Cumulative Lifetime Violence and Bacterial Vaginosis Infection in Sexually Transmitted Infections: Findings From a Retrospective Cohort Study Among Black Women at Risk for HIV

Introduction

Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal condition among women of reproductive age and has been associated with sexually transmitted infections. This study examines the association between cumulative lifetime violence exposure, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually transmitted infections among Black women at risk for HIV.

Methods

HIV-negative Black women in a retrospective cohort study (N=230) completed survey questions on cumulative violence (exposure to sexual or physical abuse before age 18 years and exposure to intimate partner violence or sexual violence [partner or other] after age 18 years and past year), bacterial vaginosis (lifetime and past year), and sexually transmitted infection diagnosis (lifetime and past year). Logistic regression models estimated the associations between cumulative violence, bacterial vaginosis, and sexually transmitted infections. Bacterial vaginosis was examined as a moderator in the association between cumulative violence and sexually transmitted infections.

Results

Many women reported cumulative violence exposure (40%), lifetime bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (53%), and lifetime sexually transmitted infection diagnosis (73%). Cumulative violence experience was significantly associated with increased adjusted odds of lifetime bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (AOR=1.98; 95% CI=1.10, 3.54). Lifetime bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (AOR=2.76; 95% CI=1.45, 5.22) and past-year bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (AOR=2.16; 95% CI=1.14, 4.10) were significantly associated with increased odds of lifetime sexually transmitted infection diagnosis. Lifetime bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (AOR=2.10; 95% CI=1.19, 3.70) and past-year bacterial vaginosis diagnosis (AOR=3.00; 95% CI=1.70, 5.31) were significantly associated with past-year sexually transmitted infection diagnosis. Lifetime bacterial vaginosis infection significantly increased the odds of lifetime sexually transmitted infection diagnosis with increasing cumulative violence exposure.

Conclusions

Our findings support educating and screening Black women who experience cumulative violence for bacterial vaginosis to reduce the risk of untreated bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections.

Prospective Longitudinal Assessment of Quality of Life After Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Oligometastases: Analysis of the Population-based SABR-5 Phase II Trial

AIMS

To evaluate longitudinal patient-reported quality of life (QoL) in patients treated with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for oligometastases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The SABR-5 trial was a population-based single-arm phase II study of SABR to up to five sites of oligometastases, conducted in six regional cancer centres in British Columbia, Canada from 2016 to 2020. Prospective QoL was measured using treatment site-specific QoL questionnaires at pre-treatment baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30 and 36 months after treatment. Patients with bone metastases were assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Patients with liver, adrenal and abdominopelvic lymph node metastases were assessed with the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Abdominal Discomfort (FACIT-AD). Patients with lung and intrathoracic lymph node metastases were assessed with the Prospective Outcomes and Support Initiative (POSI) lung questionnaire. The two one-sided test procedure was used to assess equivalence between the worst QoL score and the baseline score of individual patients. The mean QoL at all time points was used to determine the trajectory of QoL response after SABR. The proportion of patients with 'stable', 'improved' or 'worsened' QoL was determined for all time points based on standard minimal clinically important differences (MCID; BPI worst pain = 2, BPI functional interference score [FIS] = 0.5, FACIT-AD Trial Outcome Index [TOI] = 8, POSI = 3).

RESULTS

All enrolled patients with baseline QoL assessment and at least one follow-up assessment were analysed (n = 133). On equivalence testing, the patients' worst QoL scores were clinically different from baseline scores and met MCID (BPI worst pain mean difference: 1.8, 90% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.42]; BPI FIS mean difference: 1.68, 90% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.21; FACIT-AD TOI mean difference: -8.76, 90% confidence interval -11.29 to -6.24; POSI mean difference: -4.61, 90% confidence interval -6.09 to -3.14). However, the mean FIS transiently worsened at 9, 18 and 21 months but eventually returned to stable levels. The mean FACIT and POSI scores also worsened at 36 months, albeit with a limited number of responses (n = 4 and 8, respectively). Most patients reported stable QoL at all time points (range: BPI worst pain 71-82%, BPI FIS 45-78%, FACIT-AD TOI 50-100%, POSI 25-73%). Clinically significant stability, worsening and improvement were seen in 70%/13%/18% of patients at 3 months, 53%/28%/19% at 18 months and 63%/25%/13% at 36 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Transient decreases in QoL that met MCID were seen between patients' worst QoL scores and baseline scores. However, most patients experienced stable QoL relative to pre-treatment levels on long-term follow-up. Further studies are needed to characterise patients at greatest risk for decreased QoL.

