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires dOrsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Martin A Suhm
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Schröder
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Henkes
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Roman M Balabin
- Bond Street Holdings, Long Point Road, KN-1002 Henville Building 9, Charlestown, KN10 Nevis, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Haobam Kisan Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | | | - Manabendra Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam-781039, India
| | - Silvan Käser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai Töpfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luis I Vazquez-Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Mandelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Lanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Conte
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Ceotto
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabian Dietrich
- Department of Physics Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Vicente Cisternas
- Department of Physics Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), ChemistryDivision, Chennai 600 027, India
| | - Michael Hippler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Mahmoud Jarraya
- U. Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 BD Descartes 77454, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Majdi Hochlaf
- U. Gustave Eiffel, COSYS/IMSE, 5 BD Descartes 77454, Champs-sur-Marne, France
| | - Narasimhan Viswanathan
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nevolianis
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriel Rath
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wassja A Kopp
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, D-52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ricardo A Mata
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, Göttingen, Germany.
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Barbhuiya TK, Fisher M, Boittier ED, Bolderson E, O'Byrne KJ, Richard DJ, Adams MN, Gandhi NS. Structural investigation of CDCA3-Cdh1 protein-protein interactions using in vitro studies and molecular dynamics simulation. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4572. [PMID: 36691744 PMCID: PMC9926468 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase and its cofactor, Cdh1, regulate the expression of several cell-cycle proteins and their functions during mitosis. Levels of the protein cell division cycle-associated protein 3 (CDCA3), which is functionally required for mitotic entry, are regulated by APC/CCdh1 . CDCA3 is an intrinsically disordered protein and contains both C-terminal KEN box and D-box recognition motifs, enabling binding to Cdh1. Our previous findings demonstrate that CDCA3 has a phosphorylation-dependent non-canonical ABBA-like motif within the linker region bridging these two recognition motifs and is required for efficient binding to Cdh1. Here, we sought to identify and further characterize additional residues that participate within this ABBA-like motif using detailed in vitro experiments and in silico modeling studies. We identified the role of H-bonds, hydrophobic and ionic interactions across the CDCA3 ABBA-like motif in the linker region between KEN and D-box motifs. This linker region adopts a well-defined structure when bound to Cdh1 in the presence of phosphorylation. Upon alanine mutation, the structure of this region is lost, leading to higher flexibility, and alteration in affinities due to binding to alternate sites on Cdh1. Our findings identify roles for the anchoring residues in the non-canonical ABBA-like motif to promote binding to the APC/CCdh1 and regulation of CDCA3 protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Khair Barbhuiya
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Fisher
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Nathaniel Adams
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.,Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, and School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Boittier ED, Devereux M, Meuwly M. Molecular Dynamics with Conformationally Dependent, Distributed Charges. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7544-7554. [PMID: 36346403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accounting for geometry-induced changes in the electronic distribution in molecular simulation is important for capturing effects such as charge flow, charge anisotropy, and polarization. Multipolar force fields have demonstrated their ability to correctly represent chemically significant features such as anisotropy and sigma holes. It has also been shown that off-center point charges offer a compact alternative with similar accuracy. Here, it is demonstrated that allowing relocation of charges within a minimally distributed charge model (MDCM) with respect to their reference atoms is a viable route to capture changes in the molecular charge distribution depending on geometry, i.e., intramolecular polarization. The approach, referred to as "flexible MDCM" (fMDCM), is validated on a number of small molecules and provides accuracies in the electrostatic potential (ESP) of 0.5 kcal/mol on average compared with reference data from electronic structure calculations, whereas MDCM and point charges have root mean squared errors of a factor of 2 to 5 higher. In addition, MD