1
|
Gallucci A, Varoli E, Del Mauro L, Hassan G, Rovida M, Comanducci A, Casarotto S, Lo Re V, Romero Lauro LJ. Multimodal approaches supporting the diagnosis, prognosis and investigation of neural correlates of disorders of consciousness: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:874-933. [PMID: 38140883 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The limits of the standard, behaviour-based clinical assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) prompted the employment of functional neuroimaging, neurometabolic, neurophysiological and neurostimulation techniques, to detect brain-based covert markers of awareness. However, uni-modal approaches, consisting in employing just one of those techniques, are usually not sufficient to provide an exhaustive exploration of the neural underpinnings of residual awareness. This systematic review aimed at collecting the evidence from studies employing a multimodal approach, that is, combining more instruments to complement DoC diagnosis, prognosis and better investigating their neural correlates. Following the PRISMA guidelines, records from PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus were screened to select peer-review original articles in which a multi-modal approach was used for the assessment of adult patients with a diagnosis of DoC. Ninety-two observational studies and 32 case reports or case series met the inclusion criteria. Results highlighted a diagnostic and prognostic advantage of multi-modal approaches that involve electroencephalography-based (EEG-based) measurements together with neuroimaging or neurometabolic data or with neurostimulation. Multimodal assessment deepened the knowledge on the neural networks underlying consciousness, by showing correlations between the integrity of the default mode network and the different clinical diagnosis of DoC. However, except for studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography, the integration of more than one technique in most of the cases occurs without an a priori-designed multi-modal diagnostic approach. Our review supports the feasibility and underlines the advantages of a multimodal approach for the diagnosis, prognosis and for the investigation of neural correlates of DoCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gallucci
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Erica Varoli
- Neurology Service, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Lilia Del Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel Hassan
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Rovida
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Comanducci
- IRCSS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
- Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Casarotto
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzina Lo Re
- Neurology Service, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico-Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- NeuroMi (Neuroscience Center), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vergallito A, Varoli E, Pisoni A, Mattavelli G, Del Mauro L, Feroldi S, Vallar G, Romero Lauro LJ. State-dependent effectiveness of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical excitability. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120242. [PMID: 37348625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in experimental and clinical settings does not correspond to an in-depth understanding of its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. In previous studies, we employed an integrated system of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to track the effect of tDCS on cortical excitability. At rest, anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the right Posterior Parietal Cortex (rPPC) elicits a widespread increase in cortical excitability. In contrast, cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) fails to modulate cortical excitability, being indistinguishable from sham stimulation. Here we investigated whether an endogenous task-induced activation during stimulation might change this pattern, improving c-tDCS effectiveness in modulating cortical excitability. In Experiment 1, we tested whether performance in a Visuospatial Working Memory Task (VWMT) and a modified Posner Cueing Task (mPCT), involving rPPC, could be modulated by c-tDCS. Thirty-eight participants were involved in a two-session experiment receiving either c-tDCS or sham during tasks execution. In Experiment 2, we recruited sixteen novel participants who performed the same paradigm but underwent TMS-EEG recordings pre- and 10 min post- sham stimulation and c-tDCS. Behavioral results showed that c-tDCS significantly modulated mPCT performance compared to sham. At a neurophysiological level, c-tDCS significantly reduced cortical excitability in a frontoparietal network likely involved in task execution. Taken together, our results provide evidence of the state dependence of c-tDCS in modulating cortical excitability effectively. The conceptual and applicative implications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vergallito
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy.