Predictors of Quality of Life Decline in Patients with Oligometastases treated with Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy: Analysis of the Population-Based SABR-5 Phase II Trial

AIMS

Most patients experience stable quality of life (QoL) after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) treatment for oligometastases. However, a subset of patients experience clinically relevant declines in QoL on post-treatment follow-up. This study aimed to identify risk factors for QoL decline.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The SABR-5 trial was a population-based single-arm phase II study of SABR to up to five sites of oligometastases. Prospective QoL was measured using treatment site-specific tools at pre-treatment baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30 and 36 months after treatment. The time to persistent QoL decline was calculated as the time from SABR to the first decline in QoL score meeting minimum clinically important difference with no improvement to baseline score on subsequent assessments. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine factors associated with QoL decline.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty-three patients were included with a median follow-up of 32 months (interquartile range 25-43). Thirty-five patients (26%) experienced a persistent decline in QoL. The median time until persistent QoL decline was not reached. The cumulative incidence of QoL decline at 2 and 3 years were 22% (95% confidence interval 14.0-29.6) and 40% (95% confidence interval 28.0-51.2), respectively. In multivariable analysis, disease progression (odds ratio 5.23, 95% confidence interval 1.59-17.47, P = 0.007) and adrenal metastases (odds ratio 9.70, 95% confidence interval 1.41-66.93, P = 0.021) were associated with a higher risk of QoL decline. Grade 3 or higher (odds ratio 3.88, 95% confidence interval 0.92-16.31, P = 0.064) and grade 2 or higher SABR-associated toxicity (odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 0.85-5.91, P = 0.10) were associated with an increased risk of QoL decline but did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS

Disease progression and adrenal lesion site were associated with persistent QoL decline following SABR. The development of grade 3 or higher toxicities was also associated with an increased risk, albeit not statistically significant. Further studies are needed, focusing on the QoL impact of metastasis-directed therapies.

Location of Local Recurrences Post-Prostatectomy Detected by 18F-DCPFyL and Implications for Salvage Radiotherapy Target Volumes

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET scans have improved detection of recurrent prostate cancer for biochemical failure post-prostatectomy. The primary aim of this study is to assess the location of local recurrences for PSMA PET positive disease post-prostatectomy relative to anatomical landmarks and to inform salvage radiotherapy contouring guidelines.

MATERIALS/METHODS

This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent a staging PSMA PET-CT scan with 18F-DCFPyL tracer. Eligible patients included men with biochemical recurrence (PSA >0.2ng/mL) post-prostatectomy for prostate adenocarcinoma. PSMA positive local disease (GTV) was marked on the CT scan of the PSMA PET/CT, using the PSMA PET scan fused as the secondary dataset. Reference structures were contoured to compare the positional relationship to the GTV local recurrence. Centroids of each GTV position were measured to the closest border of the reference structures and distance measured.

RESULTS

Forty-five patients had a local recurrence on PSMA PET, 28/45 with prostate bed recurrence and 17/45 with seminal vesicle bed recurrence. The median age was 72.7 years, median pre-treatment PSA 0.515 ng/ml (0.2-11.1), pT2 in 37.8% and pT3 in 62.2, ISUP G2-3 was 66.7%, ISUP 4-5 29.6%, 67% ECE, 15.4% SV involvement and 40% positive margin. For prostate bed recurrences, 93.6% of GTVs were within 15mm from the inferior border of pubic symphysis (median 3.3mm [-9.8-15.4]), 83.9% within 10mm from the VUA (median 3.3mm [-17.4-15.9]), and 80.6% were greater than 10mm from the most superior slice of the penile bulb (median 16.4mm [1-29.5]). Laterally, 83.9% of recurrences were within 10mm of midline and 41.9% within 5mm (median 3.3mm [-13.56-11.59]) and all were contained within levator, 35.5% within 5mm (median 7.7 [1-22.6]) of the medial muscle border. 29.0% were within 5mm from the anterior edge of the rectal wall (median -7mm [-32.3-0.5]). Seminal vesicle bed recurrences were within 17.5mm of upper border of pubic symphysis for 88.9% of patients (median -4.69mm[-30.8to18.2]), 100% were more than 7.5mm inferiorly from the vas deferens (median-22.1mm[-32.7to-7.7]). Laterally, 100% recurrences were more than 7.5mm medial from obturator internus (median 5.37mm [-23.1to37.8]), and 88.9% were more than 10mm from midline (median 23.1mm [2.0-36.6]).