simulations in the NVE ensemble using fMDCM for a box of flexible water molecules with periodic boundary conditions show a width of 0.1 kcal/mol for the fluctuation around the mean at 300 K on the 10 ns time scale. For water, the equilibrium valence angle in the gas phase is found to increase by 2° for simulations in the condensed phase which is consistent with experiment. The accuracy in capturing the geometry dependence of the ESP together with the long-time stability in energy conserving simulations makes fMDCM a promising tool to introduce advanced electrostatics into atomistic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mike Devereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Vazquez-Salazar LI, Boittier ED, Meuwly M. Uncertainty quantification for predictions of atomistic neural networks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13068-13084. [PMID: 36425481 PMCID: PMC9667919 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04056e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The value of uncertainty quantification on predictions for trained neural networks (NNs) on quantum chemical reference data is quantitatively explored. For this, the architecture of the PhysNet NN was suitably modified and the resulting model (PhysNet-DER) was evaluated with different metrics to quantify its calibration, the quality of its predictions, and whether prediction error and the predicted uncertainty can be correlated. Training on the QM9 database and evaluating data in the test set within and outside the distribution indicate that error and uncertainty are not linearly related. However, the observed variance provides insight into the quality of the data used for training. Additionally, the influence of the chemical space covered by the training data set was studied by using a biased database. The results clarify that noise and redundancy complicate property prediction for molecules even in cases for which changes - such as double bond migration in two otherwise identical molecules - are small. The model was also applied to a real database of tautomerization reactions. Analysis of the distance between members in feature space in combination with other parameters shows that redundant information in the training dataset can lead to large variances and small errors whereas the presence of similar but unspecific information returns large errors but small variances. This was, e.g., observed for nitro-containing aliphatic chains for which predictions were difficult although the training set contained several examples for nitro groups bound to aromatic molecules. The finding underlines the importance of the composition of the training data and provides chemical insight into how this affects the prediction capabilities of a ML model. Finally, the presented method can be used for information-based improvement of chemical databases for target applications through active learning optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University USA
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Boittier ED, Wimmer N, Harris AK, Schembri MA, Ferro V. Synthesis of a Gal-β-(1→4)-Gal disaccharide as a ligand for the fimbrial adhesin UcaD. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Vazquez-Salazar LI, Boittier ED, Unke OT, Meuwly M. Impact of the Characteristics of Quantum Chemical Databases on Machine Learning Prediction of Tautomerization Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:4769-4785. [PMID: 34288675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An essential aspect for adequate predictions of chemical properties by machine learning models is the database used for training them. However, studies that analyze how the content and structure of the databases used for training impact the prediction quality are scarce. In this work, we analyze and quantify the relationships learned by a machine learning model (Neural Network) trained on five different reference databases (QM9, PC9, ANI-1E, ANI-1, and ANI-1x) to predict tautomerization energies from molecules in Tautobase. For this, characteristics such as the number of heavy atoms in a molecule, number of atoms of a given element, bond composition, or initial geometry on the quality of the predictions are considered. The results indicate that training on a chemically diverse database is crucial for obtaining good results and also that conformational sampling can partly compensate for limited coverage of chemical diversity. The overall best-performing reference database (ANI-1x) performs on average by 1 kcal/mol better than PC9, which, however, contains about 2 orders of magnitude fewer reference structures. On the other hand, PC9 is chemically more diverse by a factor of ∼5 as quantified by the number of atom-in-molecule-based fragments (amons) it contains compared with the ANI family of databases. A quantitative measure for deficiencies is the Kullback-Leibler divergence between reference and target distributions. It is explicitly demonstrated that when certain types of bonds need to be covered in the target database (Tautobase) but are undersampled in the reference databases, the resulting predictions are poor. Examples of this include the poor performance of all databases analyzed to predict C(sp2)-C(sp2) double bonds close to heteroatoms and azoles containing N-N and N-O bonds. Analysis of the results with a Tree MAP algorithm provides deeper understanding of specific deficiencies in predicting tautomerization energies by the reference datasets due to inadequate coverage of chemical space. Capitalizing on this information can be used to either improve existing databases or generate new databases of sufficient diversity for a range of machine learning (ML) applications in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver T Unke
- Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence "Unifying Systems in Catalysis" (UniSysCat), Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Käser S, Boittier ED, Upadhyay M, Meuwly M. Transfer Learning to CCSD(T): Accurate Anharmonic Frequencies from Machine Learning Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:3687-3699. [PMID: 33960787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The calculation of the anharmonic modes of small- to medium-sized molecules for assigning experimentally measured frequencies to the corresponding type of molecular motions is computationally challenging at sufficiently high levels of quantum chemical theory. Here, a practical and affordable way to calculate coupled-cluster quality anharmonic frequencies using second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2) from machine-learned models is presented. The approach, referenced as "NN + VPT2", uses a high-dimensional neural network (PhysNet) to learn potential energy surfaces (PESs) at different levels of theory from which harmonic and VPT2 frequencies can be efficiently determined. The NN + VPT2 approach is applied to eight small- to medium-sized molecules (H2CO, trans-HONO, HCOOH, CH3OH, CH3CHO, CH3NO2, CH3COOH, and CH3CONH2) and frequencies are reported from NN-learned models at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ, CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ, and CCSD(T)-F12/aug-cc-pVTZ-F12 levels of theory. For the largest molecules and at the highest levels of theory, transfer learning (TL) is used to determine the necessary full-dimensional, near-equilibrium PESs. Overall, NN + VPT2 yields anharmonic frequencies to within 20 cm-1 of experimentally determined frequencies for close to 90% of the modes for the highest quality PES available and to within 10 cm-1 for more than 60% of the modes. For the MP2 PESs only ∼60% of the NN + VPT2 frequencies were within 20 cm-1 of the experiment, with outliers up to ∼150 cm-1, compared to the experiment. It is also demonstrated that the approach allows to provide correct assignments for strongly interacting modes such as the OH bending and the OH torsional modes in formic acid monomer and the CO-stretch and OH-bend mode in acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Käser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric D Boittier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meenu Upadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of anionic carbohydrates that play an essential role in the physiology and pathology of all eukaryotic life forms. Experimental determination of GAG-protein complexes is challenging due to their difficult isolation from biological sources, natural heterogeneity, and conformational flexibility-including possible ring puckering of sulfated iduronic acid from 1C4 to 2SO conformation. To overcome these challenges, we present GlycoTorch Vina (GTV), a molecular docking tool based on the carbohydrate docking program VinaCarb (VC). Our program is unique in that it contains parameters to model 2SO sugars while also supporting glycosidic linkages specific to GAGs. We discuss how crystallographic models of carbohydrates can be biased by the choice of refinement software and structural dictionaries. To overcome these variations, we carefully curated 12 of the best available GAG and GAG-like crystal structures (ranging from tetra- to octasaccharides or longer) obtained from the PDB-REDO server and refined using the same protocol. Both GTV and VC produced pose predictions with a mean root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 3.1 Å from the native crystal structure-a statistically significant improvement when compared to AutoDock Vina (4.5 Å) and the commercial software Glide (5.9 Å). Examples of how real-space correlation coefficients can be used to better assess the accuracy of docking pose predictions are given. Comparisons between statistical distributions of empirical "salt bridge" interactions, relevant to GAGs, were compared to density functional theory (DFT) studies of model salt bridges, and water-mediated salt bridges; however, there was generally a poor agreement between these data. Water bridges appear to play an important, yet poorly understood, role in the structures of GAG-protein complexes. To aid in the rapid prototyping of future pose scoring functions, we include a module that allows users to include their own torsional and nonbonded parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Boittier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jed M Burns
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neha S Gandhi
- Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Burns JM, Boittier ED. Pathway Bifurcation in the (4 + 3)/(5 + 2)-Cycloaddition of Butadiene and Oxidopyrylium Ylides: The Significance of Molecular Orbital Isosymmetry. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5997-6005. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jed M. Burns
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric D. Boittier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4067 Queensland, Australia
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