| | - Erica Varoli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- IUSS Cognitive Neuroscience (ICON) Center, Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Pavia Institute, 27100, Italy
| | - Lilia Del Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah Feroldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy; MiBTec - Mind and Behavior Technological Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anzani S, Lo Gerfo E, Lo Re V, Varoli E, Hassan G, Avorio F, De Salvo S, Muscarà N, Corallo F, Quartarone A, Marino S, Bonanno L, Zambuto S, Casarotto S, Romero-Lauro LJ. The use of TMS-EEG in the diagnosis of Consciousness Disorders. Brain Stimul 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
|
4
|
Re VL, Varoli E, Hassan G, Avorio F, Mamone G, De Salvo S, Muscarà N, Corallo F, Comanducci A, Quartarone A, Marino S, Bonanno L, Casarotto S, Romero Lauro LJ. Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electroencephalography (EEG) in disorders of consciousness (DOC). J Neurol Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Vergallito A, Varoli E, Giustolisi B, Cecchetto C, Del Mauro L, Romero Lauro LJ. Mind the stimulation site: Enhancing and diminishing sentence comprehension with anodal tDCS. Brain Lang 2020; 204:104757. [PMID: 32036293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In a previous sham-controlled study, we showed the feasibility of increasing language comprehension in healthy participants by applying anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) over the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). In the present work, we present a follow-up experiment targeting with atDCS the left inferior parietal cortex (LIPC) while participants performed the same auditory comprehension task used in our previous experiment. Both neural sites (LIFG and LIPC) are crucial hubs of Baddeley's model of verbal short-term memory (vSTM). AtDCS over LIPC decreased accuracy as compared to sham and LIFG stimulation, suggesting the involvement of this area in sentence comprehension. Crucially, our results highlighted that applying tDCS over different hubs of the same neural network can lead to opposite behavioural results, with relevant implications from a clinical perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vergallito
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, Neuromi, Italy
| | - Erica Varoli
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, Neuromi, Italy; Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Psychology Service, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Cecchetto
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Université de Paris 8 & CNRS - UMR 7023 Structures Formelles du Langage, Paris, France
| | - Lilia Del Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Milan Center for Neuroscience, Neuromi, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varoli E, Pisoni A, Mattavelli G, Vergallito A, Del Mauro L, Vallar G, Romero Lauro L. P74 TMS-EEG: A promising tool to study the tDCS effects on cortical excitability. Clin Neurophysiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Vergallito A, Lo Gerfo E, Varoli E, Brambilla M, Sacchi S, Anzani S, Romero Lauro LJ. Positive self-perception and corticospinal excitability: Recalling positive behavior expands peripersonal space boundaries. Neuropsychologia 2019; 135:107224. [PMID: 31604069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that peripersonal space has dynamic properties, that can be influenced by motor and cognitive factors. Here, we investigated whether changes in self-perception may impact upon peripersonal representation. Specifically, employing non-invasive brain stimulation, we tested whether corticospinal excitability elicited by objects placed in the vertical peripersonal vs extrapersonal space can be influenced by changes in self-perception after recalling a personal experience inducing the feeling of high power (vs. positivity vs. low power). In a preliminary study (Study 1, N = 39) participants were presented with an object, whose position was manipulated in the horizontal vs vertical space. We assessed corticospinal excitability by measuring Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography co-registration (TMS-EMG). In the horizontal condition, we replicated the well-known motor facilitation induced by objects falling in the peri vs extrapersonal space, while in the vertical dimension MEPs were higher in the extrapersonal space. In the main experiment (Study 2), participants (N = 55) were randomly assigned to feel high power, low power, or a general positive emotion and were asked to observe the same object positioned either in the peripersonal or in the extrapersonal vertical space. Results showed that in the low power condition MEPs were higher in the extrapersonal vs peripersonal, as in Study 1, while in high power and positive conditions MEPs were not influenced by distance. Taken together, our findings suggest a dissociable pattern of motor facilitation underlying vertical vs horizontal space perception and, crucially, that changes in self-perception can influence such a representation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vergallito
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Psychology, Italy
| | - E Lo Gerfo
- Clinical Psychology Service of Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCSS IsMeTT) Palermo, Italy; NeuroMI - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Italy
| | - E Varoli
- Clinical Psychology Service of Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCSS IsMeTT) Palermo, Italy; University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Italy
| | - M Brambilla
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Psychology, Italy
| | - S Sacchi
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Psychology, Italy
| | - S Anzani
- University of Chieti-Pescara "G. D'Annunzio", Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Italy
| | - L J Romero Lauro