CONCLUSION

The 18F-DCFPyL PSMA PET local recurrences can provide detailed localization of prostate bed and seminal vesicle recurrences. Our data can inform contouring guidelines for salvage radiotherapy to the prostate bed, particularly when using anatomical landmarks to define cranio-caudal extent of target volumes. For target volume laterally, the medial wall of levator ani would encompass all prostate bed recurrences, and no seminal vesicles recurrences were seen at the medial border of the obturator internus muscle.

Challenges and Opportunities for Clinician Implicit Bias Training: Insights from Perinatal Care Stakeholders

Introduction

In an attempt to address health inequities, many U.S. states have considered or enacted legislation requiring antibias or implicit bias training (IBT) for health care providers. California's "Dignity in Pregnancy and Childbirth Act" requires that hospitals and alternative birthing centers provide IBT to perinatal clinicians with the goal of improving clinical outcomes for Black women and birthing people. However, there is as yet insufficient evidence to identify what IBT approaches, if any, achieve this goal. Engaging the experiences and insights of IBT stakeholders is a foundational step in informing nascent IBT policy, curricula, and implementation.

Methods

We conducted a multimethod community-based participatory research study with key stakeholders of California's IBT policy to identify key challenges and recommendations for effective clinician IBT. We used focus groups, in-depth interviews, combined inductive/deductive thematic analysis, and multiple techniques to promote rigor and validity. Participants were San Francisco Bay Area-based individuals who identified as Black or African American women with a recent hospital birth (n=20), and hospital-based perinatal clinicians (n=20).

Results

We identified numerous actionable challenges and recommendations regarding aspects of (1) state law; (2) IBT content and format; (3) health care facility IBT implementation; (4) health care facility environment; and (5) provider commitment and behaviors. Patient and clinician insights overlapped substantially. Many respondents felt IBT would improve outcomes only in combination with other antiracism interventions.

Health Equity Implications

These stakeholder insights offer policy-makers, health system leaders, and curriculum developers crucial guidance for the future development and implementation of clinician antibias interventions.

A145 PEDIATRIC PATIENTS’ & PARENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON TREATMENT PREFERENCE IN EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS: A CROSS SECTIONAL, QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY

Background

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus which impairs quality of life in children and adolescents. Given the wide variety of symptomatic presentations in pediatrics, the varying time to diagnosis, and differing severity (including stricturing phenotype) initial treatments are not standardized. An important part of this individualization, beyond the health care practitioner counseling involves the patients’ and parents’ preferences which incorporates personal beliefs and attitudes.

Purpose

The study aim was to qualitatively describe parental and patient preferences regarding treatment options in EoE.

Method

This was a cross-sectional qualitative research study conducted in the EoE clinic at BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver. Parents and their children completed semi-structured survey questions regarding treatment preference in EoE. Patients along with their parents who completed their survey questions were included in the study. Incomplete forms were excluded from the study.

Result(s)

The survey was attempted by 15 children, 7-11yrs of age, and 42 children, 12-18yrs of age, along with their parents. Completed response by both parent and their children were seen in 47 patients, 40 were adolescents 12-18yrs of age and 7 were 7-11yrs of age. Parent treatment preferences were diet in 17/47(36.2%), medications in 21/47 (44.7%) and 9/47 (19%) were unsure. 75% of parents who preferred dietary management thought it was less risky than medication. Parents who chose medication thought it would be easier (8/21) and more effective (8/21). Most of the parents’ decisions were influenced by the physician (35/47; 74.5%) and more so by the gastroenterologist (28/47; 59.6%). In 12–18-yr olds, 6/40 (15%) had preference for diet, 25/40 (62.5%) preferred medication and 9/40 (22.5%) were unsure. 3/6 adolescents thought that diet was less risky and 4/6 thought it was more effective than medication. Among the teens who preferred medication, 17/25 (68%) felt it to be easier and 9/25 (36%) thought it would work better than diet. Teenagers found their parents to be helpful for deciding (50%) and doctor (50%) with the gastroenterologist again playing a prominent role. In the 7 to 11yr old age group, 4/7 (57.1%) predominantly had preference for dietary treatment.

Conclusion(s)

The overall preference in the adolescent age group is for medication supported by patients’ and parents’, with ease of use being a primary driver for adolescents, whereas ease of use and effectiveness were drivers for the parents. Parents were more often interested in dietary therapy than the adolescents. With regards to parents of younger children and younger children themselves, dietary management was the preference as they felt it to be less risky. The numbers, though small, represent one of the few studies done on patient preference in EoE. Future studies should include formal qualitative studies and preferences could ultimately be tied to better counseling and tracking adherence to therapy.

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Disclosure of Interest

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Characterising a syndemic among black women at risk for HIV: the role of sociostructural inequity and adverse childhood experiences

Objectives Black women disproportionately experience STIs (including HIV/AIDS), gender-based violence, substance misuse and mental health conditions. Addressing a gap in syndemic research, we characterised comorbidity overlap within the context of sociostructural inequities and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among black women in Baltimore, Maryland. Methods Between 2015 and 2018, black women (n=305) were recruited from STI clinics in Baltimore, Maryland. Among those with complete survey data (n=230), we conducted a latent class analysis to differentiate women based on their profile of the following syndemic comorbidities: STIs, adult sexual victimisation, substance misuse and mental health disorders. We then examined the association between ACEs and syndemic latent class membership. Results Thirty-three percent of women experienced three to nine ACEs before age 18 years, and 44% reported four to six comorbidities. The two-class latent class solution demonstrated the best fit model, and women were categorised in either class 1 (past-year STI; 59%) or class 2 (syndemic comorbidities; 41%). Women in class 2 were more likely to report unstable housing (10% vs 3%) and identify as bisexual/gay (22% vs 10%) than women in class 1. ACEs were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of class 2 membership. Conclusions This study reinforces the importance of screening for ACEs and offering trauma-informed, integrated care for black women with syndemic comorbidities. It also highlights the critical nature of tailoring interventions to improve sociostructural equity, preventing and reducing syndemic development.

Short-term risk prediction after major lower limb amputation: PERCEIVE study

BACKGROUND

The accuracy with which healthcare professionals (HCPs) and risk prediction tools predict outcomes after major lower limb amputation (MLLA) is uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of predicting short-term (30 days after MLLA) mortality, morbidity, and revisional surgery.

METHODS

The PERCEIVE (PrEdiction of Risk and Communication of outcomE following major lower limb amputation: a collaboratIVE) study was launched on 1 October 2020. It was an international multicentre study, including adults undergoing MLLA for complications of peripheral arterial disease and/or diabetes. Preoperative predictions of 30-day mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision by surgeons and anaesthetists were recorded. Probabilities from relevant risk prediction tools were calculated. Evaluation of accuracy included measures of discrimination, calibration, and overall performance.

RESULTS

Some 537 patients were included. HCPs had acceptable discrimination in predicting mortality (931 predictions; C-statistic 0.758) and MLLA revision (565 predictions; C-statistic 0.756), but were poor at predicting morbidity (980 predictions; C-statistic 0.616). They overpredicted the risk of all outcomes. All except three risk prediction tools had worse discrimination than HCPs for predicting mortality (C-statistics 0.789, 0.774, and 0.773); two of these significantly overestimated the risk compared with HCPs. SORT version 2 (the only tool incorporating HCP predictions) demonstrated better calibration and overall performance (Brier score 0.082) than HCPs. Tools predicting morbidity and MLLA revision had poor discrimination (C-statistics 0.520 and 0.679).

CONCLUSION

Clinicians predicted mortality and MLLA revision well, but predicted morbidity poorly. They overestimated the risk of mortality, morbidity, and MLLA revision. Most short-term risk prediction tools had poorer discrimination or calibration than HCPs. The best method of predicting mortality was a statistical tool that incorporated HCP estimation.

Olfactory dysfunction is common in classical infratentorial superficial siderosis of the central nervous system

Background

Established features of classical infratentorial superficial siderosis (iSS) include hearing loss, impaired balance, myelopathy and, less commonly, cognitive compromise. Olfactory function may be affected but dedicated studies are lacking. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in iSS and correlate it with auditory and cognitive functions.