- University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Psychology, Italy; NeuroMI - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Varoli E, Pisoni A, Mattavelli GC, Vergallito A, Gallucci A, Mauro LD, Rosanova M, Bolognini N, Vallar G, Romero Lauro LJ. Tracking the Effect of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cortical Excitability and Connectivity by Means of TMS-EEG. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:319. [PMID: 29867330 PMCID: PMC5962888 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is increasingly used in both research and therapeutic settings, but its precise mechanisms remain largely unknown. At a neuronal level, tDCS modulates cortical excitability by shifting the resting membrane potential in a polarity-dependent way: anodal stimulation increases the spontaneous firing rate, while cathodal decreases it. However, the neurophysiological underpinnings of anodal/cathodal tDCS seem to be different, as well as their behavioral effect, in particular when high order areas are involved, compared to when motor or sensory brain areas are targeted. Previously, we investigated the effect of anodal tDCS on cortical excitability, by means of a combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Electroencephalography (EEG). Results showed a diffuse rise of cortical excitability in a bilateral fronto-parietal network. In the present study, we tested, with the same paradigm, the effect of cathodal tDCS. Single pulse TMS was delivered over the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC), before, during, and after 10 min of cathodal or sham tDCS over the right PPC, while recording HD-EEG. Indexes of global and local cortical excitability were obtained both at sensors and cortical sources level. At sensors, global and local mean field power (GMFP and LMFP) were computed for three temporal windows (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 ms), on all channels (GMFP), and in four different clusters of electrodes (LMFP, left and right, in frontal and parietal regions). After source reconstruction, Significant Current Density was computed at the global level, and for four Broadmann's areas (left/right BA 6 and 7). Both sensors and cortical sources results converge in showing no differences during and after cathodal tDCS compared to pre-stimulation sessions, both at global and local level. The same holds for sham tDCS. These data highlight an asymmetric impact of anodal and cathodal stimulation on cortical excitability, with a diffuse effect of anodal and no effect of cathodal tDCS over the parietal cortex. These results are consistent with the current literature: while anodal-excitatory and cathodal-inhibitory effects are well-established in the sensory and motor domains, both at physiological and behavioral levels, results for cathodal stimulation are more controversial for modulation of exitability of higher order areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Varoli
- Ph.D. Program in Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia C Mattavelli
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vergallito
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia D Mauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Rosanova
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione Europea per la Ricerca Biomedica Onlus, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Bolognini
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vallar
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- NeuroMi - Milan Center of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lo Gerfo E, Pisoni A, Ottone S, Ponzano F, Zarri L, Vergallito A, Varoli E, Fedeli D, Romero Lauro LJ. Goal Achievement Failure Drives Corticospinal Modulation in Promotion and Prevention Contexts. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:71. [PMID: 29740290 PMCID: PMC5928196 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When making decisions, people are typically differently sensitive to gains and losses according to the motivational context in which the choice is performed. As hypothesized by Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT), indeed, goals are supposed to change in relation to the set of possible outcomes. In particular, in a promotion context, the goal is achieving the maximal gain, whereas in a prevention context it turns into avoiding the greatest loss. We explored the neurophysiological counterpart of this phenomenon, by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and recording the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in participants taking part in an economic game, in which they observed actions conveying different goal attainment levels, framed in different motivational contexts. More than the actual value of the economic exchange involved in the game, what affected motor cortex excitability was the goal attainment failure, corresponding to not achieving the maximal payoff in a promotion context and not avoiding the greatest snatch in a prevention context. Therefore, the results provide support for the key predictions of RFT, identifying a neural signature for the goal attainment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Lo Gerfo
- Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Economics, Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Pisoni
- NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Ottone
- Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Economics, Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Ponzano
- NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Political Science, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Luca Zarri
- Department of Economics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Erica Varoli
- NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Fedeli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor J Romero Lauro
- NeuroMI-Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.,Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Economics, Psychology and Social Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Giustolisi B, Vergallito A, Cecchetto C, Varoli E, Romero Lauro LJ. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over left inferior frontal gyrus enhances sentence comprehension. Brain Lang 2018; 176:36-41. [PMID: 29175380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the possibility of enhancing natural language comprehension through the application of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the left inferior frontal gyrus, a key region for verbal short-term memory and language comprehension. We designed a between subjects sham- and task-controlled study. During tDCS stimulation, participants performed a sentence to picture matching task in which targets were sentences with different load on short-term memory. Regardless of load on short-term memory, the Anodal group performed significantly better than the Sham group, thus providing evidence that a-tDCS over LIFG enhances natural language comprehension. To our knowledge, we apply for the first time tDCS to boost sentence comprehension. This result is of special interest also from a clinical perspective: applying a-tDCS in patients manifesting problems at the sentence level due to brain damage could enhance the effects of behavioral rehabilitation procedures aimed to improve language comprehension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Cecchetto
- Université de Paris 8 & CNRS - UMR 7023 Structures Formelles du Langage, France; Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Erica Varoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vergallito A, Giustolisi B, Varoli E, Cecchetto C, Lauro LR. Boosted language: anodal tDCS over Broca's area enhances linguistic comprehension. Brain Stimul 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.01.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|