Methods

Ten participants with iSS completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The scores were compared with population norms; regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations between the scores and hearing thresholds (3-frequency average, 3FA) or the number of cognitive domains impaired. Imaging was reviewed for haemosiderin distribution and to exclude other causes of olfactory and hearing dysfunction.

Results

Eight of ten participants were male; the mean (standard deviation, SD) age was 52.5 (14.5) years. Olfactory hypofunction was identified in all participants and in six (60%) was moderate or completely absent. The mean UPSIT score of 25.5 (7.8) was significantly worse than population norms (difference in means − 10.0; 95% CI − 15.6 to − 4.4). Linear regression identified an association between UPSIT and hearing thresholds (R = 0.75; p = 0.013). The score decreases by 0.157 units (95% CI − 0.31 to − 0.002; p = 0.048) per unit increase in 3FA, after adjusting for hearing loss risk factors. There was no statistically significant association between UPSIT and cognitive function (R = 0.383; p = 0.397).

Conclusion

We report a high prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in iSS, the severity of which correlated with hearing loss. Olfaction appears to be a core feature of the iSS clinical syndrome that should be assessed routinely.

POS0494 AN INVESTIGATION OF JOINT INFLAMMATION DEFINED BY COMPREHENSIVE ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT AND PAIN SENSITISATION IN PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE RA

Background:

Treat-to-target strategies have improved outcomes in patients with RA. Targets based on clinical assessments of tender (TJC) and swollen joints (SJC) were developed when most patients had active inflammatory disease. It is now recognised some patients have pain sensitisation often termed fibromyalgia (FM), making clinical assessment of inflammatory disease more complex. An indicator of pain sensitisation is the difference between TJC and SJC, an observation we described in a pilot study (1).

Objectives:

To study patients with RA to describe the relationships between enhanced clinical and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) and active inflammatory joint disease detected by comprehensive PDUS.

Methods:

158 sequential patients with RA with a DAS28ESR score >¬3.2 were enrolled from GSTT Rheumatology after informed consent. They were assessed by a rheumatologist for 66SJC, 68TJC, fibromyalgia tender points & physician global. Recorded PROMS were: patient global, widespread pain index (WPI), symptom severity score (somatic & fatigue), FACIT fatigue, HAQ, EQ5D QoL, GAD7, PHQ9 and PHQ15. All patients had a 44 joint US scored for PD and grey scale by the EULAR scale blind to all patient data. Data were recorded on MedSciNet and statistical analysis used STATA.

Results:

Patients meeting the ACR 2010 criteria for FM2(n=72) vs those that did not(n=86) had similar demographics. SJC and US doppler scores were higher in the non-FM group, whereas rheumatoid factor, DAS28 and PROMs were higher in the FM group. Analysis of group differences using multinomial logistic regression and subsequent regularised (lasso) logistic regression, showed the FM group related to higher 28TJC, FACIT-F and PHQ15, with the non-FM group related to higher 28SJC, logESR, and lower Differences in 28S/TJC, Physician Global and FACIT-F. Patients were divided into four groups based on presence or absence of at least one PDUS+ joint and FM criteria; -FM-PD, -FM+PD, +FM-PD and +FM+PD, data summarised Table 1. The -FM-PD and -FM+PD groups related to Physician Global and negatively related to FACIT-F, Difference in 28S/TJC, and PHQ15 (-FM-PD). The +FM-PD group related positively to FACIT-F, Difference 28S/TJC, PHQ15, and negatively to Physician Global with +FM+PD related to PHQ9, FACIT-F and DAS28ESR.

TABLE 1.

-FM -PD -FM +PD +FM -PD +FM +PD p-value

Female34 (79%)33 (77%)35 (83%)22 (73%)0.77Total power doppler score0.0 (0.0-1.0)16.0 (10.0-25.0)0.0 (0.0-0.0)9.0 (8.0-20.0)<0.001Total gray scale score40.0(34.0-48.0)57.5(45.0-82.0)34.5(20.0-43.0)60.0(46.0-84.0)<0.001Total Swollen JC3.0 (1.0-5.0)6.0 (3.0-9.0)2.0 (0.0-5.0)5.5 (2.0-10.5)<0.001Total Tender5.5 (3.0-12.0)8.0 (4.0-11.0)13.0 (8.0-20.0)15.0 (8.0-20.0)<0.001Tender-Swollen JC Difference4.0 (0.0-8.0)2.0 (0.0-4.0)8.0 (4.0-18.0)5.5 (2.5-13.5)<0.001ESR mm/hour10.0 (8.0-16.0)14.0 (10.0-30.0)12.0 (7.0-23.0)19.5 (11.5-42.5)0.021Pain VAS50.0 (40.0-65.0)50.0 (30.0-60.0)60.0 (47.5-77.5)67.5 (55.0-80.0)<0.001Patient VAS50.0 (30.0-70.0)40.0 (30.0-70.0)60.0 (40.0-80.0)65.0 (50.0-80.0)0.006Physician VAS30.0 (20.0-50.0)50.0 (40.0-60.0)30.0 (20.0-40.0)50.0 (32.5-70.0)<0.001DAS28 (ESR)4.2 (3.7-4.9)4.7 (4.1-5.2)4.7 (3.9-5.8)5.6 (4.9-6.6)<0.001

Conclusion:

These data using comprehensive US assessment to detect inflammatory joint disease, demonstrate that active inflammation defined as at least 1PDUS+ joint, may account for disease activity in slightly less than half of unselected patients with RA with a DAS28ESR score >3.2. This study shows how frequently pain sensitisation accounts for symptoms and signs in RA. We suggest in addition to central sensitisation, often called FM, another group identified here as -FM-PD, may have pain from joint damage or peripheral pain sensitisation of joints, likely due to different mechanisms than central pain sensitisation.

References:

[1]Mian A et al, BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17: 404

[2]Wolfe F et al, Arth Care & Res 2010; 62:600

Disclosure of Interests:

Khaldoun Chaabo: None declared, Estee Chan: None declared, Toby Garrood: None declared, Zoe Rutter-Locher: None declared, Alexandra Vincent: None declared, James Galloway Speakers bureau: Dr Galloway has received speaker fees / honoraria from Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sobi and UCB, Sam Norton: None declared, Bruce Kirkham Speakers bureau: Professor Bruce Kirkham has received speaker fees / honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer,and UCB., Grant/research support from: Professor Bruce Kirkham has received research support from Lilly, Novartis and UCB.

Professor Bruce Kirkham has received speaker fees / honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB.

Sex-based differences in program completion and clinical outcomes in patients following outpatient cardiac rehabilitation

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Females have greater reduction in mortality compared to males, following completion of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program, yet they continue to have lower referral rates and program completion. Since 1996, a local rehabilitation program has been the main provider of CR in our health zone. A standardized rapid referral program was implemented in 2008 to improve referral rates of hospitalized patients. Since then, the relationship between sex and CR completion is unknown.

Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between sex and CR completion and to evaluate the association between CR completion and clinical outcomes, stratified by sex.

Methods: We included consecutive patients who were referred to CR and who

1) were hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina between 2008 and 2016; 2) had angiographic evidence of at least one-vessel coronary disease; and 3) had revascularization with percutaneous intervention, coronary artery bypass or medical management. The outcomes of interest were CR completion, anxiety and depression categories, exercise capacity, death, and need for revascularization. Logistics regression models were used to determine the association between sex and CR completion. The association between sex, CR completion, and the outcomes of interest were assessed using multivariable cox proportional hazards models.

Results

A total of 726 females and 2645 males were included in this study. The rate of CR completion was lower in females compared to males (64.6% vs 69.98%, p = 0.006). Following adjustment for baseline characteristics, female sex independently predicted lower rates of CR completion, OR 0.81 (95%CI 0.67-0.97).

Both sexes displayed improvements in peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved during exercise testing (W: initial 5.99 ± 1.93; 12-week 7.22 ± 1.92; M: initial 7.62 ± 2.04; 12-week 8.81 ± 1.93, p = 0.001). Amongst CR completers, one-year mortality was similar between sex (W: 1.84% vs M: 3.27%, p = 0.118), as was revascularization (W: 14.29% vs M: 11.97%, p = 0.193), however both sexes had higher one-year mortality in CR non-completers.

Conclusion

Despite a standardized CR referral protocol, a sex-difference in CR completion remains. In CR completers, one-year mortality and revascularization was similar in both sexes, however mortality was higher in CR non-completers. Our study suggests that addressing the causes of female CR non-completion following ACS or stable angina may improve outcomes.

Outcomes by CR Completion and Sex All NC (n = 1051) W-NC (n = 257) M-NC (n = 794) p-value All C (n = 2320) W-C (n = 469) M-C (n = 1851) p-value Revascularization-1 year (%) 146 (14.94) 28 (11.72) 118 (15.59) 0.107 267 (12.44) 62 (14.29) 205 (11.97) 0.193 Death-1 year (%) 67 (6.86) 19 (7.95) 48 (6.50) 0.442 64 (2.98) 8 (1.84) 56 (3.27) 0.118 W = Women;M = Men;NC = Non-Completers;C = Completers

Feminine gender norms and syndemic harmful drinking, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections among Black women at risk for HIV

BACKGROUND

This study examined the associations between feminine gender ideologies (i.e., socially constructed attitudes and beliefs of women's appropriate behavior and roles) and the syndemic comorbidities of harmful alcohol use, sexual violence, and sexually transmitted infections (STI), which disproportionately affect Black women.

METHODS

Black women, aged 18-44 (n = 305) were recruited from STI clinics in Baltimore, MD into a retrospective cohort study. A survey assessed feminine gender ideologies using a measure of hyperfemininity and sexual hyperfemininity (subscale of sexual domains), harmful drinking (AUDIT), lifetime STI (Y/N and count), and syndemic burden (no burden [0-1 morbidity] and syndemic burden [2-3 comorbidities]). Multivariable regression models identified correlates of harmful drinking, STI, and syndemic burden. The analytic sample included (n = 231) women with complete data.

RESULTS

Nearly half of our sample reported high hyperfemininity and high sexual hyperfemininity, 23% reported harmful drinking, 39% experienced sexual violence as an adult, and 74% reported a lifetime STI. High sexual hyperfemininity (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.94, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00-3.76) and sexual violence (AOR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.43-5.58) were associated with greater odds of harmful drinking. Experiencing sexual violence in adulthood was associated with an increased count of lifetime STIs (Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio [AIRR] = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06-1.68). Syndemic burden affected 41% of our sample. High sexual hyperfemininity was associated with experiencing syndemic burden in unadjusted models (OR = 1.98, 95%CI: 1.16-3.37), but was not significant after controlling for confounders.

CONCLUSIONS

Interventions to reduce harmful drinking and STIs among Black women in the U.S. should address sexual gender ideologies and sexual violence.

A new respiratory scoring system for evaluation of respiratory outcomes in children with spinal muscular atrophy type1 (SMA1) on SMN enhancing drugs

Nusinersen (NUS), the first treatment approved for Spinal Muscular Atrophy type 1 (SMA1), was made available in the UK for SMA1 through the Expanded Access Program (EAP) in 2017. The Great Ormond Street Respiratory (GSR) score was developed as an objective respiratory assessment for children with SMA1 during their treatment. Aims: Track respiratory status of SMA1 children over the course of Nusinersen treatment and compare GSR scores amongst SMA1 sub-types. Single centre study on SMA1 patients using the GSR score at set time points: prior to first NUS dose; 2 weeks post end of loading doses; 2 weeks post-subsequent doses. GSR score ranges 1-28, being 1-9 = Stable minimal support, thorough to 23-28 = Poor reserve with maximum support. 20 SMA1 children underwent NUS treatment between January 2017 - November 2018. Median age of diagnosis was 5.0 months. NUS started at median of 9.57 months. From 5th dose onwards, GSR scores were significantly lower for Type 1C patients compared to Type 1B By month 18, irrespective of subtypes, the whole cohort appears to stabilise GSR Scores. As treatment duration increases, an overall stabilisation of respiratory status across the cohort was observed. Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate the GSR.

A198 EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS WITH STRICTURE PRESENTING SHORTING AFTER INITIATION OF ORAL PEANUT IMMUNOTHERAPY

Background

Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is increasingly practiced outside of research settings with reasonable success (Soller 2019).

With OIT, a patient eats their food allergen daily, gradually increasing the dose, with the goal to prevent or reduce the severity of an anaphylactic reaction.

One of the described adverse events of OIT is a risk of developing Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE), with cited frequency of 2.7% (Lucendo 2014). In addition, OIT is typically contraindicated in patients with known EoE but patients are not routinely screened for EoE prior to initiation of OIT.

Aims

To present a case of a 12 year old boy with peanut anaphylaxis who developed eosinophilic esophagitis and an esophageal stricture shortly after starting peanut immunotherapy

Methods

Patient chart review was conducted. A literature review was done using the words “eosinophilic esophagitis” and “immunotherapy”.

Results

A12 year old boy with asthma, allergic rhinitis and multiple anaphylactic food allergies, started peanut OIT with an allergist. Prior to OIT, the patient had no symptoms suggestive of EoE such as dysphagia, heartburn, chest pain or washing of food. Approximately 3.5 weeks into treatment, the patient developed daily vomiting. The patient was advised to stop the peanut OIT three days after symptom onset, but the vomiting continued for another 8 days. By the time of endoscopy (16 days after onset of vomiting), the vomiting had completely subsided for the previous five days.

The upper GI endoscopy demonstrated signs of EoE throughout the length of the esophagus. In the mid esophagus there was resistance where the 9.8 mm gastroscope was unable to pass. A smaller gastroscope with a 5.9 mm width was easily able to pass through the stricture. Histology showed marked eosinophilia throughout the esophagus with basal cell hyperplasia, spongiosis, superficial microabscesses and stromal fibrosis consistent with EoE. The patient continued to be ‘asymptomatic’ at the time of endoscopy and after despite the presence of a stricture. After discussion, the patient was started on oral viscous budesonide (OVB) 1mg PO BID.

The patient was re-scoped 4 weeks into OVB therapy with complete resolution of the stricture with neither macroscopic nor histologic findings of EoE. Patient is now off OVB for over a month, remains asymptomatic, and will undergo repeat endoscopy in the upcoming month to ensure normal histology

Conclusions

This is the first case describing EoE with an esophageal stricture shortly after initiation of OIT. Pediatric Gastroenterologists need to be increasingly aware that patients undergoing OIT are at an increasing risk of ‘developing’ or at least ‘unmasking’ EoE. More research is required to evaluate whether EoE screening, by symptom questionnaire or endoscopy is warranted prior to beginning OIT, and whether OIT is truly needed.

Funding Agencies

CAG

Alternative metrics for assessing clinical benefit with immunotherapy in oncology

Therapies for cancer have traditionally been assessed with metrics such as the response rate, hazard ratio, or median survival. Such metrics have value in measuring the outcomes of conventional therapies, but may not be the most appropriate for new therapies. Immuno-oncology therapies offer a new approach to treating cancer by stimulating patients' immune systems to fight cancer. The value of these novel therapies has so far been assessed with traditional metrics, but the different ways in which immuno-oncology therapies work can mean the full value is not captured. Immuno-oncology therapies can produce longer survival times but this effect can be delayed or even preceded by an apparent phase of progression, which median survival or response rates may not reflect. This paper discusses a range of traditional and alternative metrics and their benefits or disadvantages in measuring the effects of immuno-oncology therapies, using examples of several novel drugs as case studies.

Management of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumor: review of one hundred seven patients

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common type of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor, but are rarely found in the thoracic esophagus. There is no clear consensus about the optimal treatment of this rare disease. A systematic search of the literature was performed for localized esophageal GIST that was resected between 2000 and 2015, and individual patients were included from two major academic institutions. We obtained information on demographics, tumor size and location, mitotic rate, treatment method, and time to recurrence or death. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to evaluate the factors associated with recurrence or death. A total of 28 studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, and with two patients from two academic institutions, we had a total of 107 patients in the study. Due to lack of uniformity among studies, there were several missing data for different variables. The average patient age was 56 (n = 98) with mostly males (60%, n = 91). The average tumor size on the CT scan was 7.9 ± 5.4 cm (n = 91), located mostly in the distal esophagus (81%, n = 74). A similar number of patients underwent enucleation (n = 47) compared to esophagectomy (n = 42). Approximately half of the patients had a mitotic rate of 0-4 mitosis per 50 high-powered field (48%, n = 80). The median survival time was 73 months with a 5-year disease free survival of 57% (n = 97). Univariate Cox regression analyses showed that a large tumor, undergoing esophagectomy, and a high mitotic rate were associated with poor survival or recurrence control. We found that patients with a lesion smaller than or equal to 5 cm on the CT scan had a better disease-free survival rate than those with a size greater than 5 cm (HR = 12.41, p = 0.014) and had a 5-year survival rate of 92% with 90% of those patients undergoing enucleation (n = 29). Esophageal GIST is a very rare malignancy. The tumor size and mitotic rate of the tumor are associated with poor survival. However, patients with esophageal GIST measuring 5 cm or smaller may be safely treated with esophageal enucleation.